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Soldwedel S, Demuth S, Schildgen O. T84 Monolayer Cell Cultures Support Productive HBoV and HSV-1 Replication and Enable In Vitro Co-Infection Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:773. [PMID: 38793654 PMCID: PMC11125666 DOI: 10.3390/v16050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on several clinical observations it was hypothesized that herpesviruses may influence the replication of human bocaviruses, the second known parvoviruses that have been confirmed as human pathogens. While several cell lines support the growth of HSV-1, HBoV-1 was exclusively cultivated on air-liquid interface cultures, the latter being a rather complicated, slow, and low throughput system. One of the cell lines are T84 cells, which are derived from the lung metastasis of a colorectal tumor. In this study, we provide evidence that T84 also supports HBoV replication when cultivated as monolayers, while simultaneously being permissive for HSV-1. The cell culture model thus would enable co-infection studies of both viruses and is worth being optimized for high throughput studies with HBoV-1. Additionally, the study provides evidence for a supporting effect of HSV-1 on the replication and packaging of HBoV-1 progeny DNA into DNase-resistant viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Soldwedel
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Institut für Pathologie, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Demuth
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Institut für Pathologie, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Köln/Cologne, Germany
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2
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Abdelrahim NA, Mohammed N, Evander M, Ahlm C, Fadl-Elmula IM. Viral meningitis in Sudanese children: Differentiation, etiology and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31588. [PMID: 36401437 PMCID: PMC9678499 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of viral meningitis (VM) is uncommon practice in Sudan and there is no local viral etiological map. We therefore intended to differentiate VM using standardized clinical codes and determine the involvement of herpes simplex virus types-1 and 2 (HSV-1/2), varicella zoster virus, non-polio human enteroviruses (HEVs), and human parechoviruses in meningeal infections in children in Sudan. This is a cross-sectional hospital-based study. Viral meningitis was differentiated in 503 suspected febrile attendee of Omdurman Hospital for Children following the criteria listed in the Clinical Case Definition for Aseptic/Viral Meningitis. Patients were children age 0 to 15 years. Viral nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) were extracted from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using QIAamp® UltraSens Virus Technology. Complementary DNA was prepared from viral RNA using GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription System. Viral nucleic acids were amplified and detected using quantitative TaqMan® Real-Time and conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Hospital diagnosis of VM was assigned to 0%, when clinical codes were applied; we considered 3.2% as having VM among the total study population and as 40% among those with proven infectious meningitis. Two (0.4%) out of total 503 CSF specimens were positive for HSV-1; Ct values were 37.05 and 39.10 and virus copies were 652/PCR run (261 × 103/mL CSF) and 123/PCR run (49.3 × 103/mL CSF), respectively. Other 2 (0.4%) CSF specimens were positive for non-polio HEVs; Ct values were 37.70 and 38.30, and the approximate virus copies were 5E2/PCR run (~2E5/mL CSF) and 2E2/PCR run (~8E4/mL CSF), respectively. No genetic materials were detected for HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, and human parechoviruses. The diagnosis of VM was never assigned by the hospital despite fulfilling the clinical case definition. Virus detection rate was 10% among cases with proven infectious meningitis. Detected viruses were HSV-1 and non-polio HEVs. Positive virus PCRs in CSFs with normal cellular counts were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abdelghani Abdelrahim
- Department of Pathology-Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- * Correspondence: Nada Abdelghani Abdelrahim, Department of Pathology-Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology (UMST), P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan (e-mail: )
| | - Nahla Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Imad Mohammed Fadl-Elmula
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Genetics, Al-Neelain University & Assafa Academy, Khartoum, Sudan
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3
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Zhang S, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Gao R, Rice S, Guo X, Liu Y, Feng P, Zhao Z. Simultaneous Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latent and Lytic Transcripts in Brain Tissue. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914211053505. [PMID: 35164537 PMCID: PMC9171132 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211053505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latent infection in humans. Accumulating studies indicate that HSV-1, a risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, exacerbates the sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The analysis of viral genetic materials via genomic sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the current approach used for the detection of HSV-1; however, this approach is limited because of its difficulty in detecting both latent and lytic phases of the HSV-1 life cycle in infected hosts. RNAscope, a novel in situ RNA hybridization assay, enables visualized detection of multiple RNA targets on tissue sections. Here, we developed a fluorescent multiplex RNAscope assay in combination with immunofluorescence to detect neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in various types of mouse brain samples and human brain tissues. Specifically, the RNA probes were designed to separately recognize two transcripts in the same brain section: (1) the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) and (2) the lytic-associated transcript, the tegument protein gene of the unique long region 37 (UL37). As a result, both LAT and UL37 signals were detectable in neurons in the hippocampus and trigeminal ganglia (TG). The quantifications of HSV-1 transcripts in the TG and CNS neurons are correlated with the viral loads during lytic and latent infection. Collectively, the development of combinational detection of neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in mouse brains can serve as a valuable tool to visualize HSV-1 infection phases in various types of samples from AD patients and facilitate our understanding of the infectious origin of neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyun Gao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinying Guo
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Vergara-Ortega DN, Sevilla-Reyes EE, Herrera-Ortiz A, Torres-Ibarra L, Salmerón J, Lazcano-Ponce E, Sánchez-Alemán MA. Real time PCR to evaluate HSV-2 shedding from anal and genital samples among men who have sex with men, living with HIV. J Med Virol 2018; 90:745-752. [PMID: 29236293 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the relative quantification of HSV-2 by qPCR, using the MIQE Guidelines. The reaction efficiency was evaluated, and the relative quantification used the R = 2-ΔCq method. The relative quantification of HSV-2 was conducted with anal and genital samples from men who have sex with men (MSM), living with HIV. The presence of a single amplification product was validated with a dissociation curves profile and the determination of the melting temperature. The limit of detection for β-globin was determined as 3.3 × 10-5 ng/μL, and for HSV-2 at 6.0 × 10-6 ng/μL. The efficiency for β-globin was 100.2% and for HSV-2 was 106.8%. From 336 MSM, 2.1% and 3.9% individuals presented anal or genital HSV-2 shedding, respectively. The HSV-2 viral load was 9.2 RU, individuals with fewer CD4+ presented higher HSV-2 viral load. The qPCR method is reproducible and has optimal reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana N Vergara-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Edgar E Sevilla-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico
| | - Antonia Herrera-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Leticia Torres-Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos
| | - Miguel A Sánchez-Alemán
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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5
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Rechenchoski DZ, Faccin-Galhardi LC, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. Herpesvirus: an underestimated virus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 62:151-156. [PMID: 27858281 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are common and widespread; nevertheless, their outcome can be of unpredictable prognosis in neonates and in immunosuppressed patients. Anti-HSV therapy is effective, but the emergence of drug-resistant strains or the drug toxicity that hamper the treatment is of great concern. Vaccine has not yet shown relevant benefit; therefore, palliative prophylactic measures have been adopted to prevent diseases. This short review proposes to present concisely the history of HSV, its taxonomy, physical structure, and replication and to explore the pathogenesis of the infection, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis and epidemiology of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zendrini Rechenchoski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, (Pr 445), km 380, Bairro: Jardim Portal de Versalhes, Londrina, Paraná, CEP: 86051-970, Brazil.
| | - Ligia Carla Faccin-Galhardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, (Pr 445), km 380, Bairro: Jardim Portal de Versalhes, Londrina, Paraná, CEP: 86051-970, Brazil
| | - Rosa Elisa Carvalho Linhares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, (Pr 445), km 380, Bairro: Jardim Portal de Versalhes, Londrina, Paraná, CEP: 86051-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nozawa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, (Pr 445), km 380, Bairro: Jardim Portal de Versalhes, Londrina, Paraná, CEP: 86051-970, Brazil
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6
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Wong AA, Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Tellier R. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses in cerebrospinal fluid and lesion swab specimens. J Virol Methods 2015; 229:16-23. [PMID: 26711555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) can have very similar and wide-ranging clinical presentations. Rapid identification is necessary for timely antiviral therapy, especially with infections involving the central nervous system, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals. Detection of HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV was combined into one real-time PCR reaction utilizing hydrolysis probes. The assay was validated on the LightCycler(®) (Roche) and Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) to detect alphaherpesviruses in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and lesion swab specimens, respectively. Validation data on blood and tissue samples are also presented. The multiplex assay showed excellent sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility when compared to two singleplex real-time PCR assays for CSF samples and direct fluorescent antigen/culture for lesion swab samples. Implementation of the multiplex assay has facilitated improved sensitivity and accuracy as well as reduced turn-around-times and costs. The results from a large data set of 16,622 prospective samples tested between August 16, 2012 to February 1, 2014 at the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Alberta, Canada) are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4W4
| | - Kanti Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4W4.
| | - Sallene Wong
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4W4
| | - Raymond Tellier
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4W4; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and HSV-2 infections are highly prevalent worldwide and are characterized by establishing lifelong infection with periods of latency interspersed with periodic episodes of reactivation. Acquisition of HSV by an infant during the peripartum or postpartum period results in neonatal HSV disease, a rare but significant infection that can be associated with severe morbidity and mortality, especially if there is dissemination or central nervous system involvement. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances have led to improvements in mortality and, to a lesser extent, neurodevelopmental outcomes, but room exists for further improvement.
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8
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Rapid and direct detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid by use of a commercial real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4361-2. [PMID: 25274992 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02623-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
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9
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Abstract
In routine molecular diagnostics, detection of herpesviruses has made a major impact. Infection with herpesviruses is indicated by demonstrating the presence of the virus in selected specimens. Rapid and reliable detection of herpesvirus DNA helps to decrease the lethality as well as the sequelae of herpesvirus infection in patients at risk. This chapter discusses specimen types and both laboratory-developed and commercially available assays useful for molecular detection of herpesviruses. To meet the need for reliable laboratory results, it is advisable to employ maximum automated and standardized kits based on reagents and standards of reproducible high quality. In the routine diagnostic laboratory, introduction of IVD/CE and/or FDA-labeled tests is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Kessler
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IHMEM, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Anzivino E, Fioriti D, Mischitelli M, Bellizzi A, Barucca V, Chiarini F, Pietropaolo V. Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy and in neonate: status of art of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Virol J 2009; 6:40. [PMID: 19348670 PMCID: PMC2671497 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most common viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The first time infection of the mother may lead to severe illness in pregnancy and may be associated with virus transmission from mother to foetus/newborn. Since the incidence of this sexually transmitted infection continues to rise and because the greatest incidence of herpes simplex virus infections occur in women of reproductive age, the risk of maternal transmission of the virus to the foetus or neonate has become a major health concern. On these purposes the Authors of this review looked for the medical literature and pertinent publications to define the status of art regarding the epidemiology, the diagnosis, the therapy and the prevention of HSV in pregnant women and neonate. Special emphasis is placed upon the importance of genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy and on the its prevention to avoid neonatal HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anzivino
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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