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Wei X, Ma X, Tian F, Wei Z, Zhang L, Hu K. Sampling and analysis methods of air-borne microorganisms in hospital air: a review. Biotechniques 2024; 76:395-404. [PMID: 39263851 DOI: 10.1080/07366205.2024.2372939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms can spread in the air as bioaerosols. When the human body is exposed to different bioaerosols, various infectious diseases may occur. As indoor diagnosis and treatment environments, hospitals are relatively closed and have a large flow rate of people. This indoor environment contains complex aerosol components; therefore, effective sampling and detection of microbial elements are essential in airborne pathogen monitoring. This article reviews the sampling and detection of different kinds of microorganisms in bioaerosols from indoor diagnostic and therapeutic settings, with a particular focus on microbial activity. This provides deeper insights into bioaerosols in diagnostic and therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wei
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezheng Ma
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Xinjiang International Travel Health Care Center (Urumqi Customs Port Clinic), China
| | - Zhaohui Wei
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Kongxin Hu
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing, China
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Rabbachin L, Nir I, Waldherr M, Vassallo Y, Piñar G, Graf A, Kushmaro A, Sterflinger K. Diversity of fungi associated with petroglyph sites in the Negev Desert, Israel, and their potential role in bioweathering. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1400380. [PMID: 39035870 PMCID: PMC11257853 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The petroglyphs of the Negev Desert, Israel, are famous and valuable archaeological remains. Previous studies have investigated the microbial communities associated with petroglyphs and their potential role in stone deterioration; nevertheless, the role of fungi remains unclear. In this study, the fungal communities present on the stone and, as a comparison, in the surrounding environment (soil and air) at Negev petroglyph sites were analyzed by means of culture-dependent and -independent (metagenomic) techniques. The metagenomic results showed a high fungal biodiversity in the soil, and both approaches highlighted the prevalence of species producing melanized, large, thick-walled spores (mainly Alternaria spp.). From the air sampling, mostly Cladosporium spp. were retrieved. On the other hand, on the rock, the results seem to indicate a low presence of fungi, but with a rock-specialized mycobiota consisting of extremotolerant microcolonial fungi (MCF) (e.g., Vermiconidia and Coniosporium) and lichens (Flavoplaca). In addition, low proportions of cosmopolitan fungi were detected on the stone, but the comparison of the data clearly indicates that they are transients from the surrounding environment. The ability of the isolated strains to dissolve CaCO3 and therefore be a potential threat to the petroglyphs (limestone substrate) was tested, but only one strain resulted in positive acid production under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, both lichens and MCF detected in this study are well-known stone deteriogens, which may have a significant impact on the petroglyph's deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rabbachin
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irit Nir
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ylenia Vassallo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Piñar
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Graf
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Technology in the Arts (INTK), Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Bannan A, Kamal I, Al Makishah NH, Natto ZS. Reducing microbial airborne contamination and particulate matter using different oral suctions in dental clinic: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:374-380. [PMID: 38419981 PMCID: PMC10897624 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess oral suction devices in declining microbial airborne contamination level and particulate matter. Materials and methods This open-label randomized clinical trial was conducted in an educational hospital with 50 participants above 18 years of age, who had scheduled an appointment at a dental hygienist clinic for scaling procedure. Particulate matter and microbial airborne contamination levels were taken at the beginning for 15 min and during of scaling procedure. Participants were randomized to five groups: low suction, high & low suction, intraoral suction (IOS), extra-oral suction (EOS) & low suction, and IOS & EOS. Repeated measured ANOVA analysis was carried out using STATA version 13. Results Participants had aged 34.4 ± 8.1 years and the average simplified oral hygiene index was 3.5 ± 1.2. Microbial airborne contamination level for each intervention group was different to baseline; low suction, intraoral suction, high & low suction, EOS & low suction, and EOS and intraoral suction were 1089 ± 610, 296.3 ± 321.2, 43.8 ± 52.1, 17.3 ± 7.3 and 14.3 ± 3.9, respectively [P value < 0.05]. Particulate matter shows evidence of no significant difference among oral suctions [P value > 0.05]. Conclusion Low or intraoral suction was not enough to reduce microbial airborne contamination for better infection control, practitioners highly recommended to use combination of suction devices. Clinical relevance Using extra-oral with intra-oral suction, or extra-oral suction with low section, or high & low suction are potentially better in microbial airborne contamination reduction compared with low or intraoral suction only. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05848245) on April 14, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraar Bannan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman Kamal
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, AlAzhar University, Egypt
| | - Naief H. Al Makishah
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair S. Natto
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Chawla H, Anand P, Garg K, Bhagat N, Varmani SG, Bansal T, McBain AJ, Marwah RG. A comprehensive review of microbial contamination in the indoor environment: sources, sampling, health risks, and mitigation strategies. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1285393. [PMID: 38074709 PMCID: PMC10701447 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1285393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of the indoor environment significantly impacts human health and productivity, especially given the amount of time individuals spend indoors globally. While chemical pollutants have been a focus of indoor air quality research, microbial contaminants also have a significant bearing on indoor air quality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microbial contamination in built environments, covering sources, sampling strategies, and analysis methods. Microbial contamination has various origins, including human occupants, pets, and the outdoor environment. Sampling strategies for indoor microbial contamination include air, surface, and dust sampling, and various analysis methods are used to assess microbial diversity and complexity in indoor environments. The review also discusses the health risks associated with microbial contaminants, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and their products in indoor air, highlighting the need for evidence-based studies that can relate to specific health conditions. The importance of indoor air quality is emphasized from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. A section of the review highlights the knowledge gap related to microbiological burden in indoor environments in developing countries, using India as a representative example. Finally, potential mitigation strategies to improve microbiological indoor air quality are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitikk Chawla
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Purnima Anand
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Garg
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Neeru Bhagat
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani G. Varmani
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanu Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruchi Gulati Marwah
- Department of Microbiology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Manibusan S, Mainelis G. Passive Bioaerosol Samplers: A Complementary Tool for Bioaerosol Research. A Review. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2022; 163:105992. [PMID: 36386279 PMCID: PMC9648171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2022.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols consist of airborne particles of biological origin. They play an important role in our environment and may cause negative health effects. The presence of biological aerosol is typically determined using active samplers. While passive bioaerosol samplers are used much less frequently in bioaerosol investigations, they offer certain advantages, such as simple design, low cost, and long sampling duration. This review discusses different types of passive bioaerosol samplers, including their collection mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages, applicability in different sampling environments, and available sample elution and analysis methods. Most passive samplers are based on gravitational settling and electrostatic capture mechanism or their combination. We discuss the agar settle plate, dustfall collector, Personal Aeroallergen Sampler (PAAS), and settling filters among the gravity-based samplers. The described electrostatics-based samplers include electrostatic dust cloths (EDC) and Rutgers Electrostatic Passive Sampler (REPS). In addition, the review also discusses passive opportunity samplers using preexisting airflow, such as filters in HVAC systems. Overall, passive bioaerosol sampling technologies are inexpensive, easy to operate, and can continuously sample for days and even weeks which is not easily accomplished by active sampling devices. Although passive sampling devices are usually treated as qualitative tools, they still provide information about bioaerosol presence and diversity, especially over longer time scales. Overall, this review suggests that the use of passive bioaerosol samplers alongside active collection devices can aid researchers in developing a more comprehensive understanding of biological presence and dynamics, especially over extended time scales and multiple locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydonia Manibusan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8551, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8551, USA
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Assessment of a Biosafety Device to Control Contamination by Airborne Transmission during Orthodontic/Dental Procedures. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:8302826. [PMID: 35437444 PMCID: PMC9012973 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8302826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, dental professionals have faced high risk of airborne contamination between dentists, staff, and patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an individual biosafety capsule in dentistry (IBCD) on reducing the dispersion of droplets and aerosols during orthodontic treatment and evaluate the clinician and patient’s perception of using the IBCD. For the in-vitro part of the study, aerosol quantification was performed with and without the IBCD, using a nonpathogenic bacterial strain and viral strain in the reservoir and high-speed dental handpiece. Petri dishes with MRS agar were positioned from the head of the equipment at distances of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m. After 15 minutes of passive aerosol sampling, the dishes were closed and incubated using standard aerobic conditions at 37°C for 48 hours to count colony forming units (CFUs). For the clinical part of the study, a questionnaire was sent to clinicians and patients to understand their perception of orthodontically treat and receive treatment using the barrier. The use of IBCD showed an effective means to reduce the dispersion of bacterial and viral contamination around 99% and 96%, respectively, around the main source of aerosol (
). Clinical results showed a 97% bacterial reduction during patient’s consultations (
). The vast majority of clinicians and patients understand the importance of controlling the airborne dispersion to avoid contamination.
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Montalli VAM, de Freitas PR, Torres MDF, Torres Junior ODF, Vilhena DHMD, Junqueira JLC, Napimoga MH. Biosafety devices to control the spread of potentially contaminated dispersion particles. New associated strategies for health environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255533. [PMID: 34437589 PMCID: PMC8389494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental procedures produce a large amount of spatter and aerosols that create concern for the transmission of airborne diseases, such as Covid-19. This study established a methodology with the objective of evaluating new associated strategies to reduce the risk of cross-transmission in a health environment by simulating spread of potentially contaminated dispersion particles (PCDP) in the environment. This crossover study, was conducted in a school clinic environment (4 clinics containing 12 dental chairs each). As a positive control group (without barriers), 12 professionals activated at the same time the turbine of dental drill, for one minute, with a bacterial solution (Lactobacillus casei Shirota, 1.5x108 CFU/mL), which had been added in the cooling reservoir of the dental equipment. In the experimental groups, the professionals made use of; a) an individual biosafety barrier in dentistry (IBBD) which consists of a metal support covered by a disposable PVC film barrier; b) a Mobile Unit of Disinfection by Ultraviolet-C, consisting of 8 UV lamps-C of 95W, of 304μW/cm2 of irradiance each, connected for 15 minutes (UV-C) and; c) the association between the two methods (IBBD + UV-C). In each clinic, 56 Petri dishes containing MRS agar were positioned on the lamps, benches and on the floor. In addition, plates were placed prior to each test (negative control group) and plates were also placed in the corridor that connects the four clinics. In the groups without barrier and IBBD + UV-C the passive air microorganisms in Petri dishes was also evaluated at times of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the end of the dental’s drill activation. The mean (standard deviation) of CFU of L. casei Shirota for the positive control group was 3905 (1521), while in the experimental groups the mean using the IBBD was 940 (466) CFU, establishing a reduction on average, of 75% (p<0.0001). For the UV-C group, the mean was 260 (309) CFU and the association of the use of IBBD + UV-C promoted an overall average count of 152 (257) CFU, establishing a reduction on average of 93% and 96%, respectively (p<0.0001). Considering these results and the study model used, the individual biosafety barrier associated with UV-C technology showed to be efficient strategies to reduce the dispersion of bioaerosols generated in an environment with high rate of PCDP generation and may be an alternative for the improvement of biosafety in different healthy environment.
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Montalli VAM, Garcez AS, de Oliveira LVC, Sperandio M, Napimoga MH, Motta RHL. A novel dental biosafety device to control the spread of potentially contaminated dispersion particles from dental ultrasonic tips. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247029. [PMID: 33600421 PMCID: PMC7891706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to return to dental practice in pandemic times is a new challenge due to the generation and spread of potentially contaminated dispersion particles (PCDP) that may contain the SARS-CoV-2, the etiological factor of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the significant dispersion of PCDP in the dental environment, the use of equipment such as ultrasonic tips have been inadvisable during the pandemic. Several clinical procedures, however, benefit from the use of such equipment. Thus, using a microbial dispersion model of PCDP, the aim of this study was to compare the dispersion caused by the dental drill (DD) an ultrasonic tip (UT) alone and the UT coupled with a Spray control (SC) device. The DD, UT (with or without the SC) were activated for one minute having had the water from the reservoir replaced with a suspension of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (1.5 x 108 CFU/mL). Petri dishes containing MRS agar were positioned at 50cm, 100cm and 150cm from the headrest of the dental chair at different angles (0 degree and 90 degrees). At 50 cm, the mean CFU (standard deviation) of L. casei Shirota was 13554.60 (4071.03) for the DD, 286.67 (73.99) for the US (97.89% reduction), and 4.5 (0.58) CFU for the UT-SC (p < 0.0001), establishing a further 98.43% reduction between UT and UT with SC. The UT with SC model proved effective in reducing dispersion from the UT, endorsing its use as an additional strategy to reduce PCDP in the dental environment in times of pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Angelo Martins Montalli
- Division of Microbiology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Oral Medicine, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | | | - Marcelo Sperandio
- Division of Oral Medicine, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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