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Effect of erythromycin on abomasal emptying in suckling lambs with experimental endotoxemia. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Kasl BA, Machado VS, Henniger MT, Myer PR, Ballou MA. Feeding an acetate-based oral electrolyte reduces the ex vivo Escherichia coli growth potential in the abomasum of calves fed oral electrolytes alone or 30 minutes following a milk feeding when compared to feeding a bicarbonate-based oral electrolyte. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1542-1554. [PMID: 34955278 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are a common, on-farm therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balances in scouring and stressed calves. The objectives were to determine the effects of OES alkalinizing agent and the presence of a milk replacer feeding before OES administration on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves. Abomasum cannulation was performed on 16 Holstein bull calves at 5 d of age. One calf was removed from the study before the calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 9 d of age. Treatments were arranged as a 2-by-2 factorial, with the following factors: oral electrolyte alkalinizing agent [acetate (A) or bicarbonate (B)] and liquid meal type milk replacer (MR) + OES (MR-A, MR-B), or OES only (OES-A, OES-B)]. The OES differed only by alkalinizing agent. On d 9, calves assigned to MR-A (n = 4) or MR-B (n = 4) received their morning MR aliquot 0.5 h before feeding 2 L of OES; the OES-A (n = 3) and OES-B (n = 4) treatment groups were fed 2 L of OES only. Peripheral blood samples and postprandial abomasal fluid samples were collected to assess abomasal pH, abomasal emptying rate (AER), and ex vivo abomasal Escherichia coli growth potential. Postprandial pH was greater in calves fed MR or B-based OES. Abomasal emptying rate was slower in calves receiving MR + OES, regardless of the alkalinizing agent. Ex vivo E. coli colony-forming unit counts were greater in calves fed either MR + OES or bicarbonate-based OES. Supplementing bicarbonate OES in addition to MR alters abomasal dynamics and may promote E. coli growth in postprandial abomasal fluid, partially due to sustained elevations in gastric pH and delayed gastric emptying rates. The OES containing sodium acetate limited ex vivo E. coli growth potential in abomasal fluid, thereby potentially reducing the risk of additional enteric bacterial complications associated with OES therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kasl
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - M T Henniger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - P R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409.
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3
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Orellana Rivas RM, Rodrigues T, da Silveira E Sousa J, Melo VHLR, Gao J, Ferreira de Araújo D, Goncalves de Souza J, Marins TN, Melendez P, Bernard JK, Tao S. Effects of milk replacer feeding rate and frequency of preweaning dairy calves in the southeastern United States: Performance, abomasal emptying, and nutrient digestibility. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1150-1169. [PMID: 34799113 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of milk replacer (MR) feeding rate (FR) and frequency (FF) on performance, abomasal emptying, and nutrient digestibility in the southeastern United States, Holstein calves (n = 48/season) were enrolled at 8 d of age (DOA) during summer [June to August, body weight (BW; mean ± SD) = 40.71 ± 4.35 kg] and winter (November to January, BW = 42.03 ± 3.83 kg). Within season, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including 2 FR [0.65 (low) or 0.76 kg of solid per day (high) of a 26% crude protein and 17% fat MR], and 2 FF [2× (0700 and 1600 h) or 3× (0700, 1600, and 2200 h) daily]. Calves were housed in polyethylene hutches and managed similarly throughout the trial. Milk replacer (12.5% solids) was fed to calves based on their respective treatments until 42 DOA, when MR allowance was reduced by 50% and offered once a day (0700 h) for the following 7 d until weaning. Calves remained on trial until 63 DOA. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Ambient temperature and relative humidity inside and outside hutches were measured hourly. Starter and MR intakes were recorded daily. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were recorded 3 times a week. Structural growth and BW were measured weekly. Acetaminophen (50 mg/kg of BW) mixed with MR was fed to a subset of calves (0700 h, n = 10/treatment per season) on 20 DOA. Plasma was collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 420, and 480 min after feeding, to analyze acetaminophen. The acetaminophen concentration-time curve was modeled to the first derivative of Siegel's modified power exponential equation, and the time for plasma acetaminophen to reach maximum (Tmax) was calculated to evaluate abomasal emptying rate. During the pre- (14.9-17.9 DOA) and postweaning (51.0-54.0 DOA) periods, a subset (n = 8/treatment per season) of calves was used to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients, using chromic oxide as the external marker. Feeding 3× reduced preweaning respiration rate during summer and reduced rectal temperature during winter. Increasing FR improved BW gain and structural growth. Feeding more times per day tended to improve growth during winter but not summer. We found no effect of treatment on nutrient digestibility. Increasing FR had no effect on Tmax during winter but tended to delay Tmax of plasma acetaminophen during summer. Regardless of season, increasing FF lowered Tmax of plasma acetaminophen. In conclusion, increasing FF accelerated abomasal emptying and might reduce heat load of preweaning dairy calves but improved growth only during winter. Increased MR allowance improved growth in both seasons but delayed abomasal emptying only under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thalyane Rodrigues
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | | | - Victor H L R Melo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | | | | | - Thiago N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Pedro Melendez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793; Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - John K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Sha Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793.
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Afsharfarnia S, Mohseni M, Fartashvand M, Assadnassab G, Mahmoudian B. Effects of parenteral administration of tylosin and ivermectin on abomasal emptying rate in healthy suckling lambs by use of nuclear scintigraphy. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:181-185. [PMID: 33388615 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal hypomotility is one of the important causes of neonatal mortality in small ruminants. Various pharmaceutical agents have been studied to address this problem in large ruminants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parenteral administration of tylosin and ivermectin on abomasal emptying rate in neonatal suckling lambs. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed using nuclear scintigraphic method in 10 healthy female Iranian fat tailed Ghezel lambs. Each lamb was tested three times, once as a control (1 ml of saline 0.9%, IM) and twice after the injection of tylosin (17.6 mg/kg, IM) and ivermectin (200 μg/kg, SC) in a crossover study. Based on radiopharmaceutical counts, remnant activity in abomasums at 90 min were 48.3 ± 3.5, 45.6 ± 7.5 and 41.6 ± 2.9% in control, tylosin and ivermectin groups, respectively. Administration of tylosin (p = 0.049) and ivermectin (p = 0.045) to lambs, significantly caused faster abomasal emptying rate compared to control. Evaluating the ROIs revealed that the half emptying time (T1/2) in control, tylosin and ivermectin groups were 67.1 ± 8.6, 62.6 ± 14.2 and 54.3 ± 9.9 min, respectively. These difference between all groups, statistically were significant (p = 0.026). However, the clinical efficacy of abomasal emptying rate facilitating by tylosin or ivermectin administration in lambs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Afsharfarnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Fartashvand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Assadnassab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudian
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Hildebrandt T, Scheuch E, Weitschies W, Schneider F, Grimm M, Bachmann L, Vervuert I. Abomasal emptying rate of diarrhoeic and healthy suckling calves fed with oral rehydration solutions. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:462-469. [PMID: 31943416 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the abomasal emptying rate (AER) of calves suffering from naturally occurring diarrhoea compared with that of healthy calves. Furthermore, the effects of an oral rehydration solution (ORS) mixed into milk replacer on the AER were determined. Acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) was performed to estimate the AER. Sixty Holstein-Frisian calves (age < 14 days) were included in the study and divided into groups as follows: healthy calves (H; n = 16), healthy calves fed with ORS (HORS; n = 14), diarrhoeic calves (D; n = 15) and diarrhoeic calves fed with ORS (DORS; n = 15). For the APAT, the calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer containing 50 mg acetaminophen (AP)/kg body weight. Venous blood samples were collected before and after milk replacer and AP intake in 30-60 min intervals for 12 hr. During the APAT, no significant differences in median maximum acetaminophen concentration (Cmax ) were observed among all groups. Time to reach maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax ) in DORS (median 390 min, 25/75 quartiles: 300/480 min) was significantly higher compared with that in H (median: 270 min 25/75 quartiles: 210/315 min) and HORS (median: 300 min (25/75 quartiles: 240/360 min). Non-linear regression revealed that the calculated abomasal half-life (AP t1/2 ) tended to be delayed in DORS (median: 652 min, 25/75 quartiles: 445/795 min, p = .10). The area under the AP curve values (AUC) from 0 to 120 min and 0 to 240 min of the observation period were significantly higher in H than D and DORS. In conclusion, significant differences in the AER indices reflected delayed abomasal emptying in diarrhoeic calves. Furthermore, the hypertonic ORS tended to have an additive delaying impact on the AER, which needs attention for the feeding management of diarrhoeic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hildebrandt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Desjardins-Morrissette M, van Niekerk JK, Haines D, Sugino T, Oba M, Steele MA. The effect of tube versus bottle feeding colostrum on immunoglobulin G absorption, abomasal emptying, and plasma hormone concentrations in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4168-4179. [PMID: 29454696 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if feeding colostrum to newborn calves through an esophageal tube, compared with a nipple bottle, would delay abomasal emptying, which would in turn decrease passive transfer of IgG and plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 and GLP-2 concentrations. Twenty newborn Holstein bull calves were fed 3 L of colostrum replacer (200 g of IgG) through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle at 2 h after birth followed by feeding pooled whole milk every 12 h after birth. Acetaminophen was mixed into the colostrum meal as a marker for abomasal emptying. A jugular catheter was inserted 1 h after birth and blood was sampled frequently to analyze serum for IgG and acetaminophen and plasma for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GLP-2. Feeding method did not affect abomasal emptying, and as a result no treatment effect was present on serum IgG concentrations. Maximum concentration of serum IgG was 24.4 ± 0.40 mg/mL (± standard error), which was reached at 14.6 ± 1.88 h after the colostrum meal for both groups. Apparent efficiency of absorption at maximum concentration of IgG was 52.9%, indicating high efficiency of passive transfer of IgG for both treatments. Tube feeding increased glucose and insulin area under the curve before the first milk meal, most likely due to the decreased time to consume the colostrum meal. In addition, tube-fed calves consumed 0.5 ± 0.13 L more milk in their first milk meal than bottle-fed calves. No treatment effect on plasma concentrations of GLP-1 or GLP-2 was present, but both hormones increased after colostrum feeding. These findings confirm that there is no effect on absorption of IgG from colostrum when feeding good-quality colostrum at a volume of 3 L through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desjardins-Morrissette
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - J K van Niekerk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - D Haines
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd., Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - T Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Hildebrandt T, Scheuch E, Weitschies W, Grimm M, Schneider F, Bachmann L, Vervuert I. Measurement of abomasal conditions (pH, pressure and temperature) in healthy and diarrheic dairy calves using a wireless ambulatory capsule. Livest Sci 2017; 203:41-47. [PMID: 32288872 PMCID: PMC7102753 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated abomasal luminal parameters in healthy and diarrheic calves by using a wireless ambulatory capsule (WAC). The acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) was used to determine abomasal emptying rate. Four healthy and five diarrheic female Holstein-Friesian calves (age < 14 days) were included in the study. For APAT, calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer containing 50 mg acetaminophen/kg body weight, and blood samples were taken during a 12-h period afterward. Concomitantly, a WAC in the abomasum continuously measured luminal pH, pressure, and temperature. Five hours post suckling, intraluminal temperature was significantly higher in diarrheic calves than in healthy calves. Abomasal pH and pressure were not significantly different, but intraluminal pressure was always numerically lower in diarrheic calves. During APAT no significant differences in maximum acetaminophen concentrations (Cmax) and time to reach maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax) were observed. Nonlinear regression findings revealed a longer acetaminophen half-time (AAP t1/2) in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves [564 ± 96 min vs. 393 ± 84 min, respectively; P = 0.04] and lower area under the concentration curve values (e.g., 60 min postprandial AUC60 681 ± 244 (µg∙min)/mL vs. 1064 ± 23 (µg∙min)/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). In conclusion, abomasal luminal conditions were different between diarrheic and healthy calves. Significant differences in APAT reflected a delay in abomasal emptying in diarrheic calves. Impaired abomasal movement may induce enhanced bacterial fermentation processes as indicated by a higher abomasal temperature in diarrheic calves, which should be considered in management of their feeding. WAC is a tool to assess intraluminal pH, temperature, and pressure data in calves. Abomasal emptying is delayed in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves. A slower abomasal emptying might be linked to increased bacterial fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hildebrandt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Alta Deutschland GmbH, Altes Dorf 1, D-29525 Uelzen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Stahel P, MacPherson J, Berends H, Steele M, Cant J. Short communication: Parameters of abomasal emptying and glucose-insulin dynamics in Holstein-Friesian calves at 2 ages and 2 levels of milk replacer intake. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5068-5072. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Burgstaller J, Wittek T, Smith GW. Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:17-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Wittek T, Ernstberger M, Muckenhuber M, Flöck M. Effects of wheat protein in milk replacers on abomasal emptying rate in calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:264-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - M. Ernstberger
- University Clinic for Ruminants; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - M. Muckenhuber
- University Clinic for Ruminants; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - M. Flöck
- University Clinic for Ruminants; Vetmeduni Vienna; Vienna Austria
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11
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Kirchner D, Schwedhelm L, Wenge J, Steinhöfel I, Heinrich C, Coenen M, Bachmann L. Ultrasonographic imaging of abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter in healthy and diarrheic calves. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:929-36. [PMID: 26176298 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In case of diarrhea calves are treated with oral rehydration solutions (ORS), which are known to increase abomasal pH and inhibit milk clotting in vitro. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that ORS with HCO3(-) ≤ 62 mmol/L do not interfere with abomasal milk clotting in healthy calves. However, in diarrheic calves, feeding ORS and milk simultaneously may disturb abomasal curd formation and exacerbate diarrhea due to faster abomasal passage of ingesta. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to ultrasonographically examine abomasal milk clotting and diameter after feeding milk and milk replacer (MR) with and without ORS to healthy and diarrheic calves. Abomasal curd formation and diameter in healthy and diarrheic calves were ultrasonographically imaged before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS prepared in milk or MR. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS did not cause any remarkable differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhea. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter after feeding between healthy and diarrheic calves indicated that abomasal emptying is delayed in diarrheic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kirchner
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lea Schwedhelm
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Wenge
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilka Steinhöfel
- Department of Animal Production, Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - Christian Heinrich
- Department of Animal Production, Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - Manfred Coenen
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Idink MJ, Grünberg W. Enteral administration of monosodium phosphate, monopotassium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate for the treatment of hypophosphataemia in lactating dairy cattle. Vet Rec 2015; 176:494. [PMID: 25721509 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypohosphataemia is a frequent finding in early lactating and anorectic dairy cows. Sodium phosphate is commonly used for oral phosphorus (P) supplementation, although other phosphate salts may present useful treatment alternatives. Objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) to monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) in P-depleted cows. Furthermore, the effect of concentrated NaH2PO4 on the reticular groove reflex was studied. Six healthy but P-depleted dairy cows underwent four treatments in randomised order. Treatments consisted of intraruminal administration of NaH2PO4, KH2PO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2 providing the equivalent of 60 g P. A fourth treatment consisting of concentrated NaH2PO4 combined with acetaminophen as a marker substance was administered orally to determine whether the reticular groove reflex could be induced. Intraruminal administration of NaH2PO4 and KH2PO4 resulted in similar increases in plasma Pi concentrations ([Pi]) while intraruminal Ca(H2PO4)2 resulted in lower increases in plasma [Pi]. Oral and intraruminal administration of NaH2PO4 resulted in similar times to peak plasma [Pi] and acetaminophen concentration, indicating that concentrated NaH2PO4 administered orally did not trigger the reticular groove reflex. These results suggest that oral administration of KH2PO4 is equally effective as NaH2PO4. Oral administration of Ca(H2PO4)2 in contrast has a less pronounced effect on the plasma [Pi].
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Idink
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3507 TD, the Netherlands
| | - W Grünberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3507 TD, the Netherlands Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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13
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Ghoreishi SM, Nouri M, Rasooli A, Ghorbanpour M, Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Constable PD. Effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the apparent efficiency of colostral IgG absorption in neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:714-20. [PMID: 25641234 PMCID: PMC4895487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the absorption of colostral IgG in dairy calves. Animals Twenty‐four healthy neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves. Procedures Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0.9% NaCl solution (2 mL, PO; negative control); erythromycin lactobionate (20 mg/kg BW, PO; anticipated to be a positive control); cisapride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO); bethanechol chloride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO). Calves were fed 3 L of pooled bovine colostrum containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg) by suckling and oroesophageal intubation 30 minutes after each treatment was administered. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after the start of feeding and plasma total IgG, protein, acetaminophen, and glucose concentrations determined. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration. Results Oral administration of cisapride facilitated the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. The effect of cisapride on abomasal emptying rate could not be evaluated because cisapride appeared to interfere with acetaminophen metabolism. Based on the total IgG and total protein concentration‐time relationships, the beneficial effects of cisapride appeared to occur early after oral administration and were transient. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Additional studies appear indicated to characterize the effect of cisapride dose on the magnitude and duration of its effect on facilitating the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. Identification of a nonantimicrobial method for increasing abomasal emptying rate, such as cisapride, will potentially provide a practical and effective method for facilitating transfer of passive immunity in colostrum‐fed dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ghoreishi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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El Badawy SA, Amer AM, Constable PD, Guda A. Effect of tulathromycin on abomasal emptying rate in healthy lactating goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Kinetics of phosphate absorption in lactating dairy cows after enteral administration of sodium phosphate or calcium phosphate salts. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1012-23. [PMID: 23544958 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphataemia is frequently encountered in dairy cows during early lactation. Although supplementation of P is generally recommended, controversy exists over the suitability of oral P supplementation in animals with decreased or absent rumen motility. Since the effects of transruminal P absorption and the reticular groove reflex on the absorption kinetics of P are not well understood, it is unclear in how far treatment efficacy of oral P supplementation is affected by decreased rumen motility. Phosphate absorption was studied in six phosphate-depleted dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulas and treated with test solutions containing either NaH2PO4 or CaHPO4 with acetaminophen. Each animal was treated orally, intraruminally and intra-abomasally in randomised order. Absorption kinetics of P were studied and compared with the absorption kinetics of acetaminophen, a marker substance only absorbed from the small intestine. Intra-abomasal treatment with NaH2PO4 resulted in the most rapid and highest peaks in plasma inorganic P (Pi) concentration. Oral and intraruminal administration of NaH2PO4 resulted in similar increases in plasma Pi concentration from 4 to 7 h in both groups. Treatment with NaH2PO4 caused more pronounced peaks in plasma Pi concentration compared with CaHPO4. Neither transruminal P absorption nor the reticular groove reflex affected P absorption kinetics as determined by comparing plasma concentration–time curves of P and acetaminophen after administration of 1M-phosphate salt solutions. It is concluded that oral treatment with NaH2PO4 but not CaHPO4 is effective in supplementing P in hypophosphataemic cows with adequate rumen motility. Decreased rumen motility is likely to hamper the efficacy of oral phosphate treatment.
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Mokhber-Dezfooli M, Nouri M, Rasekh M, Constable P. Effect of abomasal emptying rate on the apparent efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6740-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ehsani-Kheradgerdi A, Sharifi K, Mohri M, Grünberg W. Evaluation of a modified acetaminophen absorption test to estimate the abomasal emptying rate in Holstein-Friesian heifers. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1600-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Fazeli M, Shomali T, Firouzi MJ, Ghane M. Erythromycin enhances abomasal emptying in healthy unweaned lambs as shown by acetaminophen absorption test. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:410-2. [PMID: 22066489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Fazeli
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Sharifi K, Grünberg W, Soroori S, Mohri M, Ahrari-Khafi MS. Assessment of the acetaminophen absorption test as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the reticular groove reflex in lambs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:820-5. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Afshari GR, Nouri M, Hassan EB, Mokhber-Dezfooli MR, Constable PD. Effect of parenteral administration of ivermectin and erythromycin on abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:527-31. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Constable P, Grünberg W, Carstensen L. Comparative effects of two oral rehydration solutions on milk clotting, abomasal luminal pH, and abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:296-312. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Knowledge of the disintegration of solid foods in human stomach is essential to assess the bioavailability of nutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A comprehensive review of food gastric digestion, focusing on disintegration of solid foods, is presented. Most of the research reviewed in this paper is contained in the medical, pharmaceutical, food, and nutritional literature. Stomach physiology is briefly introduced, including composition and rheological properties of gastric contents, stomach wall motility in fed/fasted states, and hydrodynamic and mechanical forces that act on the ingested food. In vivo and in vitro methods used for studying food and drug digestion in GI are summarized. Stomach emptying rate, which controls the rate of absorption of nutrients, is highly related to the disintegration of foods. This topic is highlighted with focus on the important mechanisms and the influence of chemical and physical properties of foods. Future research in this area is identified to increase our fundamental understanding of the food digestion process in the stomach as related to the food composition, material properties such as texture and microstructure, and chemical characteristics. This information is necessary to develop new guidelines for seeking innovative processing methods to manufacture foods specifically targeted for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kong
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Marshall TS, Constable PD, Crochik SS, Wittek T, Freeman DE, Morin DE. Effect of suckling an isotonic solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium chloride on abomasal emptying rate and luminal pH in calves. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:824-31. [PMID: 18518665 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare abomasal emptying rates in calves after suckling milk replacer or 3 common orally administered electrolyte solution components. ANIMALS 5 male calves < 35 days of age. PROCEDURES Calves with a cannula fitted in the abomasal body were fed 2 L of milk replacer with or without parenteral administration of atropine (0.01 mg/kg, i.v., then 0.02 mg/ kg, s.c., q 30 min) or isotonic (150 mM) solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), or NaCl in a randomized crossover design. Abomasal emptying rates were determined via scintigraphy, acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and change in abomasal luminal pH. RESULTS Scintigraphic half-emptying time, time of maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic half-emptying time, and pH return time indicated similar abomasal emptying rates following suckling of isotonic sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl solutions, whereas the emptying rate of milk replacer was significantly slower. Mean maximal abomasal luminal pH was highest following suckling of NaHCO(3) (pH(max)=7.85) and lowest following suckling of NaCl (pH(max)=4.52); sodium acetate (pH(max)=6.59) and milk replacer (pH(max)=5.84) yielded intermediate pH values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Isotonic solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl were rapidly emptied from the abomasum but varied markedly in their ability to alkalinize the abomasum. Sodium bicarbonate-containing orally administered electrolyte solution might increase the frequency of infection or severity of clinical disease in diarrheic calves treated for dehydration by causing prolonged abomasal alkalinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa S Marshall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Herrli-Gygi M, Steiner A, Doherr MG, Blum JW, Kirchhofer M, Zanolari P. Digestive processes in ruminal drinkers characterized by means of the acetaminophen absorption test. Vet J 2008; 176:369-77. [PMID: 17449303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to measure transit patterns of nutrients and the absorptive ability in ruminal drinkers (RDs) compared with healthy unweaned calves. The acetaminophen (paracetamol) absorption test was used to characterize the oroduodenal transit rate. Clinical examination and the analysis of various blood parameters provided supplementary information on digestive processes. Three unweaned bucket-fed calves (one RD and two healthy controls) each from seven Swiss dairy farms were included in the study. Measurements (tests 1 and 2) were performed twice at an interval of 10 days. Between tests, the feeding technique of the RDs and one control calf per farm was changed to feeding with a nipple instead of by bucket (without nipple). Acetaminophen appearance in the blood was delayed and reduced in RDs compared with the controls. Acid-base metabolism and several haematological and metabolic parameters differed markedly between RDs and healthy controls. The characteristics of the oroduodenal transit rate, absorptive abilities and clinical status in RDs were nearly normalised within 10 days of reconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Herrli-Gygi
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Berne, Switzerland
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Nouri M, Constable PD. Effect of parenteral administration of erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin on abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1392-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Sen I, Constable PD, Marshall TS. Effect of suckling isotonic or hypertonic solutions of sodium bicarbonate or glucose on abomasal emptying rate in calves. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1377-84. [PMID: 16881850 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the abomasal emptying rates in calves suckling milk replacer or an isotonic or hypertonic solution of NaHCO(3) or glucose. ANIMALS 5 male Holstein-Friesian calves that were < 30 days of age. PROCEDURES Calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer or isotonic (300 mOsm/L) or hypertonic (600 mOsm/L) solutions of NaHCO(3) or glucose containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg). Venous blood samples and transabdominal ultrasonographic abomasal dimensions were obtained periodically after feeding, and abomasal luminal pH was continuously monitored by placement of a luminal pH electrode through an abomasal cannula. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic determination of the half-time of abomasal emptying, and the time for luminal pH to return to within 1 pH unit of the preprandial value. RESULTS Hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO(3) solution, isotonic glucose solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO(3) solution, and hypertonic glucose solution emptied slower than an isotonic glucose solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An electrolyte solution for oral administration with a high osmolarity and glucose concentration may lead to a slower resuscitation of dehydrated diarrheic calves because such solutions decrease the abomasal emptying rate and therefore the rate of solution delivery to the small intestine. Whether slowing of the abomasal emptying rate in dehydrated diarrheic calves suckling an oral electrolyte solution is clinically important remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Nouri M, Constable PD. Comparison of Two Oral Electrolyte Solutions and Route of Administration on the Abomasal Emptying Rate of Holstein-Friesian Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wittek T, Schreiber K, Fürll M, Constable PD. Use of the d-Xylose Absorption Test to Measure Abomasal Emptying Rate in Healthy Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows and in Cows with Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Schaer S, Herrli-Gygi M, Kosmeas N, Boschung H, Steiner A. Characteristics of Acetaminophen Absorption in Healthy Unweaned Calves as an Indirect Measurement of the Oroduodenal Transit Rate of Liquid Meals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:325-32. [PMID: 16109098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal emptying plays an important role in the incidence of digestive problems in calves. Our aim was to evaluate the acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) for characterization of the oroduodenal transit (ODT) of liquid meals in unweaned calves. Six healthy, unweaned Simmental x Red Holstein crossbred calves were involved in the project. The study was performed in three blocks at 3, 6 and 9 weeks of the calves' age. Within blocks, APAT was performed twice at an interval of at least 24 h. Once per each block, liquid transit was carried out with non-coagulating electrolyte solution (NES). The second test within a block was performed either while atropine sulphate was administered (block I), or by feeding a coagulating milk replacer (block II), or by administration of NES by ruminal tube (block III). Data were compared within and among blocks. Significant differences of several APAT traits were present for the different types of feeding, the different types of meals, the administration of atropine sulphate and the different ages of the calves. The emptying index T(max)/C(max) was suggested to be a valuable kinetic parameter for the characterization of ODT in these calves. We conclude that APAT represents a valid technique for characterization of ODT of liquid meals in healthy unweaned calves and may be a valuable tool for the evaluation of the reticular groove mechanism, the abomasal emptying and the absorption capacity of the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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