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Younesi FS, Miller AE, Barker TH, Rossi FMV, Hinz B. Fibroblast and myofibroblast activation in normal tissue repair and fibrosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:617-638. [PMID: 38589640 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The term 'fibroblast' often serves as a catch-all for a diverse array of mesenchymal cells, including perivascular cells, stromal progenitor cells and bona fide fibroblasts. Although phenotypically similar, these subpopulations are functionally distinct, maintaining tissue integrity and serving as local progenitor reservoirs. In response to tissue injury, these cells undergo a dynamic fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, marked by extracellular matrix secretion and contraction of actomyosin-based stress fibres. Importantly, whereas transient activation into myofibroblasts aids in tissue repair, persistent activation triggers pathological fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss the roles of mechanical cues, such as tissue stiffness and strain, alongside cell signalling pathways and extracellular matrix ligands in modulating myofibroblast activation and survival. We also highlight the role of epigenetic modifications and myofibroblast memory in physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for therapeutically interfering with these factors and the associated signal transduction pathways to improve the outcome of dysregulated healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Sadat Younesi
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gupta N, Paryani M, Patel S, Bariya A, Srivastava A, Pathak Y, Butani S. Therapeutic Strategies for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis - Thriving Present and Promising Tomorrow. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:779-798. [PMID: 38346921 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a continuous, progressive, and lethal age-related respiratory disease. It is characterized by condensed and rigid lung tissue, which leads to a decline in the normal functioning of the lungs. The pathophysiology of IPF has still not been completely elucidated, so current strategies are lagging behind with respect to improving the condition of patients with IPF and increasing their survival rate. The desire for a better understanding of the pathobiology of IPF and its early detection has led to the identification of various biomarkers associated with IPF. The use of drugs such as pirfenidone and nintedanib as a safe and effective treatment alternative have marked a new chapter in the treatment of IPF. However, nonpharmacological therapies, involving long-term oxygen therapy, transplantation of the lungs, pulmonary rehabilitation, ventilation, and palliative care for cough and dyspnea, are still considered to be beneficial as supplementary methods for IPF therapy. A major risk factor for IPF is aging, with associated hallmarks such as telomere attrition, senescence, epigenetic drift, stem cell exhaustion, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These are promising earmarks for the development of potential therapy for the disease. In this review, we have discussed current and emerging novel therapeutic strategies for IPF, especially for targets associated with age-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gupta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mitali Paryani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Snehal Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aditi Bariya
- Arihant School of Pharmacy Education and Research, Adalaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Yashwant Pathak
- USF Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shital Butani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Ren L, Chang YF, Jiang SH, Li XH, Cheng HP. DNA methylation modification in Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1416325. [PMID: 38915445 PMCID: PMC11194555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1416325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible interstitial lung disease with a prognosis worse than lung cancer. It is a fatal lung disease with largely unknown etiology and pathogenesis, and no effective therapeutic drugs render its treatment largely unsuccessful. With continuous in-depth research efforts, the epigenetic mechanisms in IPF pathogenesis have been further discovered and concerned. As a widely studied mechanism of epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is primarily facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), resulting in the addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon position of the cytosine base, leading to the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Dysregulation of DNA methylation is intricately associated with the advancement of respiratory disorders. Recently, the role of DNA methylation in IPF pathogenesis has also received considerable attention. DNA methylation patterns include methylation modification and demethylation modification and regulate a range of essential biological functions through gene expression regulation. The Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) family of DNA dioxygenases is crucial in facilitating active DNA demethylation through the enzymatic conversion of the modified genomic base 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). TET2, a member of TET proteins, is involved in lung inflammation, and its protein expression is downregulated in the lungs and alveolar epithelial type II cells of IPF patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge of pathologic features and DNA methylation mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on the critical roles of abnormal DNA methylation patterns, DNMTs, and TET proteins in impacting IPF pathogenesis. Researching DNA methylation will enchance comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms involved in IPF pathology and provide novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis based on the studies involving epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chang
- Medicine School, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-He Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Salminen A. AMPK signaling inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts: impact on age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration. Biogerontology 2024; 25:83-106. [PMID: 37917219 PMCID: PMC10794430 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an accumulation of fibrotic lesions within tissues are two of the distinctive hallmarks of the aging process. Tissue fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which display an impressive plasticity in the regulation of ECM integrity and thus on tissue homeostasis. Single-cell transcriptome studies have revealed that tissue fibroblasts exhibit a remarkable heterogeneity with aging and in age-related diseases. Excessive stress and inflammatory insults induce the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which are fusiform contractile cells and abundantly secrete the components of the ECM and proteolytic enzymes as well as many inflammatory mediators. Detrimental stresses can also induce the transdifferentiation of certain mesenchymal and myeloid cells into myofibroblasts. Interestingly, many age-related stresses, such as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, ECM stiffness, inflammatory mediators, telomere shortening, and several alarmins from damaged cells are potent inducers of myofibroblast differentiation. Intriguingly, there is convincing evidence that the signaling pathways stimulated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are potent inhibitors of myofibroblast differentiation and accordingly AMPK signaling reduces fibrotic lesions within tissues, e.g., in age-related cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. AMPK signaling is not only an important regulator of energy metabolism but it is also able to control cell fate determination and many functions of the immune system. It is known that AMPK signaling can delay the aging process via an integrated signaling network. AMPK signaling inhibits myofibroblast differentiation, e.g., by suppressing signaling through the TGF-β, NF-κB, STAT3, and YAP/TAZ pathways. It seems that AMPK signaling can alleviate age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration by inhibiting the differentiation of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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5
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Shakour N, Karami S, Iranshahi M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. Antifibrotic effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: A comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:102934. [PMID: 38154403 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Scar tissue accumulation in organs is the underlying cause of many fibrotic diseases. Due to the extensive array of organs affected, the long-term nature of fibrotic processes and the large number of people who suffer from the negative impact of these diseases, they constitute a serious health problem for modern medicine and a huge economic burden on society. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are a relatively new class of anti-diabetic pharmaceuticals that offer additional benefits over and above their glucose-lowering properties; these medications modulate a variety of diseases, including fibrosis. Herein, we have collated and analyzed all available research on SGLT2is and their effects on organ fibrosis, together with providing a proposed explanation as to the underlying mechanisms. METHODS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched spanning the period from 2012 until April 2023 to find relevant articles describing the antifibrotic effects of SGLT2is. RESULTS The majority of reports have shown that SGLT2is are protective against lung, liver, heart and kidney fibrosis as well as arterial stiffness. According to the results of clinical trials and animal studies, many SGLT2 inhibitors are promising candidates for the treatment of fibrosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that SGLT2is affect an array of cellular processes, including hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system and metabolic activities, all of which have been linked to fibrosis. CONCLUSION Extensive evidence indicates that SGLT2is are promising treatments for fibrosis, demonstrating protective effects in various organs and influencing key cellular processes linked to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Karami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Salminen A. The role of immunosuppressive myofibroblasts in the aging process and age-related diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1169-1189. [PMID: 37606688 PMCID: PMC10560181 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which control the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibroblasts possess a remarkable plasticity to allow them to adapt to the changes in the microenvironment and thus maintain tissue homeostasis. Several stresses, also those associated with the aging process, convert quiescent fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which not only display fibrogenic properties but also act as immune regulators cooperating both with tissue-resident immune cells and those immune cells recruited into affected tissues. TGF-β cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major inducers of myofibroblast differentiation in pathological conditions either from quiescent fibroblasts or via transdifferentiation from certain other cell types, e.g., macrophages, adipocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Intriguingly, TGF-β and ROS are also important signaling mediators between immunosuppressive cells, such as MDSCs, Tregs, and M2 macrophages. It seems that in pathological states, myofibroblasts are able to interact with the immunosuppressive network. There is clear evidence that a low-grade chronic inflammatory state in aging tissues is counteracted by activation of compensatory immunosuppression. Interestingly, common enhancers of the aging process, such as oxidative stress, loss of DNA integrity, and inflammatory insults, are inducers of myofibroblasts, whereas anti-aging treatments with metformin and rapamycin suppress the differentiation of myofibroblasts and thus prevent age-related tissue fibrosis. I will examine the reciprocal interactions between myofibroblasts and immunosuppressive cells within aging tissues. It seems that the differentiation of myofibroblasts with age-related harmful stresses enhances the activity of the immunosuppressive network which promotes tissue fibrosis and degeneration in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Zhang M, Chen H, Qian H, Wang C. Characterization of the skin keloid microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:207. [PMID: 37587491 PMCID: PMC10428592 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are a fibroproliferative skin disorder that develops in people of all ages. Keloids exhibit some cancer-like behaviors, with similar genetic and epigenetic modifications in the keloid microenvironment. The keloid microenvironment is composed of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, stem cells and collagen fibers. Recent advances in the study of keloids have led to novel insights into cellular communication among components of the keloid microenvironment as well as potential therapeutic targets for treating keloids. In this review, we summarized the nature of genetic and epigenetic regulation in keloid-derived fibroblasts, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes, immune cell infiltration into keloids, the differentiation of keloid-derived stem cells, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, and uncontrolled angiogenesis in keloids with the aim of identifying new targets for therapeutic benefit. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Huan Qian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Parker JB, Valencia C, Akras D, DiIorio SE, Griffin MF, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Understanding Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Form and Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2264. [PMID: 37626760 PMCID: PMC10452440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically believed to be a homogeneous cell type that is often overlooked, fibroblasts are more and more understood to be heterogeneous in nature. Though the mechanisms behind how fibroblasts participate in homeostasis and pathology are just beginning to be understood, these cells are believed to be highly dynamic and play key roles in fibrosis and remodeling. Focusing primarily on fibroblasts within the skin and during wound healing, we describe the field's current understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity in form and function. From differences due to embryonic origins to anatomical variations, we explore the diverse contributions that fibroblasts have in fibrosis and plasticity. Following this, we describe molecular techniques used in the field to provide deeper insights into subpopulations of fibroblasts and their varied roles in complex processes such as wound healing. Limitations to current work are also discussed, with a focus on future directions that investigators are recommended to take in order to gain a deeper understanding of fibroblast biology and to develop potential targets for translational applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Parker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caleb Valencia
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Deena Akras
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Sarah E. DiIorio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle F. Griffin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
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Salminen A. The plasticity of fibroblasts: A forgotten player in the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101995. [PMID: 37391015 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which possess an impressive plasticity in their ability to modify their properties according to the requirements of the microenvironment. There are diverse subgroups of fibroblast phenotypes associated with different tissue pathological conditions, e.g., cancers, wound healing, and many fibrotic and inflammatory conditions. The heterogeneous phenotypes can be subdivided into fibrogenic and non-fibrogenic, inflammatory and immunosuppressive subtypes as well as cellular senescent subsets. A major hallmark of activated fibroblasts is that they contain different amounts of stress fibers combined with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein, i.e., commonly this phenotype has been called the myofibroblast. Interestingly, several stresses associated with the aging process are potent inducers of myofibroblast differentiation, e.g., oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, extracellular matrix (ECM) disorders, inflammatory mediators, and telomere shortening. Accordingly, anti-aging treatments with metformin and rapamycin inhibited the differentiation of myofibroblasts in tissues. There is evidence that the senescent phenotype induced in cultured fibroblasts does not represent the phenotype of fibroblasts in aged tissues. Considering the versatile plasticity of fibroblasts as well as their frequency and structural importance in tissues, it does seem that fibroblasts are overlooked players in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Sumey JL, Johnston PC, Harrell AM, Caliari SR. Hydrogel mechanics regulate fibroblast DNA methylation and chromatin condensation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2886-2897. [PMID: 36880435 PMCID: PMC10329270 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction plays a central role in fibroblast activation during fibrotic disease progression, leading to increased tissue stiffness and reduced organ function. While the role of epigenetics in disease mechanotransduction has begun to be appreciated, little is known about how substrate mechanics, particularly the timing of mechanical inputs, regulate epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and chromatin reorganization during fibroblast activation. In this work, we engineered a hyaluronic acid hydrogel platform with independently tunable stiffness and viscoelasticity to model normal (storage modulus, G' ∼ 0.5 kPa, loss modulus, G'' ∼ 0.05 kPa) to increasingly fibrotic (G' ∼ 2.5 and 8 kPa, G'' ∼ 0.05 kPa) lung mechanics. Human lung fibroblasts exhibited increased spreading and nuclear localization of myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) with increasing substrate stiffness within 1 day, with these trends holding steady for longer cultures. However, fibroblasts displayed time-dependent changes in global DNA methylation and chromatin organization. Fibroblasts initially displayed increased DNA methylation and chromatin decondensation on stiffer hydrogels, but both of these measures decreased with longer culture times. To investigate how culture time affected the responsiveness of fibroblast nuclear remodeling to mechanical signals, we engineered hydrogels amenable to in situ secondary crosslinking, enabling a transition from a compliant substrate mimicking normal tissue to a stiffer substrate resembling fibrotic tissue. When stiffening was initiated after only 1 day of culture, fibroblasts rapidly responded and displayed increased DNA methylation and chromatin decondensation, similar to fibroblasts on static stiffer hydrogels. Conversely, when fibroblasts experienced later stiffening at day 7, they showed no changes in DNA methylation and chromatin condensation, suggesting the induction of a persistent fibroblast phenotype. These results highlight the time-dependent nuclear changes associated with fibroblast activation in response to dynamic mechanical perturbations and may provide mechanisms to target for controlling fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA
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11
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Alpoim-Moreira J, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A, Słyszewska M, Rebordão MR, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G. 5-Aza-2′-Deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC, Decitabine) Inhibits Collagen Type I and III Expression in TGF-β1-Treated Equine Endometrial Fibroblasts. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071212. [PMID: 37048467 PMCID: PMC10093662 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrosis negatively affects endometrial function and fertility in mares, due to excessive deposition of type I (COL1) and type III (COL3) collagens. The pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) induces myofibroblast differentiation, characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, and collagen synthesis. In humans, fibrosis has been linked to epigenetic mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been described in mare endometrium. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the in vitro epigenetic regulation in TGF-β1-treated mare endometrial fibroblasts and the use of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), an epigenetic modifier, as a putative treatment option for endometrial fibrosis. Methods and Results: The in vitro effects of TGF-β1 and of 5-aza-dC on DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B), COL1A1, COL3A1, and α-SMA transcripts were analyzed in endometrial fibroblasts, and COL1 and COL3 secretion in a co-culture medium. TGF-β1 upregulated DNMT3A transcripts and collagen secretion. In TGF-β1-treated endometrial fibroblasts, DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-dC decreased collagen transcripts and secretion, but not α-SMA transcripts. Conclusion: These findings suggest a possible role of epigenetic mechanisms during equine endometrial fibrogenesis. The in vitro effect of 5-aza-dC on collagen reduction in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts highlights this epigenetic involvement. This may pave the way to different therapeutic approaches for endometrosis.
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12
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Paul EN, Grey JA, Carpenter TJ, Madaj ZB, Lau KH, Givan SA, Burns GW, Chandler RL, Wegienka GR, Shen H, Teixeira JM. Transcriptome and DNA methylome analyses reveal underlying mechanisms for the racial disparity in uterine fibroids. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160274. [PMID: 36066972 PMCID: PMC9714787 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) affect Black women disproportionately compared with women of other races and ethnicities in terms of prevalence, incidence, and severity of symptoms. The causes of this racial disparity are essentially unknown. We hypothesized that myometria of Black women are more susceptible to developing fibroids, and we examined the transcriptomic and DNA methylation profiles of myometria and fibroids from Black and White women for comparison. Myometrial samples cluster by race in both their transcriptome and DNA methylation profiles, whereas fibroid samples only cluster by race in the latter. More differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the Black and White myometrial sample comparison than in the fibroid comparison. Leiomyoma gene set expression analysis identified 4 clusters of DEGs, including a cluster of 24 genes with higher expression in myometrial samples from Black women. One of the DEGs in this group, von Willibrands factor (VWF), was significantly hypomethylated in both myometrial samples from Black women and in all fibroids at 2 CpG probes that are near a putative enhancer site and that are correlated with VWF expression levels. These results suggest that the molecular basis for the disparity in fibroid disease between Black and White women could be found in the myometria before fibroid development and not in the fibroids themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N. Paul
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua A. Grey
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler J. Carpenter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary B. Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Kin H. Lau
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A. Givan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory W. Burns
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronald L. Chandler
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ganesa R. Wegienka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jose M. Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Fu S, Lu Z, Ye W. TGF- β1 Induces Interlukin-11 Expression and Pro-Fibrotic Effect by DNA Demethylation in Subconjunctival Fibroblasts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7729827. [PMID: 35865343 PMCID: PMC9296281 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7729827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess Interlukin-11 (IL11) expression in the tears of patients after filtration surgery and to find out its pro-transdifferentiational and pro-fibrotic functions and mechanisms on subconjunctival human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) induced by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). Methods Tears were collected from glaucoma patients with or without filtration surgery. The expression of IL11 in tears was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary HTFs were prepared as an expansion culture of human Tenon's explants from patients undergoing cataract surgery. TGF-β1 and IL11 were used to stimulate the cultured HTFs. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyzed the roles of TGF-β1 in IL11 and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and the effects of IL11 on collagen-1A1 and α-smooth muscle actin expression. The effects of IL11 on human HTFs' migration were tested via the scratch-wound assay. MassARRAY platform of Sequenom was applied for analyzing the quantitative methylation of the IL11 promoter region. Result Our data presented significantly high levels of IL11 in the tears of patients who underwent filtration surgery with uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) compared with those who underwent filtration surgery with controlled IOP. The up-regulation of IL11 was related to TGF-β1. We also found that TGF-β induced IL11 up-regulation in the HTFs, which activates the HTFs and enhanced the translation of the pro-fibrotic protein expression. This is correlated with inhibiting the activity and expression of DNMTs and demethylating the IL11 promoter. Therefore, IL11 may be an ideal target to be regulated to control the filtering pathway scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaozeng Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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14
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Sharma V, Letson J, Furuta S. Fibrous stroma: Driver and passenger in cancer development. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg3449. [PMID: 35258999 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence shows that fibrogenic stroma and stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) not only result from tumor growth but also play pivotal roles in cellular transformation and tumor initiation. This emerging concept may largely account for the increased cancer risk associated with environmental fibrogenic agents, such as asbestos and silica, and with chronic conditions that are fibrogenic, such as obesity and diabetes. It may also contribute to poor outcomes in patients treated with certain chemotherapeutics that can promote fibrosis, such as bleomycin and methotrexate. Although the mechanistic details of this phenomenon are still being unraveled, we provide an overview of the experimental evidence linking fibrogenic stroma and tumor initiation. In this Review, we will summarize the causes and consequences of fibrous stroma and how this stromal cue is transmitted to the nuclei of parenchymal cells through a physical continuum from the ECM to chromatin, as well as ECM-dependent biochemical signaling that contributes to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Joshua Letson
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saori Furuta
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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15
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Li Y, Cheng Z, Fan H, Hao C, Yao W. Epigenetic Changes and Functions in Pneumoconiosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2523066. [PMID: 35096264 PMCID: PMC8794660 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2523066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumoconiosis is one of the most common occupational diseases in the world, and specific treatment methods of pneumoconiosis are lacking at present, so it carries great social and economic burdens. Pneumoconiosis, coronavirus disease 2019, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis all have similar typical pathological changes-pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix and remodeling of the lung tissue structure. Clarifying the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis plays an important guiding role in its treatment. The occurrence and development of pneumoconiosis are accompanied by epigenetic factors (e.g., DNA methylation and noncoding RNA) changes, which in turn can promote or inhibit the process of pneumoconiosis. Here, we summarize epigenetic changes and functions in the several kinds of evidence classification (epidemiological investigation, in vivo, and in vitro experiments) and main types of cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial cells) to provide some clues for finding specific therapeutic targets for pneumoconiosis and even for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Cheng
- Department of Case Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Ultrasonography Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Child and Adolecence Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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16
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Mei Q, Liu Z, Zuo H, Yang Z, Qu J. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update on Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797292. [PMID: 35126134 PMCID: PMC8807692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, lethal fibrotic lung disease that occurs primarily in middle-aged and elderly adults. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With an increase in life expectancy, the economic burden of IPF is expected to continuously rise in the near future. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IPF remain not known. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disease in last decade. The current paradigm assumes that IPF results from sustained or repetitive lung epithelial injury and subsequent activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblast differentiation. Persistent myofibroblast phenotype contributes to excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and aberrant lung repair, leading to tissue scar formation, distortion of the alveolar structure, and irreversible loss of lung function. Treatments of patients with IPF by pirfenidone and nintedanib have shown significant reduction of lung function decline and slowing of disease progression in patients with IPF. However, these drugs do not cure the disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the pathogenesis of IPF and highlight the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Qu
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Yang, ; Jing Qu,
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17
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Molecular pathways and role of epigenetics in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Life Sci 2022; 291:120283. [PMID: 34998839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with unknown etiological factors that can progress to other dangerous diseases like lung cancer. Environmental and genetic predisposition are the two major etiological or risk factors involved in the pathology of the IPF. Among the environmental risk factors, smoking is one of the major causes for the development of IPF. Epigenetic pathways like nucleosomes remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA mediated genes play a crucial role in development of IPF. Mutations in the genes make the epigenetic factors as important drug targets in IPF. Transcriptional changes due to environmental factors are also involved in the progression of IPF. The mutations in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) have shown decreased life expectancy in IPF patients. The TERT-gene is highly expressed in chronic smokers and makes the role of epigenetics evident. Drug like nintedanib acts through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), while drug pirfenidone acts through transforming growth factor (TGF), which is useful in IPF. Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, is useful as an anti-fibrosis agent in preclinical models. Newer drugs such as Celgene-CC90001 and FibroGen-FG-3019 are currently under investigations acts through the modulating epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, the study on epigenetics opens a wide window for the discovery of newer drugs. This study provides an elementary analysis of multiple regulators of epigenetics and their roles associated with the pathology of IPF. Further, this review also includes epigenetic drugs under development in preclinical and clinical stages.
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18
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Abstract
The intestinal tract is the entry gate for nutrients and symbiotic organisms, being in constant contact with external environment. DNA methylation is one of the keys to how environmental conditions, diet and nutritional status included, shape functionality in the gut and systemically. This review aims to summarise findings on the importance of methylation to gut development, differentiation and function. Evidence to date on how external factors such as diet, dietary supplements, nutritional status and microbiota modifications modulate intestinal function through DNA methylation is also presented.
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19
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Walker CJ, Crocini C, Ramirez D, Killaars AR, Grim JC, Aguado BA, Clark K, Allen MA, Dowell RD, Leinwand LA, Anseth KS. Nuclear mechanosensing drives chromatin remodelling in persistently activated fibroblasts. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1485-1499. [PMID: 33875841 PMCID: PMC9102466 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disease is caused by the continuous deposition of extracellular matrix by persistently activated fibroblasts (also known as myofibroblasts), even after the resolution of the injury. Using fibroblasts from porcine aortic valves cultured on hydrogels that can be softened via exposure to ultraviolet light, here we show that increased extracellular stiffness activates the fibroblasts, and that cumulative tension on the nuclear membrane and increases in the activity of histone deacetylases transform transiently activated fibroblasts into myofibroblasts displaying condensed chromatin with genome-wide alterations. The condensed structure of the myofibroblasts is associated with cytoskeletal stability, as indicated by the inhibition of chromatin condensation and myofibroblast persistence after detachment of the nucleus from the cytoskeleton via the displacement of endogenous nesprins from the nuclear envelope. We also show that the chromatin structure of myofibroblasts from patients with aortic valve stenosis is more condensed than that of myofibroblasts from healthy donors. Our findings suggest that nuclear mechanosensing drives distinct chromatin signatures in persistently activated fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra J Walker
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Crocini
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anouk R Killaars
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph C Grim
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian A Aguado
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kyle Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mary A Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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20
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Xue T, Qiu X, Liu H, Gan C, Tan Z, Xie Y, Wang Y, Ye T. Epigenetic regulation in fibrosis progress. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105910. [PMID: 34562602 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, a common process of chronic inflammatory diseases, is defined as a repair response disorder when organs undergo continuous damage, ultimately leading to scar formation and functional failure. Around the world, fibrotic diseases cause high mortality, unfortunately, with limited treatment means in clinical practice. With the development and application of deep sequencing technology, comprehensively exploring the epigenetic mechanism in fibrosis has been allowed. Extensive remodeling of epigenetics controlling various cells phenotype and molecular mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis was subsequently verified. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in organ fibrosis, focusing on heart, liver, lung and kidney. Additionally, we emphasize the diversity of epigenetics in the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to fibrosis. Finally, the potential and prospect of targeted therapy for fibrosis based on epigenetic is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taixiong Xue
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingyu Qiu
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zui Tan
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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21
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Alcaraz J, Ikemori R, Llorente A, Díaz-Valdivia N, Reguart N, Vizoso M. Epigenetic Reprogramming of Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts in Lung Cancer: Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153782. [PMID: 34359678 PMCID: PMC8345093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women, partly due to limited therapy responses. New avenues of knowledge are indicating that lung cancer cells do not form a tumor in isolation but rather obtain essential support from their surrounding host tissue rich in altered fibroblasts. Notably, there is growing evidence that tumor progression and even the current limited responses to therapies could be prevented by rescuing the normal behavior of fibroblasts, which are critical housekeepers of normal tissue function. For this purpose, it is key to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the pathologic alterations of fibroblasts in cancer. This work provides a comprehensive review of the main molecular mechanisms involved in fibroblast transformation based on epigenetic reprogramming, and summarizes emerging therapeutic approaches to prevent or overcome the pathologic effects of tumor-associated fibroblasts. Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The desmoplastic stroma of lung cancer and other solid tumors is rich in tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) exhibiting an activated/myofibroblast-like phenotype. There is growing awareness that TAFs support key steps of tumor progression and are epigenetically reprogrammed compared to healthy fibroblasts. Although the mechanisms underlying such epigenetic reprogramming are incompletely understood, there is increasing evidence that they involve interactions with either cancer cells, pro-fibrotic cytokines such as TGF-β, the stiffening of the surrounding extracellular matrix, smoking cigarette particles and other environmental cues. These aberrant interactions elicit a global DNA hypomethylation and a selective transcriptional repression through hypermethylation of the TGF-β transcription factor SMAD3 in lung TAFs. Likewise, similar DNA methylation changes have been reported in TAFs from other cancer types, as well as histone core modifications and altered microRNA expression. In this review we summarize the evidence of the epigenetic reprogramming of TAFs, how this reprogramming contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of a tumor-promoting phenotype, and how it provides novel venues for therapeutic intervention, with a special focus on lung TAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alcaraz
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.I.); (A.L.); (N.D.-V.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Rafael Ikemori
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.I.); (A.L.); (N.D.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Llorente
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.I.); (A.L.); (N.D.-V.)
| | - Natalia Díaz-Valdivia
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.I.); (A.L.); (N.D.-V.)
| | - Noemí Reguart
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Vizoso
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (M.V.)
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22
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Suri GS, Kaur G, Jha CK, Tiwari M. Understanding idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - Clinical features, molecular mechanism and therapies. Exp Gerontol 2021; 153:111473. [PMID: 34274426 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung fibrosing disease with high prevalence that has a prognosis worse than many cancers. There has been a recent influx of new observations aimed at explaining the mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, despite this, the pathogenesis of the disease is largely unclear. Recent progress has been made in the characterization of specific pathologic and clinical features that have enhanced the understanding of pathologically activated molecular pathways during the onset and progression of IPF. This review highlights several of the advances that have been made and focus on the pathobiology of IPF. The work also details the different factors that are responsible for the disposition of the disease - these may be internal factors such as cellular mechanisms and genetic alterations, or they may be external factors from the environment. The changes that primarily occur in epithelial cells and fibroblasts that lead to the activation of profibrotic pathways are discussed in depth. Finally, a complete repertoire of the treatment therapies that have been used in the past as well as future medications and therapies is provided.
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23
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Stevenson AW, Deng Z, Allahham A, Prêle CM, Wood FM, Fear MW. The epigenetics of keloids. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1099-1114. [PMID: 34152651 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Keloid scarring is a fibroproliferative disorder of the skin with unknown pathophysiology, characterised by fibrotic tissue that extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound. Therapeutic options are few and commonly ineffective, with keloids very commonly recurring even after surgery and adjunct treatments. Epigenetics, defined as alterations to the DNA not involving the base-pair sequence, is a key regulator of cell functions, and aberrant epigenetic modifications have been found to contribute to many pathologies. Multiple studies have examined many different epigenetic modifications in keloids, including DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. These studies have established that epigenetic dysregulation exists in keloid scars, and successful future treatment of keloids may involve reverting these aberrant modifications back to those found in normal skin. Here we summarise the clinical and experimental studies available on the epigenetics of keloids, discuss the major open questions and future perspectives on the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Stevenson
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Deng
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amira Allahham
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Ear Science Centre, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Burns Service of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Fukushima K, Akira S. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis: the RBM7-NEAT1-CXCL12-SatM axis at fibrosis onset. Int Immunol 2021; 33:659-663. [PMID: 34165514 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder with significant morbidity and mortality and is caused by excessive formation of connective tissue that can affect several important organs. Fibrosis in organ tissues is caused by an abnormal wound-healing process from repeated injuries. In our recent study using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, we examined the role of RNA-binding protein 7 (RBM7) on the development of lung fibrosis. RBM7 is upregulated in the injured lung epithelium and disturbs normal epithelial cell repair and regeneration by promoting apoptosis of damaged epithelial cells. RBM7 causes the decay of nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), which results in apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. These apoptotic cells then produce C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which leads to the recruitment of a fibrosis-promoting monocyte population called segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM) to the damaged area, followed by the initiation and promotion of lung fibrosis. Here, we review recent insights into the crosstalk between lung parenchymal cells and hematopoietic cells during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoharu Fukushima
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Merkt W, Zhou Y, Han H, Lagares D. Myofibroblast fate plasticity in tissue repair and fibrosis: Deactivation, apoptosis, senescence and reprogramming. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:678-691. [PMID: 34117675 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, fibroblasts differentiate into professional repair cells called myofibroblasts, which orchestrate many aspects of the normal tissue repair programme including synthesis, deposition and contraction of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to wound closure. Successful tissue repair responses involve termination of myofibroblast activities in order to prevent pathologic fibrotic scarring. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms limiting myofibroblast activities during physiological tissue repair, including myofibroblast deactivation, apoptosis, reprogramming and immune clearance of senescent myofibroblasts. In addition, we summarize pathological mechanisms leading to myofibroblast persistence and survival, a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Finally, we discuss emerging anti-fibrotic therapies aimed at targeting myofibroblast fate such as senolytics, gene therapy, cellular immunotherapy and CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Han
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Lagares
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pastar I, Marjanovic J, Stone RC, Chen V, Burgess JL, Mervis JS, Tomic-Canic M. Epigenetic regulation of cellular functions in wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1073-1089. [PMID: 33690920 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stringent spatiotemporal regulation of the wound healing process involving multiple cell types is associated with epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodelling, as well as non-coding RNAs. Here, we discuss the epigenetic changes that occur during wound healing and the rapidly expanding understanding of how these mechanisms affect healing resolution in both acute and chronic wound milieu. We provide a focussed overview of current research into epigenetic regulators that contribute to wound healing by specific cell type. We highlight the role of epigenetic regulators in the molecular pathophysiology of chronic wound conditions. The understanding of how epigenetic regulators can affect cellular functions during normal and impaired wound healing could lead to novel therapeutic approaches, and we outline questions that can provide guidance for future research on epigenetic-based interventions to promote healing. Dissecting the dynamic interplay between cellular subtypes involved in wound healing and epigenetic parameters during barrier repair will deepen our understanding of how to improve healing outcomes in patients affected by chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jelena Marjanovic
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vivien Chen
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jamie L Burgess
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joshua S Mervis
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Daponte V, Tylzanowski P, Forlino A. Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates: What Makes This Possible? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020242. [PMID: 33513779 PMCID: PMC7911911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate amputated or injured tissues and organs is a fascinating property shared by several invertebrates and, interestingly, some vertebrates. The mechanism of evolutionary loss of regeneration in mammals is not understood, yet from the biomedical and clinical point of view, it would be very beneficial to be able, at least partially, to restore that capability. The current availability of new experimental tools, facilitating the comparative study of models with high regenerative ability, provides a powerful instrument to unveil what is needed for a successful regeneration. The present review provides an updated overview of multiple aspects of appendage regeneration in three vertebrates: lizard, salamander, and zebrafish. The deep investigation of this process points to common mechanisms, including the relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling for the restoration of a functional appendage. We discuss the formation and cellular origin of the blastema and the identification of epigenetic and cellular changes and molecular pathways shared by vertebrates capable of regeneration. Understanding the similarities, being aware of the differences of the processes, during lizard, salamander, and zebrafish regeneration can provide a useful guide for supporting effective regenerative strategies in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daponte
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987235
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28
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Bartczak K, Białas AJ, Kotecki MJ, Górski P, Piotrowski WJ. More than a Genetic Code: Epigenetics of Lung Fibrosis. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:665-681. [PMID: 32926347 PMCID: PMC7677145 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At the end of the last century, genetic studies reported that genetic information is not transmitted solely by DNA, but is also transmitted by other mechanisms, named as epigenetics. The well-described epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, biochemical modifications of histones, and microRNAs. The role of altered epigenetics in the biology of various fibrotic diseases is well-established, and recent advances demonstrate its importance in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis-predominantly referring to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the most lethal of the interstitial lung diseases. The deficiency in effective medications suggests an urgent need to better understand the underlying pathobiology. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning epigenetic changes in pulmonary fibrosis and associations of these changes with several cellular pathways of known significance in its pathogenesis. It also designates the most promising substances for further research that may bring us closer to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Bartczak
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam J Białas
- Department of Pathobiology of Respiratory Diseases, The Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz J Kotecki
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, The Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153, Lodz, Poland
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29
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Evano B, Gill D, Hernando-Herraez I, Comai G, Stubbs TM, Commere PH, Reik W, Tajbakhsh S. Transcriptome and epigenome diversity and plasticity of muscle stem cells following transplantation. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009022. [PMID: 33125370 PMCID: PMC7657492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscles are maintained during homeostasis and regenerated upon injury by muscle stem cells (MuSCs). A heterogeneity in self-renewal, differentiation and regeneration properties has been reported for MuSCs based on their anatomical location. Although MuSCs derived from extraocular muscles (EOM) have a higher regenerative capacity than those derived from limb muscles, the molecular determinants that govern these differences remain undefined. Here we show that EOM and limb MuSCs have distinct DNA methylation signatures associated with enhancers of location-specific genes, and that the EOM transcriptome is reprogrammed following transplantation into a limb muscle environment. Notably, EOM MuSCs expressed host-site specific positional Hox codes after engraftment and self-renewal within the host muscle. However, about 10% of EOM-specific genes showed engraftment-resistant expression, pointing to cell-intrinsic molecular determinants of the higher engraftment potential of EOM MuSCs. Our results underscore the molecular diversity of distinct MuSC populations and molecularly define their plasticity in response to microenvironmental cues. These findings provide insights into strategies designed to improve the functional capacity of MuSCs in the context of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Evano
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Diljeet Gill
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas M. Stubbs
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Henri Commere
- Cytometry and Biomarkers, Center for Technological Resources and Research, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells & Development, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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30
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Research Advances on DNA Methylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1255:73-81. [PMID: 32949391 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4494-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic complex lung disease with no specific treatment and poor prognosis, characterized by the pulmonary progressive fibrosis and dysfunctions that lead to respiratory failure. Several factors may impact the progress of IPF, including age, cigarette smoking, and dusts, of which genetic and epigenetic factors mainly contribute to lung tissue fibrosis. DNA methylation is one of epigenetic processes that occur in many diseases and regulate chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA functions in response to environmental exposures. The methylation plays pivotal roles in regulation of gene expression to facilitate the formation of fibroblastic foci and lung fibrosis. This chapter will describe alterations and effects of the DNA methylation on gene expression, the potential application of DNA methylation as a biomarker, and significance as therapeutic targets. Those understanding will provide us new insight into the treatment and prognosis of IPF.
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Lewis CJ, Stevenson A, Fear MW, Wood FM. A review of epigenetic regulation in wound healing: Implications for the future of wound care. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:710-718. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Lewis
- State Adult Burn Service of Western Australia Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- State Adult Burn Service of Western Australia Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Mark W. Fear
- State Adult Burn Service of Western Australia Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Fiona M. Wood
- State Adult Burn Service of Western Australia Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Xiang Z, Zhou Q, Hu M, Sanders YY. MeCP2 epigenetically regulates alpha-smooth muscle actin in human lung fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3616-3625. [PMID: 32115750 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical feature for fibroblasts differentiation into myofibroblasts is the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) during the tissue injury and repair process. The epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, is involved in regulating α-SMA expression. It is not clear how methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) interacts with CpG-rich region in α-SMA, and if the CpG methylation status would affect MeCP2 binding and regulation of α-SMA expression. METHODS The association of MeCP2 with α-SMA CpG rich region were examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays in primary fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-IPF control individuals, and in the lung fibroblasts treated with profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The regulation of α-SMA by MeCP2 was examined by knocking down MeCP2 with small interfering RNA (siRNA). To explore the effects of the DNA methylation status of the CpG rich region on α-SMA expression, the cells were treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5'-azacytidine (5'-aza). The expression of α-SMA was examined by Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the association with MeCP2 was assessed by ChIP assays, and the methylation status was checked by bisulfate sequencing. RESULTS The human lung fibroblasts with increased α-SMA showed an enriched association of MeCP2, while knockdown MeCP2 by siRNA reduced α-SMA upregulation by TGF-β1. The 5'-Aza-treated cells have decreased α-SMA expression with reduced MeCP2 association. However, bisulfite sequencing revealed that most CpG sites are unmethylated despite the different expression levels of α-SMA after being treated by TGF-β1 or 5'-aza. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the methyl-binding protein MeCP2 is critical for α-SMA expression in human lung myofibroblast, and the DNA methylation status at the CpG rich region of α-SMA is not a determinative factor for its inducible expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Xiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Qingxian Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Min Hu
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Y Sanders
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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34
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Alpoim-Moreira J, Fernandes C, Rebordão MR, Amaral A, Pinto-Bravo P, Bliebernicht M, Skarzynski DJ, Ferreira-Dias G. Collagens and DNA methyltransferases in mare endometrosis. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 54 Suppl 3:46-52. [PMID: 31512314 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and fibroproliferative diseases may be modulated by epigenetic changes. Therefore, we suggest that epigenetic mechanisms could be involved in equine endometrosis pathogenesis. DNA methylation is one of the methods to evaluate epigenetics, through the transcription of methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B). The correlation between DNMTs and collagen (COL) transcripts was assessed for the different Kenney and Doig's (Current Therapy in Theriogenology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986) endometrium categories. Endometrial biopsies were randomly collected from cyclic mares. Histological classification (category I, n = 13; II A, n = 17; II B, n = 12; and III, n = 7) and evaluation of COL1A2, COL3A1 and DNMTs transcripts by qPCR, were performed. Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson correlation. As mares aged, there was an increase in endometrium fibrosis (p < .01), and in DNMT1 mRNA (p < .001). Considering DNMT3B transcripts for each category, there was an increase with fibrosis (p < .05). No changes were observed for DNMT1 and DNMT3A transcripts. However, DNMT3A mRNA levels were the highest in all categories (p < .01). In category I endometrium, a positive correlation was observed for transcripts of all DNMTs in both COLs (p < .01). In category IIA, this correlation was also maintained for all DNMTs transcripts in COL1A2 (p < .05), but only for DNMT3B in COL3A1 (p < .05). In category IIB, there was a positive correlation between DNMT3B and COL3A1 (p < .05). In category III, a positive correlation was only observed between DNMT3B and COL3A1 (p < .05). Our results suggest that there is a disturbance in COLs and DNMTs correlation during fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alpoim-Moreira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carina Fernandes
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosa Rebordão
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Coimbra College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaral
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinto-Bravo
- Coimbra College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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George JW, Fan H, Johnson B, Carpenter TJ, Foy KK, Chatterjee A, Patterson AL, Koeman J, Adams M, Madaj ZB, Chesla D, Marsh EE, Triche TJ, Shen H, Teixeira JM. Integrated Epigenome, Exome, and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Molecular Subtypes and Homeotic Transformation in Uterine Fibroids. Cell Rep 2019; 29:4069-4085.e6. [PMID: 31851934 PMCID: PMC6956710 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are benign myometrial smooth muscle tumors of unknown etiology that, when symptomatic, are the most common indication for hysterectomy in the United States. Unsupervised clustering of results from DNA methylation analyses segregates normal myometrium from fibroids and further segregates the fibroids into subtypes characterized by MED12 mutation or activation of either HMGA2 or HMGA1 expression. Upregulation of HMGA2 expression does not always appear to be dependent on translocation but is associated with hypomethylation in the HMGA2 gene body. HOXA13 expression is upregulated in fibroids and correlates with expression of typical uterine fibroid genes. Significant overlap of differentially expressed genes is observed between cervical stroma and uterine fibroids compared with normal myometrium. These analyses show a possible role of DNA methylation in fibroid biology and suggest that homeotic transformation of myometrial cells to a more cervical stroma phenotype could be an important mechanism for etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitu Wilson George
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Huihui Fan
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tyler James Carpenter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Lynn Patterson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Julie Koeman
- Genomics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Marie Adams
- Genomics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Brian Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - David Chesla
- Spectrum Health Universal Biorepository, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Erica Elizabeth Marsh
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Hui Shen
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Jose Manuel Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Min B, Jeon K, Park JS, Kang Y. Demethylation and derepression of genomic retroelements in the skeletal muscles of aged mice. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13042. [PMID: 31560164 PMCID: PMC6826136 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in DNA methylation influence the aging process and contribute to aging phenotypes, but few studies have been conducted on DNA methylation changes in conjunction with skeletal muscle aging. We explored the DNA methylation changes in a variety of retroelement families throughout aging (at 2, 20, and 28 months of age) in murine skeletal muscles by methyl‐binding domain sequencing (MBD‐seq). The two following contrasting patterns were observed among the members of each repeat family in superaged mice: (a) hypermethylation in weakly methylated retroelement copies and (b) hypomethylation in copies with relatively stronger methylation levels, representing a pattern of “regression toward the mean” within a single retroelement family. Interestingly, these patterns depended on the sizes of the copies. While the majority of the elements showed a slight increase in methylation, the larger copies (>5 kb) displayed evident demethylation. All these changes were not observed in T cells. RNA sequencing revealed a global derepression of retroelements during the late phase of aging (between 20 and 28 months of age), which temporally coincided with retroelement demethylation. Following this methylation drift trend of “regression toward the mean,” aging tended to progressively lose the preexisting methylation differences and local patterns in the genomic regions that had been elaborately established during the early period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungkuk Min
- Development and Differentiation Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB) Daejeon Korea
| | - Kyuheum Jeon
- Development and Differentiation Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB) Daejeon Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics University of Science and Technology (UST) Daejeon Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Development and Differentiation Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB) Daejeon Korea
| | - Yong‐Kook Kang
- Development and Differentiation Research Center Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB) Daejeon Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics University of Science and Technology (UST) Daejeon Korea
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Penke LR, Peters-Golden M. Molecular determinants of mesenchymal cell activation in fibroproliferative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4179-4201. [PMID: 31563998 PMCID: PMC6858579 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled scarring, or fibrosis, can interfere with the normal function of virtually all tissues of the body, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Fibrotic diseases represent a major cause of death in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, no curative treatments for these conditions are yet available, highlighting the critical need for a better fundamental understanding of molecular mechanisms that may be therapeutically tractable. The ultimate indispensable effector cells responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix proteins that comprise scars are mesenchymal cells, namely fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In this review, we focus on the biology of these cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their pertinent functions. We discuss key pro-fibrotic mediators, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that dictate their activation and persistence. Because of their possible clinical and therapeutic relevance, we also consider potential brakes on mesenchymal cell activation and cellular processes that may facilitate myofibroblast clearance from fibrotic tissue-topics that have in general been understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA.
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38
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Zhu Z, Hou Q, Li M, Fu X. Molecular mechanism of myofibroblast formation and strategies for clinical drugs treatments in hypertrophic scars. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4109-4119. [PMID: 31612497 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HTS) commonly occurred after burn and trauma. It was characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix with the inadequate remodeling, which could result in severe physiological and psychological problems. However, the effective available prevention and treatment measures were still limited. The main pathological feature of HTS was the excessive formation of myofibroblasts, and they persist in the repaired tissue. To better understand the mechanics of this process, this review focused on the characteristics and formation of myofibroblasts, the main effector cells in HTS. We summarized the present theories and opinions on myofibroblasts formation from the perspective of related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, miRNA/lncRNA/ceRNA action, histone modification, and so forth for a better understanding on the development of HTS. This information might assist in developing effective experimental and clinical treatment strategies. Additionally, we also summarized currently known clinical strategies for HTS treatment, including traditional drugs, molecular medicine, stem cells, and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Rozenberg JM, Taylor JM, Mack CP. RBPJ binds to consensus and methylated cis elements within phased nucleosomes and controls gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells in cooperation with SRF. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8232-8244. [PMID: 29931229 PMCID: PMC6144787 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given our previous demonstration that RBPJ binds a methylated repressor element and regulates smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific gene expression, we used genome-wide approaches to identify RBPJ binding regions in human aortic SMC and to assess RBPJ's effects on chromatin structure and gene expression. RBPJ bound to consensus cis elements, but also to TCmGGGA sequences within Alu repeats that were less transcriptionally active as assessed by DNAse hypersensitivity, H3K9 acetylation, and Notch3 and RNA Pol II binding. Interestingly, RBPJ binding was frequently detected at the borders of open chromatin, and a large fraction of genes induced or repressed by RBPJ depletion were associated with this cluster of RBPJ binding sites. RBPJ binding dramatically co-localized with serum response factor (SRF) and RNA seq experiments in RBPJ- and SRF-depleted SMC demonstrated that these factors interact functionally to regulate the contraction and inflammatory gene programs that help define SMC phenotype. Finally, we showed that RBPJ bound preferentially to phased nucleosomes independent of active chromatin marks and to cis elements positioned at the beginning and middle of the nucleosome dyad. These novel findings add important insight into RBPJ's role in chromatin structure and gene expression in SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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40
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Tubita V, Segui-Barber J, Lozano JJ, Banon-Maneus E, Rovira J, Cucchiari D, Moya-Rull D, Oppenheimer F, Del Portillo H, Campistol JM, Diekmann F, Ramirez-Bajo MJ, Revuelta I. Effect of immunosuppression in miRNAs from extracellular vesicles of colorectal cancer and their influence on the pre-metastatic niche. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11177. [PMID: 31371743 PMCID: PMC6672014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) occurs with more aggressiveness in kidney transplant recipients compared to the general population. Immunosuppressive therapy plays a crucial role in the development of post-transplant malignancy. Concretely, cyclosporine A (CsA) has intrinsic pro-oncologic properties, while several studies report a regression of cancer after the introduction of rapamycin (RAPA). However, their effect on the extracellular vesicle (EV) content from CRC cell lines and their relevance in the pre-metastatic niche have not yet been studied. Here, we investigated the effect of RAPA and CsA in EV-miRNAs from metastatic and non-metastatic CRC cell lines and the role of relevant miRNAs transferred into a pre-metastatic niche model. EV-miRNA profiles showed a significant upregulation of miR-6127, miR-6746-5p, and miR-6787-5p under RAPA treatment compared to CsA and untreated conditions in metastatic cell lines that were not observed in non-metastatic cells. From gene expression analysis of transfected lung fibroblasts, we identified 22 shared downregulated genes mostly represented by the histone family involved in chromatin organization, DNA packaging, and cell cycle. These results suggest that EV-miR-6127, miR-6746-5p and miR-6787-5p could be a potential epigenetic mechanism induced by RAPA therapy in the regulation of the pre-metastatic niche of post-transplant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tubita
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Segui-Barber
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elisenda Banon-Maneus
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), FCRB, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Cucchiari
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, ICNU, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), FCRB, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Oppenheimer
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), FCRB, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, ICNU, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando Del Portillo
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), FCRB, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, ICNU, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fritz Diekmann
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), FCRB, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, ICNU, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Ramirez-Bajo
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Revuelta
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Kidney Research Network, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0 009, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, ICNU, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yonemura H, Futakuchi A, Inoue-Mochita M, Fujimoto T, Takahashi E, Tanihara H, Inoue T. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor suppresses fibrogenetic changes in human conjunctival fibroblasts. Mol Vis 2019; 25:382-390. [PMID: 31523116 PMCID: PMC6707755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to clarify the effects of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor on fibrogenetic changes in human conjunctival fibroblasts (HConF). Methods HConF were pretreated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) for 48 h. After one passage, the cells were treated with 5 ng/ml of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 for 48 h, and the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), extracellular matrix proteins, and phosphorylated Smad3 were evaluated with western blotting. A fusion construct between the COL1A2 promoter and the luciferase gene was introduced into the HConF after the first passage, and the construct's activity was detected via a luciferase reporter gene assay. Results TGF-β2-induced upregulation of α-SMA was suppressed by pretreatment with 5-Aza-dC (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM) in a dose-dependent manner. Upregulation of type I collagen was also suppressed by 10 μM 5-Aza-dC pretreatment. In contrast, 5-Aza-dC had no inhibitory effect on the expression of fibronectin or phosphorylated Smad3. However, COL1A2 promoter activity was suppressed with 5-Aza-dC pretreatment. Conclusions In HConF, fibrogenetic changes were partly suppressed with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, suggesting an indirect inhibitory effect of the inhibitor on the COL1A2 promoter in HConF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Yonemura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Futakuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Miyuki Inoue-Mochita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eri Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Coward WR, Brand OJ, Pasini A, Jenkins G, Knox AJ, Pang L. Interplay between EZH2 and G9a Regulates CXCL10 Gene Repression in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:449-460. [PMID: 29053336 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0286oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective repression of the antifibrotic gene CXCL10 contributes to tissue remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We have previously reported that histone deacetylation and histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation are involved in CXCL10 repression. In this study, we explored the role of H3K27 methylation and the interplay between the two histone lysine methyltransferases enhancer of zest homolog 2 (EZH2) and G9a in CXCL10 repression in IPF. By applying chromatin immunoprecipitation, Re-ChIP, and proximity ligation assays, we demonstrated that, like G9a-mediated H3K9 methylation, EZH2-mediated histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) was significantly enriched at the CXCL10 promoter in fibroblasts from IPF lungs (F-IPF) compared with fibroblasts from nonfibrotic lungs, and we also found that EZH2 and G9a physically interacted with each other. EZH2 knockdown reduced not only EZH2 and H3K27me3 but also G9a and H3K9me3, and G9a knockdown reduced not only G9 and H3K9me3 but also EZH2 and H3K27me3. Depletion and inhibition of EZH2 and G9a also reversed histone deacetylation and restored CXCL10 expression in F-IPF. Furthermore, treatment of fibroblasts from nonfibrotic lungs with the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 increased EZH2, G9a, H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and histone deacetylation at the CXCL10 promoter, similar to that observed in F-IPF, which was correlated with CXCL10 repression and was prevented by EZH2 and G9a knockdown. These findings suggest that a novel and functionally interdependent interplay between EZH2 and G9a regulates histone methylation-mediated epigenetic repression of the antifibrotic CXCL10 gene in IPF. This interdependent interplay may prove to be a target for epigenetic intervention to restore the expression of CXCL10 and other antifibrotic genes in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Coward
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Oliver J Brand
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alice Pasini
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and.,3 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alan J Knox
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linhua Pang
- 1 Division of Respiratory Medicine and.,2 Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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43
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Jorgensen BG, Ro S. Role of DNA Methylation in the Development and Differentiation of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Smooth Muscle Cells. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:377-386. [PMID: 31327220 PMCID: PMC6657918 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine contains many different cell types but is comprised of 2 main cell types: epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Recent in vivo and in vitro evidence has revealed that various alterations to the DNA methylation apparatus within both of these cell types can result in a variety of cellular phenotypes including modified differentiation status, apoptosis, and uncontrolled growth. Methyl groups added to cytosines in regulatory genomic regions typically act to repress associated gene transcription. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are often found in cells with abnormal growth/differentiation patterns, including those cells involved in burdensome intestinal pathologies including inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal pseudo-obstructions. The altered methylation patterns being observed in various cell cultures and DNA methyltransferase knockout models indicate an influential connection between DNA methylation and gastrointestinal cells’ development and their response to environmental signaling. As these modified DNA methylation levels are found in a number of pathological gastrointestinal conditions, further investigations into uncovering the causative nature, and controlled regulation, of this epigenetic modification is of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders of the skin that result from abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin. Multiple studies suggest that genetic, systemic and local factors may contribute to the development and/or growth of keloids and hypertrophic scars. A key local factor may be mechanical stimuli. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the studies on the roles that genetic variation, epigenetic modifications and mechanotransduction play in keloidogenesis. METHODS An English literature review was performed by searching the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases with the following keywords: genome-wide association study; epigenetics; non-coding RNA; microRNA; long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); DNA methylation; mechanobiology; and keloid. The searches targeted the time period between the date of database inception and July 2018. RESULTS Genetic studies identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms and gene linkages that may contribute to keloid pathogenesis. Epigenetic modifications caused by non-coding RNAs (e.g. microRNAs and lncRNAs) and DNA methylation may also play important roles by inducing the persistent activation of keloidal fibroblasts. Mechanical forces and the ensuing cellular mechanotransduction may also influence the degree of scar formation, scar contracture and the formation/progression of keloids and hypertrophic scars. CONCLUSIONS Recent research indicates that the formation/growth of keloids and hypertrophic scars associate clearly with genetic, epigenetic, systemic and local risk factors, particularly skin tension around scars. Further research into scar-related genetics, epigenetics and mechanobiology may reveal molecular, cellular or tissue-level targets that could lead to the development of more effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for wounds/scars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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He Y, Ling S, Sun Y, Sheng Z, Chen Z, Pan X, Ma G. DNA methylation regulates α-smooth muscle actin expression during cardiac fibroblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7174-7185. [PMID: 30362530 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) differentiation to myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) plays a key role in cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, a study of the mechanism regulating α-SMA expression is a means to understanding the mechanism of fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that DNA methylation is associated with gene expression and is related to the development of tissue fibrosis. However, the mechanisms by which CF differentiation is regulated by DNA methylation remain unclear. Here, we explored the epigenetic regulation of α-SMA expression and its relevance in CF differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated that α-SMA was overexpressed and DNMT1 expression was downregulated in the infarct area after myocardial infarction. Treatment of CFs with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1 ) in vitro upregulated α-SMA expression via epigenetic modifications. TGF-β1 also inhibited DNMT1 expression and activity during CF differentiation. In addition, α-SMA expression was regulated by DNMT1. Conversely, increasing DNMT1 expression levels rescued the TGF-β1 -induced upregulation of α-SMA expression. Finally, TGF-β1 regulated α-SMA expression by inhibiting the DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation of the α-SMA promoter. Taken together, our research showed that inhibition of the DNMT1-mediated DNA methylation of the α-SMA promoter plays an essential role in CF differentiation. In addition, DNMT1 may be a new target for the prevention and treatment of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru He
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunkai Ling
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zulong Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongpu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Vella S, Conaldi PG, Cova E, Meloni F, Liotta R, Cuzzocrea S, Martino L, Bertani A, Luca A, Vitulo P. Lung resident mesenchymal cells isolated from patients with the Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome display a deregulated epigenetic profile. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11167. [PMID: 30042393 PMCID: PMC6057887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome is the major determinant of the graft function loss after lung transplantation, but its pathogenesis is still incompletely understood and currently available therapeutic strategies are poorly effective. A deeper understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms is crucial for the development of new strategies to prevent and treat this devastating complication. In this study, we focused on the mesenchymal stromal cells, recently recognized as BOS key effectors, and our primary aim was to identify their epigenetic determinants, such as histone modifications and non-coding RNA regulation, which could contribute to their differentiation in myofibroblasts. Interestingly, we identified a deregulated expression of histone deacetylases and methyltransferases, and a microRNA-epigenetic regulatory network, which could represent novel targets for anti-fibrotic therapy. We validated our results in vitro, in a cell model of fibrogenesis, confirming the epigenetic involvement in this process and paving the way for a new application for epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy.
- Anemocyte S.r.l, Gerenzano, Italy.
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cova
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Meloni
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosa Liotta
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Pathology Service, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lavinia Martino
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertani
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Luca
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Radiology Service, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizio Vitulo
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
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Jorgensen BG, Berent RM, Ha SE, Horiguchi K, Sasse KC, Becker LS, Ro S. DNA methylation, through DNMT1, has an essential role in the development of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:474. [PMID: 29700293 PMCID: PMC5920081 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification that can regulate gene expression. Genomic DNA hypomethylation is commonly found in many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Dysregulated gene expression in GI smooth muscle cells (GI-SMCs) can lead to motility disorders. However, the consequences of genomic DNA hypomethylation within GI-SMCs are still elusive. Utilizing a Cre-lox murine model, we have generated SMC-restricted DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) knockout (KO) mice and analyzed the effects of Dnmt1 deficiency. Dnmt1-KO pups are born smaller than their wild-type littermates, have shortened GI tracts, and lose peristaltic movement due to loss of the tunica muscularis in their intestine, causing massive intestinal dilation, and death around postnatal day 21. Within smooth muscle tissue, significant CpG hypomethylation occurs across the genome at promoters, introns, and exons. Additionally, there is a marked loss of differentiated SMC markers (Srf, Myh11, miR-133, miR-143/145), an increase in pro-apoptotic markers (Nr4a1, Gadd45g), loss of cellular connectivity, and an accumulation of coated vesicles within SMC. Interestingly, we observed consistent abnormal expression patterns of enzymes involved in DNA methylation between both Dnmt1-KO mice and diseased human GI tissue. These data demonstrate that DNA hypomethylation in embryonic SMC, via congenital Dnmt1 deficiency, contributes to massive dysregulation of gene expression and is lethal to GI-SMC. These results suggest that Dnmt1 has a necessary role in the embryonic, primary development process of SMC with consistent patterns being found in human GI diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robyn M Berent
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | | | - Laren S Becker
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Lamprecht S, Sigal-Batikoff I, Shany S, Abu-Freha N, Ling E, Delinasios GJ, Moyal-Atias K, Delinasios JG, Fich A. Teaming Up for Trouble: Cancer Cells, Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling and the Epigenetic Corruption of Stromal Naïve Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030061. [PMID: 29495500 PMCID: PMC5876636 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that cancer cells subvert the phenotype of stromal naïve fibroblasts and instruct the neighboring cells to sustain their growth agenda. The mechanisms underpinning the switch of fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the focus of intense investigation. One of the most significant hallmarks of the biological identity of CAFs is that their tumor-promoting phenotype is stably maintained during in vitro and ex vivo propagation without the continual interaction with the adjacent cancer cells. In this review, we discuss robust evidence showing that the master cytokine Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGFβ-1) is a prime mover in reshaping, via epigenetic switches, the phenotype of stromal fibroblasts to a durable state. We also examine, in detail, the pervasive involvement of TGFβ-1 signaling from both cancer cells and CAFs in fostering cancer development, taking colorectal cancer (CRC) as a paradigm of human neoplasia. Finally, we review the stroma-centric anticancer therapeutic approach focused on CAFs—the most abundant cell population of the tumor microenvironment (TME)—as target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lamprecht
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
| | - Ina Sigal-Batikoff
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
| | - Shraga Shany
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
| | - Naim Abu-Freha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
| | - Eduard Ling
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Pediatrics Department B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
| | - George J Delinasios
- International Institute of Anticancer Research, Kapandriti, Athens 19014, Greece.
| | - Keren Moyal-Atias
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
| | - John G Delinasios
- International Institute of Anticancer Research, Kapandriti, Athens 19014, Greece.
| | - Alexander Fich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410500, Israel.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva 8410100, Israel.
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Liu HX, Hou LF, Chen T, Qu W, Liu S, Yan HY, Wen X, Ping J. Prenatal caffeine ingestion increases susceptibility to pulmonary inflammation in adult female rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mora AL, Rojas M, Pardo A, Selman M. Emerging therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive age-related disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:810. [PMID: 29081515 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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