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Pandurangan K, Jayakumar J, Savoia S, Nanda R, Lata S, Kumar EH, S S, Vasudevan S, Srinivasan C, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Verma R. Systematic development of immunohistochemistry protocol for large cryosections-specific to non-perfused fetal brain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 405:110085. [PMID: 38387804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in understanding the expression of neurochemical molecules in the developing human brain. Despite its routine application in the research and clinical setup, the IHC protocol specific for soft fragile fetal brains that are fixed using the non-perfusion method is still limited in studying the whole brain. NEW METHOD This study shows that the IHC protocols, using a chromogenic detection system, used in animals and adult humans are not optimal in the fetal brains. We have optimized key steps from Antigen retrieval (AR) to chromogen visualization for formalin-fixed whole-brain cryosections (20 µm) mounted on glass slides. RESULTS We show the results from six validated, commonly used antibodies to study the fetal brain. We achieved optimal antigen retrieval with 0.1 M Boric Acid, pH 9.0 at 70°C for 20 minutes. We also present the optimal incubation duration and temperature for protein blocking and the primary antibody that results in specific antigen labeling with minimal tissue damage. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The IHC protocol commonly used for adult human and animal brains results in significant tissue damage in the fetal brains with little or suboptimal antigen expression. Our new method with important modifications including the temperature, duration, and choice of the alkaline buffer for AR addresses these pitfalls and provides high-quality results. CONCLUSION The optimized IHC protocol for the developing human brain (13-22 GW) provides a high-quality, repeatable, and reliable method for studying chemoarchitecture in neurotypical and pathological conditions across different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pandurangan
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jaikishan Jayakumar
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Computational Brain Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Reetuparna Nanda
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Lata
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Suresh S
- Mediscan Systems, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chitra Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Richa Verma
- Sudha Gopalakrishnan Brain Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wongchitrat P, Chanmee T, Govitrapong P. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2881-2903. [PMID: 37946006 PMCID: PMC11043213 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) cause variable outcomes from acute to severe neurological sequelae with increased morbidity and mortality. Viral neuroinvasion directly or indirectly induces encephalitis via dysregulation of the immune response and contributes to the alteration of neuronal function and the degeneration of neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus-induced neurodegeneration. Neurotropic viral infections influence many aspects of neuronal dysfunction, including promoting chronic inflammation, inducing cellular oxidative stress, impairing mitophagy, encountering mitochondrial dynamics, enhancing metabolic rewiring, altering neurotransmitter systems, and inducing misfolded and aggregated pathological proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These pathogenetic mechanisms create a multidimensional injury of the brain that leads to specific neuronal and brain dysfunction. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurophathogenesis associated with neurodegeneration of viral infection may emphasize the strategies for prevention, protection, and treatment of virus infection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Harsha PK, Ranganayaki S, Yale G, Dey G, Mangalaparthi KK, Yarlagadda A, Chandrasekhar Sagar BK, Mahadevan A, Srinivas Bharath MM, Mani RS. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rabies Virus-Infected Human and Canine Brains. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1610-1636. [PMID: 35229271 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by the Rabies lyssavirus (RABV). The presence of minimal neuropathological changes observed in rabies indicates that neuronal dysfunction, rather than neuronal death contributes to the fatal outcome. The role of mitochondrial changes has been suggested as a possible mechanism for neuronal dysfunction in rabies. However, these findings are mostly based on studies that have employed experimental models and laboratory-adapted virus. Studies on brain tissues from naturally infected human and animal hosts are lacking. The current study investigated the role of mitochondrial changes in rabies by morphological, biochemical and proteomic analysis of RABV-infected human and canine brains. Morphological analysis showed minimal inflammation with preserved neuronal and disrupted mitochondrial structure in both human and canine brains. Proteomic analysis revealed involvement of mitochondrial processes (oxidative phosphorylation, cristae formation, homeostasis and transport), synaptic proteins and autophagic pathways, with over-expression of subunits of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Consistent with these findings, human and canine brains displayed elevated activities of complexes I (p < 0.05), IV (p < 0.05) and V (p < 0.05). However, this did not result in elevated ATP production (p < 0.0001), probably due to lowered mitochondrial membrane potential as noted in RABV-infected cells in culture. These could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy as indicated by expression of FKBP8 (p < 0.05) and PINK1 (p < 0.001)/PARKIN (p > 0.05) and ensuing autophagy, as shown by the status of LCIII (p < 0.05), LAMP1 (p < 0.001) and pertinent ultrastructural markers. We propose that altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and cristae architecture probably induce mitophagy, leading to autophagy and consequent neuronal dysfunction in rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulleri Kandi Harsha
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sathyanarayanan Ranganayaki
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Gourav Dey
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anusha Yarlagadda
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - B K Chandrasekhar Sagar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
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4
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Oumarou Hama H, Aboudharam G, Barbieri R, Lepidi H, Drancourt M. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of human infectious diseases: a review. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 35094696 PMCID: PMC8801197 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues. It was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941. MAIN BODY Of 14,198 publications retrieved from the PubMed, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases up to December 2021, 230 were selected for a review of IHC techniques, protocols and results. The methodological evolutions of IHC and its application to the diagnosis of infectious diseases, more specifically lice-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and skin infections, were critically examined. A total of 59 different pathogens have been detected once in 22 different tissues and organs; and yet non-cultured, fastidious and intracellular pathogens accounted for the vast majority of pathogens detected by IHC. Auto-IHC, incorporating patient serum as the primary antibody, applied to diseased heart valves surgically collected from blood culture-negative endocarditis patients, detected unidentified Gram-positive cocci and microorganisms which were subsequently identified as Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Tropheryma whipplei. The application of IHC to ancient tissues dated between the ends of the Ptolemaic period to over 70 years ago, have also contributed to paleomicrobiology diagnoses. CONCLUSION IHC plays an important role in diagnostic of infectious diseases in tissue samples. Paleo-auto-IHC derived from auto-IHC, is under development for detecting non-identified pathogens from ancient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadou Oumarou Hama
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Barbieri
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille-Univ., IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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5
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Hota R, Singh S, Sharma R, Khandare P. A rare fatal case of rabies coexisting with COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.347783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Cárdenas G, Salgado P, Laura-Foronda E, Popoca-Rodriguez I, Delgado-Hernández RD, Rojas R, Palacios E. Neglected and (re-)emergent infections of the CNS i n low-/middle-income countries. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2021; 29:513-525. [PMID: 35146359 PMCID: PMC8805465 DOI: 10.53854/liim-2904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have suffered from long-term health system deficiencies, worsened by poor living conditions, lack of sanitation, a restricted access to health facilities and running water, overcrowding, and overpopulation. These factors favor human displacement and deepen marginalization; consequently, their population endures a high burden of infectious diseases. In this context, the current epidemiological landscape and its impact on health and economic development are not promissory, despite the commitment by the international community to eradicate neglected tropical infections - especially tuberculosis and malaria, by 2030. Neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are a major public health concern in these countries, as they cause a great morbidity and mortality; furthermore, survivors often suffer from severe neurological disabilities. Herein, we present a retrospective review focused on some neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases, including neurocysticercosis, malaria, rabies, West Nile virus encephalitis, tuberculosis, neuroborreliosis, and SARS-CoV-2 in LMIC. A retrospective review of studies on selected neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases in LMIC was performed, including reports by the World Health Organization (WHO) published within the last five years. Data on infection by SARS-CoV-2 were provided by the John Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. CNS neglected and (re)-emerging infectious diseases remain as important causes of disease in LMIC. An alarming increase in the prevalence of malaria, tuberculosis, and cysticercosis is observed in the region, compounded by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO is currently supporting programs/efforts to cope with these diseases. Herein, we highlight the epidemiological burden of some CNS infections in LMIC, and their clinical and neuroimaging features, to facilitate an accurate diagnosis, considering that most of these diseases will not be eradicated in the short term; instead, their incidence will likely increase along with poverty, inequality, and related socioeconomic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Cárdenas
- Neuro-infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Perla Salgado
- Neuroimaging Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Laura-Foronda
- Neuro-infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Popoca-Rodriguez
- Neuro-infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Rojas
- Neuroimaging Department, The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusett, USA
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7
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Chailangkarn T, Tanwattana N, Jaemthaworn T, Sriswasdi S, Wanasen N, Tangphatsornruang S, Leetanasaksakul K, Jantraphakorn Y, Nawae W, Chankeeree P, Lekcharoensuk P, Lumlertdacha B, Kaewborisuth C. Establishment of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons-A Promising In Vitro Model for a Molecular Study of Rabies Virus and Host Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111986. [PMID: 34769416 PMCID: PMC8584829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly viral disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), transmitted through a bite of an infected host, resulting in irreversible neurological symptoms and a 100% fatality rate in humans. Despite many aspects describing rabies neuropathogenesis, numerous hypotheses remain unanswered and concealed. Observations obtained from infected primary neurons or mouse brain samples are more relevant to human clinical rabies than permissive cell lines; however, limitations regarding the ethical issue and sample accessibility become a hurdle for discovering new insights into virus-host interplays. To better understand RABV pathogenesis in humans, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons to offer the opportunity for an inimitable study of RABV infection at a molecular level in a pathologically relevant cell type. This study describes the characteristics and detailed proteomic changes of hiPSC-derived neurons in response to RABV infection using LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) reveals temporal changes of proteins related to metabolic process, immune response, neurotransmitter transport/synaptic vesicle cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and cell stress response, demonstrating fundamental underlying mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in a time-course dependence. Lastly, we highlighted plausible functions of heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70 or HSPA8) that might play a pivotal role in regulating RABV replication and pathogenesis. Our findings acquired from this hiPSC-derived neuron platform help to define novel cellular mechanisms during RABV infection, which could be applicable to further studies to widen views of RABV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
| | - Nathiphat Tanwattana
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Thanakorn Jaemthaworn
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanchaya Wanasen
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Wanapinun Nawae
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Penpicha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Boonlert Lumlertdacha
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training Prophylaxis on Rabies, 1871 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
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Zandi M, Zandi S, Mohammadi R, Hosseini P, Teymouri S, Soltani S, Rasouli A. Biosensor as an alternative diagnostic method for rabies virus detection: A literature review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1348-1353. [PMID: 34056785 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals. However, serological and molecular tests commonly are used in diagnosing rabies but all the detection methods of rabies have some limitations. It is necessary to develop a rapid, effective, and low-cost biosensor as an alternative tool to detect rabies virus. In this review, we studied related biosensor researches to rabies virus detection for comparing it with other detection test including serological and molecular methods. Given that very limited studies have been conducted in this field, biosensors as quick, effective, and high sensitivity tools can be used in diagnostic of rabies as an alternative tool instead of other detection methods. According to the important role of rapid detection of rabies in the control of infection and public health measures, development of a biosensor as a quick tool can be very significant in the diagnosis of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Zandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
| | - Ramin Mohammadi
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samane Teymouri
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Rasouli
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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Farahtaj F, Gholami A, Khosravy MS, Gharibzadeh S, Niknam HM, Ghaemi A. Enhancement of immune responses by co-stimulation of TLR3 - TLR7 agonists as a potential therapeutics against rabies in mouse model. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104971. [PMID: 34029660 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is always fatal, when post-exposure prophylaxis is administered after the onset of clinical symptoms. To date, there is no effective treatment of rabies once clinical symptoms has initiated. Therefore, we aimed to provide evidences which indicate the promising effects of combination treatment with TLR agonists following rabies infection. Four groups of rabies infected-mice (10-mice/group) were treated with PolyI:C 50 μg (a TLR3 agonist), Imiquimod50 μg (a TLR7 agonist), (Poly + Imi)25 μg and (Poly + Imi)50 μg respectively. The immune responses in each experimental groups were investigated in the brain through evaluation of GFAP, MAP2, CD4, HSP70, TLR3, TLR7 and apoptotic cell expression as well as determination of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4, levels. The treatment with combination of agonists (Poly + Imi)50 μg/mouse resulted a 75% decrease of mortality rate and better extended survival time following street rabies virus infection. Higher number of CD4+T cells, TLR3 and TLR7 expression in the brain parenchyma observed in the groups receiving both combined agonist therapies at the levels of 25 μg and 50 μg. In spite of decreased number of neuronal cell, significant higher number of astrocytes was shown in the group given (Poly + Imi)25 μg. The obtained results also pointed to the dramatic decrease of HSP70 expression in all groups of infected mice whereas higher number of apoptotic cells and Caspase 8 expression were recorded in (Poly + Imi)25 μg treated group. Furthermore, the cytokine profile consisting the increased levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 revealed that both humoral and cellular responses were highly modulated in combination therapy of 50 μg of Imiquimod and Poly I:C. Reduced viral load as quantified by real-time PCR of rabies N gene expression in the brain also correlated with the better survival of agonist-treated groups of mice. Based on obtained results, we have presented evidences of beneficial utilization of combined agonist therapy composed of TLR3/TLR7 ligands. This treatment regimen extended survival of infected mice and decreased significantly their mortality rate. We believe that the results of synergy-inducing protection of both TLR3/TLR7 agonists lead to the enhancement of innate immune responses cells residing in the CNS which warrant the studies to further understanding of crosstalk mechanisms in cellular immunity against rabies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Farahtaj
- Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging of Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Rohde RE, Rupprecht CE. Update on lyssaviruses and rabies: will past progress play as prologue in the near term towards future elimination? Fac Rev 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 33659941 PMCID: PMC7886060 DOI: 10.12703/b/9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient, much-feared, and neglected infectious disease. Caused by pathogens in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, and distributed globally, this viral zoonosis results in tens of thousands of human fatalities and millions of exposures annually. All mammals are believed susceptible, but only certain taxa act as reservoirs. Dependence upon direct routing to, replication within, and passage from the central nervous system serves as a basic viral strategy for perpetuation. By a combination of stealth and subversion, lyssaviruses are quintessential neurotropic agents and cause an acute, progressive encephalitis. No treatment exists, so prevention is the key. Although not a disease considered for eradication, something of a modern rebirth has been occurring within the field as of late with regard to detection, prevention, and management as well as applied research. For example, within the past decade, new lyssaviruses have been characterized; sensitive and specific diagnostics have been optimized; pure, potent, safe, and efficacious human biologics have improved human prophylaxis; regional efforts have controlled canine rabies by mass immunization; wildlife rabies has been controlled by oral rabies vaccination over large geographic areas in Europe and North America; and debate has resumed over the controversial topic of therapy. Based upon such progress to date, there are certain expectations for the next 10 years. These include pathogen discovery, to uncover additional lyssaviruses in the Old World; laboratory-based surveillance enhancement by simplified, rapid testing; anti-viral drug appearance, based upon an improved appreciation of viral pathobiology and host response; and improvements to canine rabies elimination regionally throughout Africa, Asia, and the Americas by application of the best technical, organizational, economic, and socio-political practices. Significantly, anticipated Gavi support will enable improved access of human rabies vaccines in lesser developed countries at a national level, with integrated bite management, dose-sparing regimens, and a 1 week vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E Rohde
- Clinical Laboratory Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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11
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Characterization of the Th17 profile immune response in cases of human rabies transmitted by dogs and its interference in the disease pathogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 344:577263. [PMID: 32416557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Th17 profile immune response is influenced by the presence of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-17, and IL-23. We sought to characterize the Th17 profile in CNS samples from human rabies cases transmitted by dogs and examine its possible influence on disease pathogenesis. We observed a high expression of TGF-β, followed by IL-23, IL-17 and IL-6, and a low expression of IL-1β and IFN-γ. Those results suggest the participation of Th17 in rabies virus neuroinfection transmitted by dogs. IL-23 probably plays a role in maintaining the Th17 profile, but it can also interfere with the establishment of the Th1 profile and viral clearance.
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Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of Regulatory T Cells in Neurotropic Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051705. [PMID: 32131483 PMCID: PMC7084400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause acute or chronic neurologic disabilities. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role for immune homeostasis, but may inhibit pathogen-specific immunity in infectious disorders. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about Treg in human CNS infections and their animal models. Besides dampening pathogen-induced immunopathology, Treg have the ability to facilitate protective responses by supporting effector T cell trafficking to the infection site and the development of resident memory T cells. Moreover, Treg can reduce virus replication by inducing apoptosis of infected macrophages and attenuate neurotoxic astrogliosis and pro-inflammatory microglial responses. By contrast, detrimental effects of Treg are caused by suppression of antiviral immunity, allowing for virus persistence and latency. Opposing disease outcomes following Treg manipulation in different models might be attributed to differences in technique and timing of intervention, infection route, genetic background, and the host’s age. In addition, mouse models of virus-induced demyelination revealed that Treg are able to reduce autoimmunity and immune-mediated CNS damage in a disease phase-dependent manner. Understanding the unique properties of Treg and their complex interplay with effector cells represents a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic approaches in neurotropic virus infections.
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Algahtani H, Shirah B, Chtourou E, Abuhawi O, Abdelghaffar N, Alshehri M. Feral dog bite causing paralytic rabies: Difficult diagnosis and failure of prevention. SAUDI JOURNAL FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_106_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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