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Stachowiak M, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szabelska-Beresewicz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Krzeminska P, Sosinski O, Nowak T, Switonski M. A massive alteration of gene expression in undescended testicles of dogs and the association of KAT6A variants with cryptorchidism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312724121. [PMID: 38315849 PMCID: PMC10873591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312724121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is the most common form of disorder of sex development in male dogs, but its hereditary predisposition is poorly elucidated. The gonadal transcriptome of nine unilaterally cryptorchid dogs and seven control dogs was analyzed using RNA-seq. Comparison between the scrotal and inguinal gonads of unilateral cryptorchid dogs revealed 8,028 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3,377 up-regulated and 4,651 down-regulated). A similar number of DEGs (7,619) was found by comparing the undescended testicles with the descended testicles of the control dogs. The methylation status of the selected DEGs was also analyzed, with three out of nine studied DEGs showing altered patterns. Bioinformatic analysis of the cDNA sequences revealed 20,366 SNP variants, six of which showed significant differences in allelic counts between cryptorchid and control dogs. Validation studies in larger cohorts of cryptorchid (n = 122) and control (n = 173) dogs showed that the TT genotype (rs850666472, p.Ala1230Val) and the AA genotype in 3'UTR (16:23716202G>A) in KATA6, responsible for acetylation of lysine 9 in histone H3, are associated with cryptorchidism (P = 0.0383). Both the transcript level of KAT6A and H3K9 acetylation were lower in undescended testes, and additionally, the acetylation depended on the genotypes in exon 17 and the 3'UTR. Our study showed that the massive alteration of the transcriptome in undescended testicles is not caused by germinal DNA variants in DEG regulatory sequences but is partly associated with an aberrant DNA methylation and H3K9 acetylation patterns. Moreover, variants of KAT6A can be considered markers associated with the risk of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beresewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
- Department of Ribonucleoprotein Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704Poznan, Poland
| | - Oskar Sosinski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznan, Poland
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2
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Lee BT, Baker LA, Momen M, Terhaar H, Binversie EE, Sample SJ, Muir P. Identification of genetic variants associated with anterior cruciate ligament rupture and AKC standard coat color in the Labrador Retriever. BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:60. [PMID: 37884875 PMCID: PMC10605342 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common complex disease. Prevalence of ACL rupture is breed dependent. In an epidemiological study, yellow coat color was associated with increased risk of ACL rupture in the Labrador Retriever. ACL rupture risk variants may be linked to coat color through genetic selection or through linkage with coat color genes. To investigate these associations, Labrador Retrievers were phenotyped as ACL rupture case or controls and for coat color and were single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyped. After filtering, ~ 697 K SNPs were analyzed using GEMMA and mvBIMBAM for multivariate association. Functional annotation clustering analysis with DAVID was performed on candidate genes. A large 8 Mb region on chromosome 5 that included ACSF3, as well as 32 additional SNPs, met genome-wide significance at P < 6.07E-7 or Log10(BF) = 3.0 for GEMMA and mvBIMBAM, respectively. On chromosome 23, SNPs were located within or near PCCB and MSL2. On chromosome 30, a SNP was located within IGDCC3. SNPs associated with coat color were also located within ADAM9, FAM109B, SULT1C4, RTDR1, BCR, and RGS7. DZIP1L was associated with ACL rupture. Several significant SNPs on chromosomes 2, 3, 7, 24, and 26 were located within uncharacterized regions or long non-coding RNA sequences. This study validates associations with the previous ACL rupture candidate genes ACSF3 and DZIP1L and identifies novel candidate genes. These variants could act as targets for treatment or as factors in disease prediction modeling. The study highlighted the importance of regulatory SNPs in the disease, as several significant SNPs were located within non-coding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Lee
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - L A Baker
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - M Momen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - H Terhaar
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - E E Binversie
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - S J Sample
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America.
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Waters DJ, Fu R, Carrillo AE, Chiang EC, Maras AH, Kengeri SS, Suckow CL. Correlates of estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival inform potential rupture risk reduction strategies: findings from the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13920. [PMID: 37626101 PMCID: PMC10457323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most commonly diagnosed orthopedic conditions of pet dogs, making estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival an attractive endpoint for studies attempting to define clinical and genetic correlates of rupture risk reduction. Early life experiences contribute significantly to the origins of adult health outcomes, yet our current understanding of modifiable susceptibility factors that drive the high frequency of CCL rupture remains limited. We reasoned that combining lifetime medical history with standardized late-life assessment of lifetime cruciate ligament survival and detailed phenotyping of each dog for selected risk variables would provide a sensitive approach to identify factors that would differentiate between lifelong avoidance versus susceptibility to ligament rupture. Here, we report results of Kaplan-Meier analysis of estimated lifetime cruciate ligament survival and Cox proportional hazards modeling to assess risk variables in a lifetime cohort study of 123 purebred Rottweilers, a breed at high risk for veterinarian-diagnosed CCL rupture. We show that gonad removal during the 24-month developmental period is adversely associated with three measures of susceptibility-increased incidence of CCL rupture, multiplicity (bilateral rupture), and accelerated time to initial CCL failure. Our analysis reveals two other phenotypes-short adult height and the production of offspring (in females)-are associated with significant CCL rupture risk reduction. Together, the results provide clues to an early endocrine influence on lifetime cruciate ligament survival. Further, we identify two distinct clinical syndromes of CCL failure, providing a disease subtyping framework to advance future progress in genetic epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prediction. By conducting an evaluation of estimated lifetime CCL survival in dogs, we show that cruciate ligament survival may be jeopardized by gonad removal during the developmental period. Avoidance of such early environmental adversity may represent an actionable method for the control of canine CCL disease in certain breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Waters
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and the Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Sociology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY, 12211, USA
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Emily C Chiang
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Aimee H Maras
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Seema S Kengeri
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Franciscan Physician Network, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Cheri L Suckow
- Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies, Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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Binversie EE, Momen M, Rosa GJM, Davis BW, Muir P. Across-breed genetic investigation of canine hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and anterior cruciate ligament rupture using whole-genome sequencing. Front Genet 2022; 13:913354. [PMID: 36531249 PMCID: PMC9755188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.913354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the use of genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the analysis of canine whole-genome sequencing (WGS) repository data using breed phenotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called from WGS data from 648 dogs that included 119 breeds from the Dog10K Genomes Project. Next, we assigned breed phenotypes for hip dysplasia (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) HD, n = 230 dogs from 27 breeds; hospital HD, n = 279 dogs from 38 breeds), elbow dysplasia (ED, n = 230 dogs from 27 breeds), and anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL rupture, n = 279 dogs from 38 breeds), the three most important canine spontaneous complex orthopedic diseases. Substantial morbidity is common with these diseases. Previous within- and between-breed GWAS for HD, ED, and ACL rupture using array SNPs have identified disease-associated loci. Individual disease phenotypes are lacking in repository data. There is a critical knowledge gap regarding the optimal approach to undertake categorical GWAS without individual phenotypes. We considered four GWAS approaches: a classical linear mixed model, a haplotype-based model, a binary case-control model, and a weighted least squares model using SNP average allelic frequency. We found that categorical GWAS was able to validate HD candidate loci. Additionally, we discovered novel candidate loci and genes for all three diseases, including FBX025, IL1A, IL1B, COL27A1, SPRED2 (HD), UGDH, FAF1 (ED), TGIF2 (ED & ACL rupture), and IL22, IL26, CSMD1, LDHA, and TNS1 (ACL rupture). Therefore, categorical GWAS of ancestral dog populations may contribute to the understanding of any disease for which breed epidemiological risk data are available, including diseases for which GWAS has not been performed and candidate loci remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Binversie
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mehdi Momen
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guilherme J. M. Rosa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Peter Muir,
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5
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Groppetti D, Pecile A, Airoldi F, Pizzi G, Boracchi P. Birth weight distribution in Golden and Labrador retriever dogs: A similar morphotype with a different trend. Preliminary data. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 245:107069. [PMID: 36116406 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight (bW) is considered an indicator of neonatal maturity and a predictor of neonatal mortality. According to its importance, many efforts have been made so far to identify physiological body weight ranges at birth. Due to the high heterogeneity among breeds, optimal bW is difficult to define in dogs. The aim of this study was to carefully analyze the shape and pattern of the bW distribution in dogs. Furthermore, the role of breed on bW determination was specifically investigated in relation to maternal (age, weight, height, diet, season, litter size) and neonatal (sex, malformations, assistance at birth) aspects. For these purposes two canine breeds with very similar phenotypic characteristics, Golden and Labrador retrievers, were selected. An accurate statistical model to explore bW distribution and compare it between Goldens and Labradors was developed. At birth most of the Golden and Labrador pups (estimated 95th percentile) weighed up to 630 g and 500 g, respectively. The estimated 5th percentile of bW distributions was 295 g in Golden and 290 g in Labrador pups. These lowest values could be indicative cut-offs of underweight pups. The probability of neonatal mortality within 1 week of life decreased with increasing bW (P = 0.031) and was higher in Golden than Labrador pups even though this difference was not significant. In conclusion, our results suggest that genetics have a relevant influence on the determination of birth weight which is confirmed to be closely associated with neonatal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Airoldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Pizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi, 74 20157 Milan, Italy
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6
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Loncarica T, Balducci F, Bernardini M. Prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in 74 Boxer dogs in a referral hospital. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:956648. [PMID: 36061109 PMCID: PMC9437913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.956648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy and structural epilepsy in Boxer dogs is unknown. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of structural and idiopathic epilepsy in the Boxer population. A total of 74 Boxer dogs were included in the study from the database of one referral hospital and the following were recorded: signalment, history, clinical findings and results of advanced diagnostic imaging. Five dogs (6.8%) were diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy, of which one was in the <6 months age group, three were in the 6–72 months age group and one was in the >72 months age group. Sixty-nine dogs (93.2%) were diagnosed with structural epilepsy. Sixty-six had a suspected intracranial neoplasia: Eight were in the 6–72 months age group and represent 66.7% of the dogs in that age group. The other fifty-eight were in the >72 months age group and represent 96.7% of the dogs in that age group. In our Boxer population, 81.8% of the patients had a suspected intra-axial tumor and 22.7% of dogs with an intracranial pathology nevertheless had a normal neurological examination. In conclusion, in the majority of boxer patients the cause of epilepsy is a suspected intracranial neoplasia regardless of the age at presentation. Considering the finding in this study of a low prevalence of presumed idiopathic epilepsy in the Boxer breed, it is recommended that patients who satisfy Tier I confidence level of the “International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force” (IVETF) also undergo an MRI study of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Loncarica
- Neurology Unit, Anicura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tina Loncarica
| | - Federica Balducci
- Neurology Unit, Anicura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardini
- Neurology Unit, Anicura Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Clinical section, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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7
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Blades M, Freyer J, Donner J, Chodroff Foran R, Forman OP. Large scale across-breed genome-wide association study reveals a variant in HMGA2 associated with inguinal cryptorchidism risk in dogs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267604. [PMID: 35617214 PMCID: PMC9135263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is the most common congenital sex development disorder in dogs. Despite this, little progress has been made in understanding its genetic background. Extensive genetic testing of dogs through consumer and veterinary channels using a high-density SNP genotyping microarray coupled with links to clinical records presents the opportunity for a large-scale genome-wide association study to elucidate the molecular risk factors associated with cryptorchidism in dogs. Using an inter-breed genome-wide association study approach, a significant statistical association on canine chromosome 10 was identified, with the top SNP pinpointing a variant of HMGA2 previously associated with adult weight variance. In further analysis we show that incidence of cryptorchidism is skewed towards smaller dogs in concordance with the identified variant’s previous association with adult weight. This study represents the first putative variant to be associated with cryptorchidism in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Blades
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Freyer
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonas Donner
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca Chodroff Foran
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
| | - Oliver P. Forman
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Xiao L, Wang Z, Lu N, Wei H, Kang J, Yuan M, Sheng X, Qi X, Xing K, Guo Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Gao Y, Ni H. Dihydrotestosterone through blockade of TGF-β/Smad signaling mediates the anti-fibrosis effect under hypoxia in canine Sertoli cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106041. [PMID: 34864206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment of cryptorchidism is an important factor to induce the impairment of the structure and function of Sertoli cells and thus lead to spermatogenesis loss or tumorigenesis. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as a potent nonaromatizable 5α-reduced androgen, has both positive and negative effect on pathological fibrosis process. However, it is still unknown whether DHT can regulate hypoxia-induced fibrosis of Sertoli cells. Herein, in this study, we evaluate the DHT level, two 5α-reductase isoforms, 5α-red1 and 5α-red2, as well as HIF-1α expression pattern in canine cryptorchidism and contralateral normal testis. Results showed that the abdominal testes presented low DHT levels and 5α-red1 and 5α-red2 expression, while significantly higher HIF-1α expression and ECM production compared with the scrotum. Moreover, we established a hypoxia-induced fibrosis model in canine Sertoli cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and found that DHT inhibited the fibrosis of Sertoli cells in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, DHT interfered with the TGF-β signaling by reducing the expression of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII and inhibiting the expression and phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, while flutamide (androgen receptor inhibitor) inhibited these effects of DHT. Furthermore, use of LY2109761 (TGF-β receptor type I/II inhibitor) to interfere with the TGF-β/Smad pathway showed a similar effect with DHT suppression of the fibrosis in Sertoli cells. Our research data demonstrated that cryptorchidism is located in a hypoxic and DHT deficiency microenvironment. Moreover, supplementing DHT can alleviate the fibrosis process of Sertoli cells caused by hypoxia, which is associated with AR regulating the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Wei
- Beijing Detector Dog Developing Facility GACC, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyi Yuan
- Beijing Changping Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Junjin Zhao
- National Grazing Headquarter, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Gao
- People's Government of Xiacang Town, Jizhou District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hemin Ni
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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9
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Binversie EE, Baker LA, Engelman CD, Hao Z, Moran JJ, Piazza AM, Sample SJ, Muir P. Analysis of copy number variation in dogs implicates genomic structural variation in the development of anterior cruciate ligament rupture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244075. [PMID: 33382735 PMCID: PMC7774950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is an important condition of the human knee. Second ruptures are common and societal costs are substantial. Canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture closely models the human disease. CCL rupture is common in the Labrador Retriever (5.79% prevalence), ~100-fold more prevalent than in humans. Labrador Retriever CCL rupture is a polygenic complex disease, based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Dissection of genetic variation in complex traits can be enhanced by studying structural variation, including copy number variants (CNVs). Dogs are an ideal model for CNV research because of reduced genetic variability within breeds and extensive phenotypic diversity across breeds. We studied the genetic etiology of CCL rupture by association analysis of CNV regions (CNVRs) using 110 case and 164 control Labrador Retrievers. CNVs were called from SNPs using three different programs (PennCNV, CNVPartition, and QuantiSNP). After quality control, CNV calls were combined to create CNVRs using ParseCNV and an association analysis was performed. We found no strong effect CNVRs but found 46 small effect (max(T) permutation P<0.05) CCL rupture associated CNVRs in 22 autosomes; 25 were deletions and 21 were duplications. Of the 46 CCL rupture associated CNVRs, we identified 39 unique regions. Thirty four were identified by a single calling algorithm, 3 were identified by two calling algorithms, and 2 were identified by all three algorithms. For 42 of the associated CNVRs, frequency in the population was <10% while 4 occurred at a frequency in the population ranging from 10–25%. Average CNVR length was 198,872bp and CNVRs covered 0.11 to 0.15% of the genome. All CNVRs were associated with case status. CNVRs did not overlap previous canine CCL rupture risk loci identified by GWAS. Associated CNVRs contained 152 annotated genes; 12 CNVRs did not have genes mapped to CanFam3.1. Using pathway analysis, a cluster of 19 homeobox domain transcript regulator genes was associated with CCL rupture (P = 6.6E-13). This gene cluster influences cranial-caudal body pattern formation during embryonic limb development. Clustered genes were found in 3 CNVRs on chromosome 14 (HoxA), 28 (NKX6-2), and 36 (HoxD). When analysis was limited to deletion CNVRs, the association was strengthened (P = 8.7E-16). This study suggests a component of the polygenic risk of CCL rupture in Labrador Retrievers is associated with small effect CNVs and may include aspects of stifle morphology regulated by homeobox domain transcript regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Binversie
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Baker
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Corinne D. Engelman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John J. Moran
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Piazza
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Bayesian and Machine Learning Models for Genomic Prediction of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture in the Canine Model. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2619-2628. [PMID: 32499222 PMCID: PMC7407450 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common, debilitating condition that leads to early-onset osteoarthritis and reduced quality of human life. ACL rupture is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Characterizing the genetic basis of ACL rupture would provide the ability to identify individuals that have high genetic risk and allow the opportunity for preventative management. Spontaneous ACL rupture is also common in dogs and shows a similar clinical presentation and progression. Thus, the dog has emerged as an excellent genomic model for human ACL rupture. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the dog have identified a number of candidate genetic variants, but research in genomic prediction has been limited. In this analysis, we explore several Bayesian and machine learning models for genomic prediction of ACL rupture in the Labrador Retriever dog. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of predicting ACL rupture from SNPs in the Labrador Retriever model with and without consideration of non-genetic risk factors. Genomic prediction including non-genetic risk factors approached clinical relevance using multiple linear Bayesian and non-linear models. This analysis represents the first steps toward development of a predictive algorithm for ACL rupture in the Labrador Retriever model. Future work may extend this algorithm to other high-risk breeds of dog. The ability to accurately predict individual dogs at high risk for ACL rupture would identify candidates for clinical trials that would benefit both veterinary and human medicine.
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Cook SR, Conzemius MG, McCue ME, Ekenstedt KJ. SNP-based heritability and genetic architecture of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in Labrador Retrievers. Anim Genet 2020; 51:824-828. [PMID: 32696518 DOI: 10.1111/age.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is one of the leading causes of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. About 6% of Labrador Retrievers suffer from this orthopedic problem. The aim of this study was to determine the heritability of CCLR in this breed using SNP array genotyping data. DNA samples were collected from CCLR-affected dogs (n = 190) and unaffected dogs over the age of 8 years (n = 143). All 333 dogs were genotyped directly or imputed up to approximately 710k SNPs on the Affymetrix Axiom CanineHD SNP array. Heritability of CCLR was calculated using multiple methodologies, including linear mixed models, Bayesian models and a model that incorporates LD. The covariates of sex and sterilization status were added to each analysis to assess their impact. Across the algorithms of these models, heritability ranged from 0.550 to 0.886, depending on covariate inclusion. The relatively high heritability for this disease indicates that a substantial genetic component contributes to CCLR in the Labrador Retriever.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Cook
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - M G Conzemius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - K J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Krzeminska P, Stachowiak M, Skrzypski M, Nowak T, Maslak A, Switonski M. Altered expression of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 in undescended testes of dogs with unilateral cryptorchidism. Anim Genet 2020; 51:763-771. [PMID: 32657440 DOI: 10.1111/age.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is the most common disorder of sex development in dogs and testosterone plays a crucial role in the inguinal phase of the testes descending into the scrotum. The molecular background of impaired testosterone synthesis in the testes of cryptorchid dogs is poorly elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the expression of four genes involved in testicular steroidogenesis (CYP17A1, CYP19A1, HSD3B2 and HSD17B3) in undescended and contralateral scrotal testes from inguinal unilateral cryptorchid dogs (n = 13) and from the scrotal gonads of normal males (n = 15). We found that transcript level of CYP17A1 was significantly increased in inguinal gonads, while the level of CYP19A1 was decreased. For these two genes, we analyzed the methylation level of single CpG sites in the promoter region localized within putative target sites for testicular transcription factors (NUR77, CREB, CAR and HSF2). A correlation between decreased methylation in the promoter of CYP17A1 and its increased transcript level in undescended gonads was observed, but the change in protein level was not significant. We also resequenced the 5'-flanking region of both genes and two known polymorphic sites, SNP in CYP17A1 and an indel in CYP19A1, were found. However, the distribution of the variants in affected (n = 80) and control (n = 75) dogs was not associated with cryptorchidism. We tentatively conclude that the altered expression of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 in undescended testes could be caused by their exposure to increased temperature in the body. Furthermore, we showed that the identified polymorphisms cannot be considered markers associated with a predisposition to cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - T Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Maslak
- Vital-Vet Veterinary Surgery, sw. Floriana 4, 62-045, Pniewy, Poland
| | - M Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Marelli SP, Beccaglia M, Bagnato A, Strillacci MG. Canine fertility: The consequences of selection for special traits. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55 Suppl 2:4-9. [PMID: 31913541 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pedigree dogs and cats are bred aiming to conform breed standards with very poor consideration for breeding stock fertility. At the same time, the genetic asset underlining reproductive traits could be effectively analysed like in other species under selection. The definition of selection targets is very important in breeding protocols determination. The aim of the present work is to present an overview of the different correlations between reproduction and genetics, starting from selection procedure and inbreeding coefficient moving to genomic and the application of SNPs and GWAS on population study and identification of genes involved in phenotypical variation of reproductive traits in dogs. Particular relevance has been given to the concept of inbreeding which effects on canine reproduction have been presented. The use of genomic information in inbreeding coefficient calculation can be considered an improved effective procedure in the evaluation of the genetic variability loss in canine population and its negative effects on reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano P Marelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DIMEVET, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Bagnato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DIMEVET, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria G Strillacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - DIMEVET, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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14
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Schelling C, Gaillard C, Russenberger J, Moseley L, Dolf G. Heritabilities for the puppy weight at birth in Labrador retrievers. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:395. [PMID: 31694632 PMCID: PMC6833269 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight at birth is an important predictor of neonatal mortality and morbidity in dogs. In addition, the birthweight of the puppies in a litter influences the decision to perform a cesarean section. The goal of the present study was to estimate heritabilities for the puppy birth weight in Labrador retrievers. Results Of the 1138 Labrador retriever litters whelped at the Guiding Eye for the Blind between September 2001 and February 2018, 1013 were included in the analyses after data editing. Puppy weight at birth was the target trait, measured on a continuous scale in pounds, and converted to grams. Linear mixed models were used to identify factors influencing puppy weight at birth. The analyses showed that the sex of the puppy, litter size, length of gestation, adult weight of the dam, parity, year of birth and inbreeding coefficient of the puppies and dams contributed to the variance of the puppy birth weight. Dam and litter effects were included as random effects. A multiple trait derivative free restricted maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate variance components and genetic parameters with two animal models, one without covariates (Model 1) and one with covariates (Model 2). Sex of the puppy and litter size had moderate effects, whereas gestation length, adult weight of the dam, parity, year of birth and inbreeding coefficients of the dam and the puppies had minor effects. Estimates for Model 1 and Model 2 were 0.21 and 0.17 for the direct heritabilities, 0.22 and 0.22 for the maternal additive genetic heritabilities, 0.07 and 0.07 for the maternal permanent environmental proportions, and 0.14 and 0.08 for the environmental proportion of the litter. Conclusions In order to estimate reliable breeding values for puppy weight at birth, sex of puppy, litter size, length of gestation and the adult weight of the dam should be included. Estimates could benefit from weighing the dams prior to each mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schelling
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Gaillard
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jane Russenberger
- Guiding Eyes for the Blind, 611 Granite Springs Road, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Lou Moseley
- Guiding Eyes for the Blind, 611 Granite Springs Road, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaudenz Dolf
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Mugnier A, Mila H, Guiraud F, Brévaux J, Lecarpentier M, Martinez C, Mariani C, Adib-Lesaux A, Chastant-Maillard S, Saegerman C, Grellet A. Birth weight as a risk factor for neonatal mortality: Breed-specific approach to identify at-risk puppies. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104746. [PMID: 31491708 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In numerous species, low birth weight is a risk factor for neonatal mortality. In the canine species, definition of a low birth weight is complex due to the huge interbreed variability in size. To identify puppies at higher risk of neonatal death, data from 6,694 puppies were analysed. The data were collected from 75 French breeding kennels, examining 27 breeds and totaling 1,202 litters of puppies. Generalised linear mixed models allowed to identify birth weight, birth weight heterogeneity within the litter, and size of the breeding kennel as significant risk factors for neonatal mortality. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were combined to define breed specific thresholds for birth weight allowing the identification of puppies at higher risk of neonatal mortality. Due to differences in birth weights between breeds, including when belonging to the same breed size, analyses were conducted at the breed level. First, ROC analysis thresholds were successfully established for 12 breeds (area under the ROC ≥ 0.70; sensitivity ≥ 75%; specificity: 45-68%) and they ranged from 162 g in the Maltese to 480 g in the Bernese Mountain dog. Secondly, CART analysis thresholds from 22 breeds ranged from 105 g in the Maltese and 436 g in the Boxer. Puppies were grouped into three categories according to birth weight: low, moderate and high risk of neonatal mortality (higher than the ROC threshold, between ROC and CART thresholds, and lower than the CART threshold respectively). In the current study, 44% of the puppies were classified as at moderate risk and 5.3% for a high risk of neonatal mortality. Thresholds defined by CART analysis (and not ROC analysis) were used to define low birth weight puppies and were sometimes quite different between breeds with similar birth weight distributions suggesting a variable relationship between birth weight reduction and neonatal death. These results allow the identification of puppies at an increased risk of neonatal death, thus requiring specific nursing to improve their chances of survival. With these high risk puppies identified, both animal welfare and kennel productivity is predicted to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Mugnier
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Florine Guiraud
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Julie Brévaux
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Manon Lecarpentier
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Clara Martinez
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Claire Mariani
- Royal Canin, 650 Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | | | - Sylvie Chastant-Maillard
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France.
| | - Claude Saegerman
- UREAR-ULiège, FARAH, Université de Liège, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, B42, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Grellet
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
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16
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Khan FA, Gartley CJ, Khanam A. Canine cryptorchidism: An update. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1263-1270. [PMID: 29956390 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article is aimed at providing an update on canine cryptorchidism based on the research studies published in this area over the last 26 years. Although a majority of these research studies were directed at investigating the genetic and molecular basis of cryptorchidism, the mechanisms underlying this problem in dogs are still not clear. Future studies using advanced genomic and molecular approaches and including a larger number of dogs of multiple breeds are required to further our understanding of canine cryptorchidism. Diagnosis and treatment of cryptorchidism in dogs have not received much attention. Research advancements include investigation of ultrasonography and anti-Müllerian hormone assay as potential diagnostic methods. Advancements in treatment include the use of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy. Based on the available literature, this method appears to be the best for removal of abdominal cryptorchid testes from dogs. However, future studies that compare laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy with the traditional approaches are required for a more conclusive determination of the best method for cryptorchidectomy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdous A Khan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Cathy J Gartley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Afroza Khanam
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
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17
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Zhong K, Zhu G, Jing X, Hendriks AEJ, Drop SLS, Ikram MA, Gordon S, Zeng C, Uitterlinden AG, Martin NG, Liu F, Kayser M. Genome-wide compound heterozygote analysis highlights alleles associated with adult height in Europeans. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1407-1417. [PMID: 28921393 PMCID: PMC5702380 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult height is the most widely genetically studied common trait in humans; however, the trait variance explainable by currently known height-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from the previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is yet far from complete given the high heritability of this complex trait. To exam if compound heterozygotes (CH) may explain extra height variance, we conducted a genome-wide analysis to screen for CH in association with adult height in 10,631 Dutch Europeans enriched with extremely tall people, using our recently developed method implemented in the software package CollapsABEL. The analysis identified six regions (3q23, 5q35.1, 6p21.31, 6p21.33, 7q21.2, and 9p24.3), where multiple pairs of SNPs as CH showed genome-wide significant association with height (P < 1.67 × 10−10). Of those, 9p24.3 represents a novel region influencing adult height, whereas the others have been highlighted in the previous GWAS on height based on analysis of individual SNPs. A replication analysis in 4080 Australians of European ancestry confirmed the significant CH-like association at 9p24.3 (P < 0.05). Together, the collapsed genotypes at these six loci explained 2.51% of the height variance (after adjusting for sex and age), compared with 3.23% explained by the 14 top-associated SNPs at 14 loci identified by traditional GWAS in the same data set (P < 5 × 10−8). Overall, our study empirically demonstrates that CH plays an important role in adult height and may explain a proportion of its “missing heritability”. Moreover, our findings raise promising expectations for other highly polygenic complex traits to explain missing heritability identifiable through CH-like associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyin Zhong
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Xiaoxi Jing
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - A Emile J Hendriks
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sten L S Drop
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott Gordon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Huang M, Hayward JJ, Corey E, Garrison SJ, Wagner GR, Krotscheck U, Hayashi K, Schweitzer PA, Lust G, Boyko AR, Todhunter RJ. A novel iterative mixed model to remap three complex orthopedic traits in dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176932. [PMID: 28614352 PMCID: PMC5470659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and rupture of the cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament (RCCL) are the most common complex orthopedic traits of dogs and all result in debilitating osteoarthritis. We reanalyzed previously reported data: the Norberg angle (a quantitative measure of HD) in 921 dogs, ED in 113 cases and 633 controls, and RCCL in 271 cases and 399 controls and their genotypes at ~185,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. A novel fixed and random model with a circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) function, with marker-based principal components and a kinship matrix to correct for population stratification, was used. A Bonferroni correction at p<0.01 resulted in a P< 6.96 ×10-8. Six loci were identified; three for HD and three for RCCL. An associated locus at CFA28:34,369,342 for HD was described previously in the same dogs using a conventional mixed model. No loci were identified for RCCL in the previous report but the two loci for ED in the previous report did not reach genome-wide significance using the FarmCPU model. These results were supported by simulation which demonstrated that the FarmCPU held no power advantage over the linear mixed model for the ED sample but provided additional power for the HD and RCCL samples. Candidate genes for HD and RCCL are discussed. When using FarmCPU software, we recommend a resampling test, that a positive control be used to determine the optimum pseudo quantitative trait nucleotide-based covariate structure of the model, and a negative control be used consisting of permutation testing and the identical resampling test as for the non-permuted phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jessica J. Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Corey
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Garrison
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriela R. Wagner
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ursula Krotscheck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Schweitzer
- Sequencing Core, Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - George Lust
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Chief Scientific Officer of Embark Veterinary Inc., Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rory J. Todhunter
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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19
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Groppetti D, Pecile A, Palestrini C, Marelli SP, Boracchi P. A National Census of Birth Weight in Purebred Dogs in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7060043. [PMID: 28556821 PMCID: PMC5483606 DOI: 10.3390/ani7060043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Birth weight is a key factor for neonatal mortality and morbidity in most mammalian species. The great morphological variability in size, body weight and breed, as well as in skeletal and cranial conformation makes it challenging to define birth weight standards in dogs. A total of 3293 purebred pups were surveyed to study which maternal aspects can determine birth weight considering head and body shape, size, body weight and breed in bitches, as well as litter size and sex in pups. In our sample, multivariate analysis outcomes suggested that birth weight and litter size were directly proportional to maternal size. The maternal body shape influenced both birth weight and litter size, whereas the maternal head shape had impact only on birth weight. Sex differences in birth weight were found. Birth weight and litter size also varied among breeds. The results of the present study could have practical implications allowing one to identify pups in need of admission to intensive nursing care, as occurs in humans. A deeper knowledge of the factors that significantly influence birth weight could positively affect the canine breeding management helping to prevent and reduce neonatal mortality. Abstract Despite increasing professionalism in dog breeding, the physiological range of birth weight in this species remains unclear. Low birth weight can predispose to neonatal mortality and growth deficiencies in humans. To date, the influence of the morphotype on birth weight has never been studied in dogs. For this purpose, an Italian census of birth weight was collected from 3293 purebred pups based on maternal morphotype, size, body weight and breed, as well as on litter size and sex of pups. Multivariate analysis outcomes showed that birth weight (p < 0.001) and litter size (p < 0.05) increased with maternal size and body weight. Birth weight was also influenced by the maternal head and body shape, with brachycephalic and brachymorph dogs showing the heaviest and the lightest pups, respectively (p < 0.001). Birth weight decreased with litter size (p < 0.001), and male pups were heavier than females (p < 0.001). These results suggest that canine morphotype, not only maternal size and body weight, can affect birth weight and litter size with possible practical implications in neonatal assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Clara Palestrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano P Marelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Baker LA, Kirkpatrick B, Rosa GJM, Gianola D, Valente B, Sumner JP, Baltzer W, Hao Z, Binversie EE, Volstad N, Piazza A, Sample SJ, Muir P. Genome-wide association analysis in dogs implicates 99 loci as risk variants for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173810. [PMID: 28379989 PMCID: PMC5381864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common condition that can be devastating and life changing, particularly in young adults. A non-contact mechanism is typical. Second ACL ruptures through rupture of the contralateral ACL or rupture of a graft repair is also common. Risk of rupture is increased in females. ACL rupture is also common in dogs. Disease prevalence exceeds 5% in several dog breeds, ~100 fold higher than human beings. We provide insight into the genetic etiology of ACL rupture by genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a high-risk breed using 98 case and 139 control Labrador Retrievers. We identified 129 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 99 risk loci. Associated loci (P<5E-04) explained approximately half of phenotypic variance in the ACL rupture trait. Two of these loci were located in uncharacterized or non-coding regions of the genome. A chromosome 24 locus containing nine genes with diverse functions met genome-wide significance (P = 3.63E-0.6). GWAS pathways were enriched for c-type lectins, a gene set that includes aggrecan, a gene set encoding antimicrobial proteins, and a gene set encoding membrane transport proteins with a variety of physiological functions. Genotypic risk estimated for each dog based on the risk contributed by each GWAS locus showed clear separation of ACL rupture cases and controls. Power analysis of the GWAS data set estimated that ~172 loci explain the genetic contribution to ACL rupture in the Labrador Retriever. Heritability was estimated at 0.48. We conclude ACL rupture is a moderately heritable highly polygenic complex trait. Our results implicate c-type lectin pathways in ACL homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Baker
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian Kirkpatrick
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Guilherme J. M. Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel Gianola
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bruno Valente
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julia P. Sumner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wendy Baltzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvalis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily E. Binversie
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicola Volstad
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexander Piazza
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Heske L, Körberg IB, Nødtvedt A, Jäderlund KH. Clinical characteristics of epilepsy of unknown origin in the Rottweiler breed. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:75. [PMID: 26546467 PMCID: PMC4636809 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions in dogs. Despite that epilepsy appears to be common in the Rottweiler breed, published literature about the phenotype of epilepsy in this breed is lacking. The aim of this questionnaire-based study was to describe the clinical characteristics of epilepsy in the Rottweiler breed including; signalment, pedigree, housing conditions and information about the seizures such as age at onset, seizure type, duration, and progression, as well as number of seizure days (24 h), effect and side effects of anti-epileptic drugs, and potential comorbidities. The diagnosis for epilepsy of unknown origin was based on the following inclusion criteria: ≥2 seizure days, starting between 6 months and 7 years of age, no known history of poisoning or serious head trauma, and (when available), pre-study routine serum biochemical parameters were within the reference intervals. Results A total of 37 cases (23 females and 14 males) were included in the study. The median age at onset of seizures was 36 months (range 8–84 months). The dogs suffered from generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and more than 50 % of the dogs had experienced cluster seizures (>1 seizure in 24 h). The dogs commonly started to seizure while resting (23/36) and/or sleeping (20/36). Only 3 of the 36 dogs experienced seizures during activities such as walking or training. All of the 24/37 (64.9 %) dogs on antiepileptic drugs received phenobarbital. Five dogs needed add-on treatment (n = 5), and of these: one dog was on 3 drugs (phenobarbital, potassium bromid and levetiracetam) (n = 1), three dogs were on phenobarbital and potassium bromide (n = 3), and one dog received phenobarbital and imepitoin (n = 1). Seizure frequency did not necessarily improve following antiepileptic treatment, and for six of 21 (28.6 %) of the dogs, seizure frequency increased. All of the Rottweilers in this study had relatives with epilepsy reported. Conclusions The Rottweilers suffering from epilepsy in this study presented with generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and their response to antiepileptic treatment was variable. More than 50 % of the dogs had experienced cluster seizures (>1 seizure in 24 h). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0168-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Groppetti D, Ravasio G, Bronzo V, Pecile A. The role of birth weight on litter size and mortality within 24h of life in purebred dogs: What aspects are involved? Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 163:112-9. [PMID: 26520054 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, scientific evidence emphasizes the role of birth weight on neonatal welfare, morbidity and mortality. In canine species, defining normal ranges of birth weight is a harder issue due to a great morphological variability in size, body weight and breed. The aim of this study was to correlate birth weight with litter size and mortality within 24h of life in 789 pups from 140 litters of purebred dogs and to investigate the aspects that might affect these factors. Birth weight was influenced by maternal size, weight and age (P<0.001). The lightest pups were from toy sized or weighing up to 10 kg bitches. Conversely, bitches aged 2-8 years whelped heavier pups than younger and older mothers. Birth weight was also related both to litter size, with heavier pups in smaller rather than in larger litters from medium sized bitches, and breed (P<0.05). Unexpectedly, birth weight did not differ between live born and stillborn pups. However, birth weight was lower in pups dying within 24h of life (P<0.05). High mortality of pups was related both to short pregnancies (P<0.05), also showing lighter litters (P<0.001), and to dystocic parturitions (P<0.001). Litter size was associated with parity, type and number of mating, and length of pregnancy (P<0.001). Low birth weight appears to predispose to early neonatal mortality suggesting a predominant role of the breed rather than size and weight in determining birth weight in pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - G Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Department of Health, Animal Sciences and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Mila H, Grellet A, Feugier A, Chastant-Maillard S. Differential impact of birth weight and early growth on neonatal mortality in puppies1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4436-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Heske L, Nødtvedt A, Jäderlund KH, Berendt M, Egenvall A. A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: Incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 202:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chuang C, Ramaker MA, Kaur S, Csomos RA, Kroner KT, Bleedorn JA, Schaefer SL, Muir P. Radiographic risk factors for contralateral rupture in dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106389. [PMID: 25254499 PMCID: PMC4177807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CR) is a common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. Dogs with unilateral CR often develop contralateral CR over time. Although radiographic signs of contralateral stifle joint osteoarthritis (OA) influence risk of subsequent contralateral CR, this risk has not been studied in detail. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of client-owned dogs with unilateral CR to determine how severity of radiographic stifle synovial effusion and osteophytosis influence risk of contralateral CR over time. Detailed survival analysis was performed for a cohort of 85 dogs after case filtering of an initial sample population of 513 dogs. This population was stratified based on radiographic severity of synovial effusion (graded on a scale of 0, 1, and 2) and severity of osteophytosis (graded on a scale of 0, 1, 2, and 3) of both index and contralateral stifle joints using a reproducible scoring method. Severity of osteophytosis in the index and contralateral stifles was significantly correlated. Rupture of the contralateral cranial cruciate ligament was significantly influenced by radiographic OA in both the index and contralateral stifles at diagnosis. Odds ratio for development of contralateral CR in dogs with severe contralateral radiographic stifle effusion was 13.4 at one year after diagnosis and 11.4 at two years. Odds ratio for development of contralateral CR in dogs with severe contralateral osteophytosis was 9.9 at one year after diagnosis. These odds ratios were associated with decreased time to contralateral CR. Breed, age, body weight, gender, and tibial plateau angle did not significantly influence time to contralateral CR. Conclusion Subsequent contralateral CR is significantly influenced by severity of radiographic stifle effusion and osteophytosis in the contralateral stifle, suggesting that synovitis and arthritic joint degeneration are significant factors in the disease mechanism underlying the arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Chuang
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan A. Ramaker
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sirjaut Kaur
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Csomos
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Kroner
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Bleedorn
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Schaefer
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, and the Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moore SA. A clinical and diagnostic approach to the patient with seizures. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 28:46-50. [PMID: 24070681 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems encountered by the small animal practitioner. Successful management of the patient with seizure is facilitated by an appropriate diagnostic workup to identify underlying causes when they exist. Veterinary patients with seizures can be divided in to 3 main categories based on underlying cause: those with primary epilepsy, those with structural epilepsy, and those with reactive seizures. Additionally, some patients may be given a label of unknown epilepsy when they do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of primary epilepsy, but no structural or reactive cause of seizures can be identified. This article reviews the key clinical findings associated with each of the 3 main categories of seizures and suggests a standardized approach to the diagnostic workup for patients with seizure based on their signalment and neurologic examination findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Ekenstedt KJ, Oberbauer AM. Inherited epilepsy in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2014; 28:51-8. [PMID: 24070682 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurologic disease in dogs and many forms are considered to have a genetic basis. In contrast, some seizure disorders are also heritable, but are not technically defined as epilepsy. Investigation of true canine epilepsies has uncovered genetic associations in some cases, however, many remain unexplained. Gene mutations have been described for 2 forms of canine epilepsy: primary epilepsy (PE) and progressive myoclonic epilepsies. To date, 9 genes have been described to underlie progressive myoclonic epilepsies in several dog breeds. Investigations into genetic PE have been less successful, with only 1 causative gene described. Genetic testing as an aid to diagnosis, prognosis, and breeding decisions is available for these 10 forms. Additional studies utilizing genome-wide tools have identified PE loci of interest; however, specific genetic tests are not yet developed. Many studies of dog breeds with PE have failed to identify genes or loci of interest, suggesting that, similar to what is seen in many human genetic epilepsies, inheritance is likely complex, involving several or many genes, and reflective of environmental interactions. An individual dog's response to therapeutic intervention for epilepsy may also be genetically complex. Although the field of inherited epilepsy has faced challenges, particularly with PE, newer technologies contribute to further advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Animal and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin - River Falls, River Falls, WI, USA.
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Pugh CA, Bronsvoort BMDC, Handel IG, Summers KM, Clements DN. What can cohort studies in the dog tell us? Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 26401322 PMCID: PMC4574393 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the use of cohort studies in canine medicine to date and highlights the benefits of wider use of such studies in the future. Uniquely amongst observational studies, cohort studies offer the investigator an opportunity to assess the temporal relationship between hypothesised risk factors and diseases. In human medicine cohort studies were initially used to investigate specific exposures but there has been a movement in recent years to more broadly assess the impact of complex lifestyles on morbidity and mortality. Such studies do not focus on narrow prior hypotheses but rather generate new theories about the impact of environmental and genetic risk factors on disease. Unfortunately cohort studies are expensive both in terms of initial investment and on-going costs. There is inevitably a delay between set up and the reporting of meaningful results. Expense and time constraints are likely why this study design has been used sparingly in the field of canine health studies. Despite their rather limited numbers, canine cohort studies have made a valuable contribution to the understanding of dog health, in areas such as the dynamics of infectious disease. Individual exposures such as neutering and dietary restriction have also been directly investigated. More recently, following the trend in human health, large cohort studies have been set up to assess the wider impact of dog lifestyle on their health. Such studies have the potential to develop and test hypotheses and stimulate new theories regarding the maintenance of life-long health in canine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys A Pugh
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Barend M de C Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Kim M Summers
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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30
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A genome-wide association study for canine cryptorchidism in Siberian Huskies. J Anim Breed Genet 2013; 131:202-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mellanby RJ, Ogden R, Clements DN, French AT, Gow AG, Powell R, Corcoran B, Schoeman JP, Summers KM. Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in popular dog breeds in the UK. Vet J 2012; 196:92-7. [PMID: 23084740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern that reproductive isolation related to breed specifications in dogs, while maintaining genetic differences among breeds, is likely to promote breed-specific genetic disorders. This study examined genetic diversity among 13 popular dog breed groups in the UK. Most breeds showed high levels of homozygosity when compared with crossbred animals. The Boxer and West Highland white terrier showed the lowest heterozygosity, while the Jack Russell terrier group (not a registered breed in the UK) had a level of heterozygosity comparable to crossbred dogs. Analysis of genetic distance between breeds showed significantly different inbreeding coefficients for pairwise comparisons among registered breeds, with the most divergent breeds being the Boxer and West Highland white terrier. The Rottweiler and Golden retriever showed the highest levels of inbreeding. The least distinct group contained crossbred dogs. The results show that the registered breeds are subject to a 'breed barrier' which promotes reduction in genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mellanby
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Menegazzo L, Bussadori C, Chiavegato D, Quintavalla C, Bonfatti V, Guglielmini C, Sturaro E, Gallo L, Carnier P. The relevance of echocardiography heart measures for breeding against the risk of subaortic and pulmonic stenosis in Boxer dogs1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:419-28. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Menegazzo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - C. Bussadori
- Istituto di Medicina Cardiovascolare, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | - D. Chiavegato
- La Clinica Veterinaria, Via Callegari 48, 35010 Padova, Italy
| | - C. Quintavalla
- Department of Animal Health, Parma University, Via del Taglio, 8, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - V. Bonfatti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - C. Guglielmini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E. Sturaro
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L. Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - P. Carnier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Ekenstedt KJ, Patterson EE, Minor KM, Mickelson JR. Candidate genes for idiopathic epilepsy in four dog breeds. BMC Genet 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21518446 PMCID: PMC3111397 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a naturally occurring and significant seizure disorder affecting all dog breeds. Because dog breeds are genetically isolated populations, it is possible that IE is attributable to common founders and is genetically homogenous within breeds. In humans, a number of mutations, the majority of which are genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitters, or their regulatory subunits, have been discovered to cause rare, specific types of IE. It was hypothesized that there are simple genetic bases for IE in some purebred dog breeds, specifically in Vizslas, English Springer Spaniels (ESS), Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs (GSMD), and Beagles, and that the gene(s) responsible may, in some cases, be the same as those already discovered in humans. Results Candidate genes known to be involved in human epilepsy, along with selected additional genes in the same gene families that are involved in murine epilepsy or are expressed in neural tissue, were examined in populations of affected and unaffected dogs. Microsatellite markers in close proximity to each candidate gene were genotyped and subjected to two-point linkage in Vizslas, and association analysis in ESS, GSMD and Beagles. Conclusions Most of these candidate genes were not significantly associated with IE in these four dog breeds, while a few genes remained inconclusive. Other genes not included in this study may still be causing monogenic IE in these breeds or, like many cases of human IE, the disease in dogs may be likewise polygenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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Pathirana IN, Ashida Y, Kawate N, Tanaka K, Tsuji M, Takahashi M, Hatoya S, Inaba T, Tamada H. Comparison of testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 secretions in response to human chorionic gonadotropin in cultured interstitial cells from scrotal and retained testes in dogs. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 124:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pákozdy Á, Leschnik M, Sarchahi AA, Tichy AG, Thalhammer JG. Clinical comparison of primary versus secondary epilepsy in 125 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:910-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study 125 cats with recurrent seizures were analysed. The main goal was to investigate the aetiology and compare primary epilepsy (PE) with secondary epilepsy (SE) regarding signalment, history, ictal pattern, clinical and neurological findings. Seizure aetiology was classified as PE in 47 (38%) and SE in 78 (62%) cats. SE was caused mainly by intracranial neoplasia (16), hippocampal necrosis (14), toxicosis (eight), and encephalitis (seven). A significant difference between PE and SE was found in: age, body weight, duration of seizure, occurrence of status epilepticus and neurological deficits. Status epilepticus, altered interictal neurological status and seizure onset over the age of 7 years indicated SE more frequently than PE. If the seizures occurred during resting conditions and rapid running occurred the aetiology was more likely to be PE than SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Pákozdy
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Leschnik
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Asghar Sarchahi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
| | - Alexander G. Tichy
- Institute of Physics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann G. Thalhammer
- Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Neurology Service, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Pathirana IN, Tanaka K, Kawate N, Tsuji M, Kida K, Hatoya S, Inaba T, Tamada H. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' region of the estrogen receptor 1 gene in normal and cryptorchid Miniature Dachshunds and Chihuahuas. J Reprod Dev 2010; 56:405-10. [PMID: 20453437 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-195t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and estimated haplotypes in the canine estrogen receptor (ER) alpha gene (ESR1) and the association of them with different phenotypes of cryptorchidism (CO) in Miniature Dachshunds and Chihuahuas. Forty CO and 68 normal dogs were used, and CO was classified into unilateral (UCO; n=33) and bilateral CO (BCO; n=5) or into abdominal (ACO; n=16) and inguinal CO (ICO; n=22). Thirteen DNA fragments located in the 70-kb region at the 3' end of ESR1 were amplified by PCR and sequenced to examine 13 SNPs (#1-#13) reported in a canine SNP database. Ten SNPs (#1-#4, #7, #8, #10-#13) were not polymorphic, and 5 new SNPs (#14-#18) were discovered. A common haplotype block in normal, CO and CO phenotypes was identified for an approximately 20-kb region encompassing 4 SNPs (#14-#17). Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies in CO without classification by phenotype and also in UCO, ACO and ICO phenotypes were not statistically different from the normal group. Significant differences in genotype frequencies and homozygosity for the estimated GTTG haplotype within the block were observed in BCO compared with the normal group, although the number of BCO animals was small. Our results demonstrate that the examined SNPs and haplotypes in the 3' end of canine ESR1 are not associated with unilateral, abdominal and inguinal CO phenotypes and CO per se in Miniature Dachshunds and Chihuahuas. Further studies are necessary to suggest a clear association between the ESR1 SNPs and bilateral CO in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indunil Nishantha Pathirana
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Thomson PC, Wilson BJ, Wade CM, Shariflou MR, James JW, Tammen I, Raadsma HW, Nicholas FW. The utility of estimated breeding values for inherited disorders of dogs. Vet J 2010; 183:243-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pákozdy Á, Leschnik M, Tichy A, Thalhammer J. Retrospective clinical comparison of idiopathic versus symptomatic epilepsy in 240 dogs with seizures. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:471-83. [PMID: 19149102 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 240 cases of dogs with seizures were analysed retrospectively. The aim was to examine the underlying aetiology and to compare primary or idiopathic epilepsy (IE) with symptomatic epilepsy (SE) concerning signalment, history, ictal pattern, clinical and neurological findings. The diagnosis of symptomatic epilepsy was based on confirmed pathological changes in haematology, serum biochemistry, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and morphological changes of the brain by CT/MRI or histopathological examination. Seizure aetiologies were classified as idiopathic epilepsy (IE, n = 115) and symptomatic epilepsy (SE, n = 125). Symptomatic epilepsy was mainly caused by intracranial neoplasia (39) and encephalitis (23). The following variables showed significant difference between the IE and SE group: age, body weight, presence of partial seizures, cluster seizures, status epilepticus, ictal vocalisation and neurological deficits. In 48% of the cases, seizures were found to be due to IE, while 16% were due to intracranial neoplasia and 10% to encephalitis. Status epilepticus, cluster seizures, partial seizures, vocalisation during seizure and impaired neurological status were more readily seen with symptomatic epilepsy. If the first seizure occurred between one and five years of age or the seizures occurred during resting condition, the diagnosis was more likely IE than SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Pákozdy
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Neurology Service, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Leschnik
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Neurology Service, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Neurology Service, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Johann Thalhammer
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Neurology Service, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Veterinärplatz 1 A-1210 Vienna Austria
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Johnson CA. High-risk pregnancy and hypoluteoidism in the bitch. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1424-30. [PMID: 18835635 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-risk pregnancies are those in which the prevalence of maternal, fetal and/or perinatal morbidity or mortality is likely to be higher than that of the general obstetrical population. Some maternal characteristics associated with risk to maternal, fetal and/or perinatal health are readily identifiable prior to conception, such as advanced maternal age, brachycephalic breed, or a previous history of pregnancy loss. Others, such as gestational diabetes or a singleton litter, are recognized after conception. Early recognition of the problem (i.e. the risk), anticipation of the potential sequelae, and development of an aggressive management scheme are essential for a successful outcome of a high-risk pregnancy. A previous history of pregnancy loss is a high-risk factor for recurrence during subsequent pregnancies. Infection is a common cause. In some instances, recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with low serum concentrations of progesterone. Although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is not fully understood, the situation has been called hypoluteoidism. Whatever the cause of the risks to pregnancy, the goals of managing high-risk pregnancies are to optimize maternal, fetal and perinatal health, so as to maintain maternal health throughout pregnancy and lactation and maximize the number of healthy pups surviving to weaning age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Johnson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA.
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Latch EK, Amann RP, Jacobson JP, Rhodes OE. Competing hypotheses for the etiology of cryptorchidism in Sitka black-tailed deer: an evaluation of evolutionary alternatives. Anim Conserv 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Licht BG, Lin S, Luo Y, Hyson LL, Licht MH, Harper KM, Sullivan SA, Fernandez SA, Johnston EV. Clinical characteristics and mode of inheritance of familial focal seizures in Standard Poodles. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1520-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.10.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Trangerud C, Meuwissen T, Ropstad E, Indrebø A, Grøndalen J, Moe L. Risk factors affecting metaphyseal irregularities in the radius and ulna of growing Newfoundland dogs. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2437-44. [PMID: 17565053 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to study risk factors affecting metaphyseal irregularities (MI) in the distal radius and ulna of growing Newfoundland dogs. Risk factors studied included the genetic effects, effects of litters, BW, circumferences of the distal radius and ulna (CDRU), and total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. The study included 118 Newfoundland dogs (60 females, 58 males), derived from 32 litters. Body weight, separated on sex and MI, was fitted to the Gompertz function. Occurrence of MI differed significantly between sexes, with 55% of males and 35% of females affected (P = 0.03). Growth curves for the 2 groups of dogs, with and without MI, diverged after 60 to 70 d, and dogs with irregularities were heavier at maturity than dogs of the same sex without irregularities. In univariate analysis, the litter effect was a significant predictor of MI, explaining 32% of total variability of the MI incidence, but the genetic effects were not significant. However, the latter were significant in bivariate analysis of MI and BW. In the bivariate analysis, the effects of litter on MI and BW were significantly correlated at all observational points except at birth, 180 d, and 536 d. Total ALP concentrations decreased with increasing age, and differences between groups diminished with increasing age, indicating a negative effect of total ALP on MI. Correlation between MI and total ALP concentrations of litters was estimated in a bivariate analysis. This correlation was significant and ranged between -0.34 and -0.62. Similarly, the genetic relationship between total ALP and MI from 120 d of age onward varied between -0.31 to -0.60. However, correlations were only significant at 356 d of age (genetic correlation = 0.60; P = 0.01). The mean CDRU increased from 90 d of age toward a peak at 180 d. Thereafter, CDRU declined and stabilized at about 1 yr of age. The mean CDRU between the groups of dogs with and without MI diverged most at 90 d of age, then was nearly stable until 180 d and gradually declined until 356 d, when the CDRU began to equalize. Metaphyseal irregularities and CDRU levels of litter were significantly correlated. Litter effect was a significant predictor of MI. The effects of litters and the genetic effects on BW and MI were correlated at most phases of the growth of the dog. Similar, but lower, correlations were found for CDRU and MI, and total ALP and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trangerud
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2–12%) than in cattle or sheep (≤1%). Laboratory animals rarely are cryptorchid. In respect to non-scrotal locations, abdominal testes predominate in cats, dogs, and horses. Inguinal testes predominate in rabbits, are common in horses, and occasionally are found in cats and dogs. S.c. testes are found in cattle, cats and dogs, but are most common in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Amann
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683, USA.
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Veeramachaneni DNR, Amann RP, Jacobson JP. Testis and antler dysgenesis in sitka black-tailed deer on Kodiak Island, Alaska: Sequela of environmental endocrine disruption? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114 Suppl 1:51-9. [PMID: 16818246 PMCID: PMC1874179 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It had been observed that many male Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) on Kodiak Island, Alaska, had abnormal antlers, were cryptorchid, and presented no evidence of hypospadias. We sought to better understand the problem and investigated 171 male deer for phenotypic aberrations and 12 for detailed testicular histopathology. For the low-lying Aliulik Peninsula (AP), 61 of 94 deer were bilateral cryptorchids (BCOs); 70% of these had abnormal antlers. Elsewhere on the Kodiak Archipelago, only 5 of 65 deer were BCOs. All 11 abdominal testes examined had no spermatogenesis but contained abnormalities including carcinoma in situ-like cells, possible precursors of seminoma; Sertoli cell, Leydig cell, and stromal cell tumors; carcinoma and adenoma of rete testis; and microlithiasis or calcifications. Cysts also were evident within the excurrent ducts. Two of 10 scrotal testes contained similar abnormalities, although spermatogenesis was ongoing. We cannot rule out that these abnormalities are linked sequelae of a mutation(s) in a founder animal, followed by transmission over many years and causing high prevalence only on the AP. However, based on lesions observed, we hypothesize that it is more likely that this testis-antler dysgenesis resulted from continuing exposure of pregnant females to an estrogenic environmental agent(s), thereby transforming testicular cells, affecting development of primordial antler pedicles, and blocking transabdominal descent of fetal testes. A browse (e.g., kelp) favored by deer in this locale might carry the putative estrogenic agent(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Rao Veeramachaneni
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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van Hagen MAE, Ducro BJ, van den Broek J, Knol BW. Life expectancy in a birth cohort of Boxers followed up from weaning to 10 years of age. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1646-50. [PMID: 16261841 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine mortality rate over time, risk factors for death, and heritability of life expectancy in Boxers. ANIMALS 1,733 purebred Boxers born in The Netherlands between January 1994 and March 1995. PROCEDURE Dogs were followed up from weaning (ie, 49 days of age) to 10 years of age through use of a written questionnaire sent to owners every 6 months. Mortality rate over time, risk factors potentially associated with death, and heritability of life expectancy were examined by use of a proportional hazards model based on the Weibull distribution. RESULTS stimated mortality rate during the 10-year study period for this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The probability of surviving to 5 years of age was 88%; the probability of surviving to 10 years of age was 55%. Estimated effective heritability of life expectancy was 0.076, meaning that in this population, an estimated 76% of the observed variation in life expectancy could be attributed to genetic differences among dogs that were passed from parents to their offspring. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that cumulative incidence of death from weaning to 10 years of age among this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The estimated heritability of life expectancy suggested that life expectancy can be improved by use of selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan A E van Hagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Hagen MAE, Ducro BJ, van den Broek J, Knol BW. Incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of Boxers. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:307-12. [PMID: 15757132 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of Boxers. ANIMALS 1733 Boxers from 325 litters. PROCEDURE Status of Boxers with respect to clinical signs of canine hip dysplasia (cCHD) was registered during an 8-year period. Survival analysis accounted for dogs lost to follow-up. Effective heritability for developing cCHD was estimated by use of a proportional hazard model on the basis of the Weibull distribution. Parametric survival models were developed to identify the influence of potential risk factors. RESULTS Cumulative hazard rate for cCHD from 7 weeks to 8 years of age was 8.5%. Dogs that were kept on a floor covered with a slippery material were 1.6 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with dogs kept on a nonslippery floor. Risk of cCHD doubled in dogs from litters with a high preweaning mortality rate. Dogs that were neutered at 6 months prior to a diagnosis of CHD were 1.5 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with sexually intact dogs. Dogs >5 years of age were 1.8 times as likely to develop cCHD, compared with younger dogs. Estimated effective heritability of cCHD was 0.11. In terms of the risk of cCHD in progeny, mean estimated breeding value (EBV) of the 10 best and 10 worst sires was -0.32 and 0.42, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Registration of Boxers that develop cCHD may provide a strategy for disease prevention. In addition to diagnostic evaluation of radiographs, sire EBVs provide useful information for breeding selection decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan A E van Hagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van Hagen MAE, Janss LLG, van den Broek J, Knol BW. The use of a genetic-counselling program by Dutch breeders for four hereditary health problems in boxer dogs. Prev Vet Med 2004; 63:39-50. [PMID: 15099715 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our group developed a genetic-counselling program for boxer-dog breeders in The Netherlands, using data for cryptorchidism (uni- and/or bilateral), epilepsy, knee-problems (including ligament rupture, fractured or ruptured meniscus, severe osteo-arthrosis of the knee, or a combination of these disorders), and schisis (including cheiloschisis, palatoschisis, or cheilopalatoschisis). We transformed the estimated breeding values (EBVs) into odds ratios (ORs), to enable the breeder to compare the risk for each of the traits for a certain dam-sire combination with the average population risk (set at 1). The goal of the study was to evaluate the use of our genetic-counselling program by Dutch breeders of boxer dogs. We asked breeders of the Dutch Boxer Club to send in an application form for genetic-counselling from June 1 to December 1, 2000. Breeders indicated on this application form three desirable sires for their dam (sire 1, sire 2, sire 3) in random order. On the basis of this information, a counselling report was produced which included ORs for the four diseases in litters of the dam-sire combinations indicated on the application form. Together with the counselling report, the breeders received an evaluation form. We received 129 application forms from 70 breeders, and collected 125 evaluations. Of these evaluations, 96 were informative about the influence of the counselling report on sire choice. The most-important criteria used by breeders to select sires were: the exterior characteristics (60%) and known progeny (52%). Although it was the first time breeders could make use of genetic-counselling, 32% of the breeders indicated that the genetic-counselling played a major role in their sire selection. Breeders expressed little difference in importance for the four genetic traits, but there was a tendency to consider epilepsy more than the others. Breeders hesitated to put long-term population interest above short-term personal interest. Nevertheless, the general conclusion of this study is that breeders acknowledge the value of counselling, especially to reduce the frequency of a threatening disease such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan A E van Hagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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