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Carreira LM, Cota J, Alves J, Inácio F, Alexandre-Pires G, Azevedo P. A Pilot Study of the Clinical Effectiveness of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of Stanozolol in Canines with Knee Degenerative Joint Disease and Its Correlation with Serum Interleukin-1β Levels. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1351. [PMID: 38731355 PMCID: PMC11082967 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stanozolol shows promise as an anabolic and anti-catabolic agent for treating degenerative joint disease (DJD). This study assessed the clinical efficacy of a single intra-articular stanozolol injection in canine knees with DJD and its correlation with serum IL-1β levels. Thirty dogs (n = 30) were divided into a control group (CG, n = 10) and a study group (SG, n = 20) with DJD. Pain levels were assessed using the Brown query, and radiographs were taken at T0 and T3. IL-1β levels were quantified via ELISA. Apart from 2 patients, all showed reduced pain intensity, with 15 patients showing improvement at T1 and 3 patients at T2. A positive correlation (r = 0.84; p < 0.01) was found between pain level and IL-1β in 15 patients. No systemic effects were observed. Most patients (18/20) experienced reduced pain. This pilot study suggests stanozolol's potential in managing DJD in dogs. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and understand stanozolol's mechanism in DJD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Miguel Carreira
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
| | - João Cota
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
| | - Joao Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Filipa Inácio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.I.); (G.A.-P.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Azevedo
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre-CMVAA, Rua D.ª Francisca da Azambuja Nº9-9A, 2830-077 Barreiro, Portugal (P.A.)
- Faculty of American Laser Study Club—ALSC, Altamonte Springs, FL 32714, USA
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Taylor SN, Colbath AC, Manfredi JM, Yob CJ, Muñoz KA. A comparison of rectal versus fetlock temperatures in dorsally recumbent horses during general anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:26-34. [PMID: 37839991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on thermoregulation and peripheral heat loss in dorsally recumbent horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical study. ANIMALS Seven adult horses (2.6 ± 1.5 years old, 455 ± 70.2 kg). METHODS Horses underwent elective surgical procedures in dorsal recumbency under general anesthesia (GA) maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Rectal (TR), intranasal (TN) and fetlock surface temperatures (TF) were measured every 10 minutes for the first 80 minutes following induction of GA. Room temperature (TRO) was monitored during the study. Statistical analysis to determine differences between temperature measurement sites and techniques (TR, TN and TF), and differences over time were completed using a mixed-effects model with Tukey's multiple comparison or Dunnett's multiple comparison testing where appropriate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Following induction of anesthesia, TF was significantly increased compared with baseline (0 minutes) from 40 to 80 minutes (p < 0.01). No significant differences were detected in TR and TN at any time point compared with baseline (p > 0.05). TF was significantly lower than TN (p < 0.02) at all time points and TR from times 0 to 70 minutes (p < 0.04). There were no significant differences between TR and TN at any time (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In horses undergoing isoflurane GA, TF increased, indicating peripheral heat loss likely because of vasodilation, whereas TR showed a clinically relevant decrease over time. These findings are suggestive of body heat redistribution during GA in horses in dorsal recumbency. Thermographic imaging of the peripheral limbs in combination with TR and TN monitoring allowed for recognition of peripheral heat redistribution in anesthetized horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Anesthetized horses experience peripheral heat loss through their extremities as a result of vasodilation. Mitigating peripheral heat loss may improve thermoregulation and reduce hypothermic complications in anesthetized horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aimee C Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jane M Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Chelsey J Yob
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kirk A Muñoz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Mota-Rojas D, Ogi A, Villanueva-García D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lendez P, Ghezzi M. Thermal Imaging as a Method to Indirectly Assess Peripheral Vascular Integrity and Tissue Viability in Veterinary Medicine: Animal Models and Clinical Applications. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:142. [PMID: 38200873 PMCID: PMC10777915 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technique that indirectly assesses peripheral blood circulation and its resulting amount of radiated heat. Due to these properties, thermal imaging is currently applied in human medicine to noninvasively evaluate peripheral vascular disorders such as thrombosis, thromboembolisms, and other ischemic processes. Moreover, tissular damage (e.g., burn injuries) also causes microvasculature compromise. Therefore, thermography can be applied to determine the degree of damage according to the viability of tissues and blood vessels, and it can also be used as a technique to monitor skin transplant procedures such as grafting and free flaps. The present review aims to summarize and analyze the application of IRT in veterinary medicine as a method to indirectly assess peripheral vascular integrity and its relation to the amount of radiated heat and as a diagnostic technique for tissue viability, degree of damage, and wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Asahi Ogi
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Biological Sciences Department, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Pamela Lendez
- Anatomy Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Anatomy Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
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Lee SH, Cho JH, Kim CH, Lee D. Effect of Rehabilitation in a Dog with Delayed Recovery following TPLO: A Case Report. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2778. [PMID: 37685042 PMCID: PMC10486540 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old neutered Maltese dog weighing 5.1 kg was presented, with a tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on the right hindlimb 42 days prior. The patient's right hind limb showed lameness, intermittent limping, and atrophy, and the patient had not experienced rehabilitation since TPLO surgery. The patient showed a pain reaction at the end of the stifle extension, and an increased body temperature was identified on the medial side of the right hindlimb when compared with the left hindlimb using a digital thermal imaging device. In addition, a type of lameness, only partial weight bearing in the right hindlimb, was also identified during the gait analysis. The pain was relieved by applying a cold pack and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and the patient's weak muscles were strengthened through treadmill exercises. In this study, physical therapy and rehabilitation exercises controlled pain and induced rapid recovery, indicating that rehabilitative intervention is required after TPLO surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ho Lee
- Department of Companion Animal Care, Kyungnam College of Information & Technology, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyeon Cho
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.C.); (C.-H.K.)
| | - Chung-Hui Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.C.); (C.-H.K.)
| | - Dongbin Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.C.); (C.-H.K.)
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Zaha C, Schuszler L, Dascalu R, Nistor P, Florea T, Rujescu C, Sicoe B, Igna C. Thermographic Image of the Hoof Print in Leisure and Cross-Country Warmblood Horses: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:470. [PMID: 37505874 PMCID: PMC10385432 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of veterinary medicine lacks information on equine thermal hoof printing, and few data on the same subject are available in dogs. In human medicine, thermography is used to detect heat emitted by the foot when it comes in contact with a flat surface to detect the abnormalities of the foot balance. The hypothesis states that the thermal pattern of the hoof print in Warmblood horses is detectable and it does not vary among the four limbs in leisure and cross-country Warmblood horses in terms of mean temperature of the hoof print surface. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the accuracy of thermography in temperature detection of the hoof print and to investigate the occurrence of possible differences in the mean value of six selected areas and whether there are any differences in the mean temperature of the hoof print between leisure and cross-country Warmblood horses. METHODS The study included sixty non-lame Warmblood horses with all limbs taken into consideration (n = 240). The selection criteria for the horses were: no alterations in posture and no muscle group asymmetry during visual examination, no lateral or medial deviation of the carpus or hock, no reaction to the flexion tests, negative reactions to the hoof tester, no lameness during walking, trotting or lunging, no anti-inflammatory medication in the last three weeks prior to examination and rectal temperature between 37 °C and 38 °C. The hoof print of each hoof was measured with the horse in the standing position, all four limbs on the ground, using a FLIR E50 thermal camera. Six areas of temperature from the hoof print were taken into consideration, and for each of them, the mean value was identified using FLIR Tools software for photo interpretation. The One-Way ANOVA test was used to test the differences between the mean temperatures obtained for each selected area from all limbs and to compare the hoof print temperature values between the leisure horses and cross-country horses. Data were statistically processed using SAS Studio. RESULTS Thermography can detect the temperature emitted by the hoof but the thermal patterns of the hoof print show no difference for all four studied limbs. No significant statistical differences were noticed between the mean temperatures identified for each studied area. Also, there were no statistical differences between the mean temperature of the selected areas from the forelimbs and hindlimbs from the horses used for leisure and those used for cross-country. Based on this aspect, the mean temperature of one selected area can be determined in any of the four limbs, without visible variations. CONCLUSIONS Thermography can detect the hoof print on a flat surface and the mean temperature for each studied area can be proposed as a reference temperature value. There were no differences in the mean temperature of the hoofprint between leisure and cross-country Warmblood Horses. Further investigations are required to clarify whether there are any differences in the thermal pattern of hoof prints from other breeds or from horses with musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Zaha
- Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Larisa Schuszler
- Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Dascalu
- Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Paula Nistor
- Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiana Florea
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ciprian Rujescu
- Management and Rural Development Department, Faculty of Management and Rural Tourism, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bogdan Sicoe
- Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cornel Igna
- Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Carreira LM. Evaluation of the thermographic response of the lumbar region in dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103610. [PMID: 37356203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermography is suggested as a method of medical assistance for evaluating anatomical regions where there may be some inflammatory or painful condition that requires immediate medical attention. For this reason, this study aimed to characterize digital thermography of the lumbar region in police working dogs with hip osteoarthritis, 47 dogs with bilateral hip osteoarthritis were evaluated. A thermographic dorsoventral view of the dogs' backs were obtained, and mean and maximum temperatures were determined. In addition, results from the Canine Brief Pain Inventory, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs (LOAD), the Canine Orthopedic Index, and weight-bearing distribution evaluation were collected. Results were compared with an Independent Samples T-Test or ANOVA, followed by an LSD post hoc. Multiple regression was run to predict temperatures from age, sex, breed, body weight, and Orthopedic Foundation for Animals hip score and to predict clinical metrology scores and weight-bearing distribution results from temperature results. The sample included 28 males and 19 females, with a mean age of 6.3 ± 2.5 years and bodyweight of 26.9 ± 5.1 kg, with osteoarthritis hip scores of mild (70.2%), moderate (21.3%), and severe (8.5%). Significant differences were observed in mean temperatures between German Shepherd Dogs (GSD) and Labrador Retrievers (LR) (p < 0.01), and LR and Belgian Malinois (BM) (p=0.02). Mean temperature contributed to the prediction of LOAD and stiffness. LR showed significantly higher temperature values than GSD and BM. No differences were observed between osteoarthritis hip scores and mean temperature values contributed to LOAD scores' prediction. This relation needs to be addressed in further studies, involving a larger number of animals, and to determine changes in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal; MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - A Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Lavrador
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - L Miguel Carreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa), Portugal; Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Barreiro, Portugal
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Holanda AGA, Cortez DEA, Queiroz GFD, Matera JM. Applicability of thermography for cancer diagnosis in small animals. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103561. [PMID: 37344014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical thermography is an imaging test used to monitor skin surface temperature. Although it is not a recent technique, significant advances have been made since the 2000s with the equipment modernization, leading to its popularization. In cancer diagnosis, the application of thermography is supported by the difference in thermal distribution between neoplastic processes and adjacent healthy tissue. The mechanisms involved in heat production by cancer cells include neoangiogenesis, increased metabolic rate, vasodilation, and the release of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory substances. Currently, thermography has been widely studied in humans as a screening tool for skin and breast cancer, with positive results. In veterinary medicine, the technique has shown promise and has been described for skin and soft tissue tumors in felines, mammary gland tumors, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumors, and perianal tumors in dogs. This review discusses the fundamentals of the technique, monitoring conditions, and the role of thermography as a complementary diagnostic tool for cancer in veterinary medicine, as well as future perspectives for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Layton R, Layton D, Beggs D, Fisher A, Mansell P, Stanger KJ. The impact of stress and anesthesia on animal models of infectious disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1086003. [PMID: 36816193 PMCID: PMC9933909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1086003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and general anesthesia have an impact on the functional response of the organism due to the detrimental effects on cardiovascular, immunological, and metabolic function, which could limit the organism's response to an infectious event. Animal studies have formed an essential step in understanding and mitigating infectious diseases, as the complexities of physiology and immunity cannot yet be replicated in vivo. Using animals in research continues to come under increasing societal scrutiny, and it is therefore crucial that the welfare of animals used in disease research is optimized to meet both societal expectations and improve scientific outcomes. Everyday management and procedures in animal studies are known to cause stress, which can not only cause poorer welfare outcomes, but also introduces variables in disease studies. Whilst general anesthesia is necessary at times to reduce stress and enhance animal welfare in disease research, evidence of physiological and immunological disruption caused by general anesthesia is increasing. To better understand and quantify the effects of stress and anesthesia on disease study and welfare outcomes, utilizing the most appropriate animal monitoring strategies is imperative. This article aims to analyze recent scientific evidence about the impact of stress and anesthesia as uncontrolled variables, as well as reviewing monitoring strategies and technologies in animal models during infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Layton
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rachel Layton ✉
| | - Daniel Layton
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David Beggs
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Fisher
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Mansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly J. Stanger
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Thermography as a tool to assess training effects in military working dogs. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103441. [PMID: 36796896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Military working dogs are exposed to high levels of physical load during their work, although this is not always evident from their behaviour. This workload causes various physiological changes, including variation in the temperature of the affected body parts. In this preliminary study, we investigated whether thermal changes following the daily work routine of military dogs are detectable by infrared thermography (IRT). The experiment was carried out on eight male German and Belgian shepherd patrol guard dogs performing two training activities, obedience and defence. The surface temperature (Ts) of 12 selected body parts on both body sides was measured with the IRT camera 5 min before, 5 min after and 30 min after training. As predicted, there was a greater increase in Ts (mean of all measured body parts) after defence than after obedience, 5 min (by 1.24 vs. 0.60 °C, P < 0.001) and 30 min after activity (by 0.90vs. 0.57 °C, P < 0.01) compared to pre-activity levels. These findings indicate that defence is more physically demanding than obedience activity. Considering the activities separately, obedience increased Ts 5 min after the activity only in the trunk (P < 0.001) but not in the limbs, whereas defence increased it in all measured body parts (P < 0.001). Ts 30 min after obedience decreased to the pre-activity level in parts at trunk, while in distal parts of the limbs Ts remained elevated. The prolonged elevation in Ts of the limbs after both activities indicates heat flow from the core to the periphery as a thermoregulatory mechanism. The current study suggests that IRT may be a useful tool for assessing physical workload in different body parts of dogs.
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Evaluation of body surface temperature variations in dogs affected by spinal cord injuries during physiotherapy exercise in a water treadmill. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Woo SC, Lee J, Millis DL, Drum MG. Thermographic Evaluation of the Duration of Skin Cooling After Cryotherapy in Dogs Following Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Surgery. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:784327. [PMID: 35433919 PMCID: PMC9009085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.784327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the duration of cooling after cryotherapy on the skin over stifle joints in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery using thermography. Materials and Methods Seventeen client-owned dogs of various breeds were enrolled in the study. Dogs underwent TPLO surgeries, and on the next day, thermal imaging was performed on the operated stifle prior to cryotherapy for baseline. Orthogonal views were repeated at 30-min intervals until the skin over the stifle had thermally equilibrated. An ice pack was applied for 20 min on the medial and lateral aspects of the stifle. Each stifle was then re-imaged every 15 min for the first 60 min then every 30 min subsequently until the temperature was within 1°C of the pre-cryotherapy temperature. Results Mean skin temperature of the medial view showed no significance difference compared to baseline value at 45 min after cryotherapy was discontinued and after 60 min for the lateral and cranial views. Mean skin temperature was overall higher in the medial view compared to the lateral and cranial during the rewarming period (except immediately after cold application). Mean skin temperatures of all views combined showed a significant decrease in temperature during cryotherapy application, with a slow increase until a plateau was reached after 45 min of rewarming. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Dogs undergoing TPLO for cranial cruciate ligament injury showed quicker rewarming period of superficial tissues compared to previous studies. Cryotherapy is a beneficial modality to reduce superficial tissue temperature in dogs undergoing TPLO, acknowledging that these dogs may require more frequent cryotherapy post-operatively due to more rapid rewarming time compared to dogs without surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Woo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Thermal and Circulatory Changes in Diverse Body Regions in Dogs and Cats Evaluated by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060789. [PMID: 35327185 PMCID: PMC8944468 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been proposed as a method for clinical research to detect local inflammatory processes, wounds, neoplasms, pain, and neuropathies. However, evidence of the effectiveness of the thermal windows used in dogs and cats is discrepant. This review aims to analyze and discuss the usefulness of IRT in diverse body regions in household animals (pets) related to recent scientific evidence on the use of the facial, body, and appendicular thermal windows. IRT is a diagnostic method that evaluates thermal and circulatory changes under different clinical conditions. For the face, structures such as the lacrimal caruncle, ocular area, and pinna are sensitive to assessments of stress degrees, but only the ocular window has been validated in felines. The usefulness of body and appendicular thermal windows has not been conclusively demonstrated because evidence indicates that biological and environmental factors may strongly influence thermal responses in those body regions. The above has led to proposals to evaluate specific muscles that receive high circulation, such as the bicepsfemoris and gracilis. The neck area, perivulvar, and perianal regions may also prove to be useful thermal windows, but their degree of statistical reliability must be established. In conclusion, IRT is a non-invasive technique that can be used to diagnose inflammatory and neoplastic conditions early. However, additional research is required to establish the sensitivity and specificity of these thermal windows and validate their clinical use in dogs and cats.
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Jones GMC, Pitsillides AA, Meeson RL. Moving Beyond the Limits of Detection: The Past, the Present, and the Future of Diagnostic Imaging in Canine Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:789898. [PMID: 35372534 PMCID: PMC8964951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.789898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, characterized as the chronic, painful end-point of a synovial joint with limited therapeutic options other than palliative pain control or surgical salvage. Since the 1970s, radiography has been the standard-of-care for the imaging diagnosis of OA, despite its known limitations. As newer technologies have been developed, the limits of detection have lowered, allowing for the identification of earlier stages of OA. Identification of OA at a stage where it is potentially reversible still remains elusive, however, yet there is hope that newer technologies may be able to close this gap. In this article, we review the changes in the imaging of canine OA over the past 50 years and give a speculative view on future innovations which may provide for earlier identification, with the ultimate goal of repositioning the limit of detection to cross the threshold of this potentially reversible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M. C. Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biological Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Meeson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Tekin K, İnanç ME, Özen D, Cil B, Olğaç KT, Yılmaz B, Taşdemir U, Tuncer PB, Büyükleblebici S, Daşkın A, Uysal O, Stelletta C. Use of Infrared Thermography during Ejaculation Process and Its Link with Semen Quality and Freezability in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113023. [PMID: 34827755 PMCID: PMC8614508 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Scientific attention to infrared technology has grown over the last decade. Remote and non-invasive monitoring techniques are of great importance in discovering ejaculation response and future trends because of their role in vascular flux regulation. However, detailed information about its use in andrology has yet to be fully explained. Therefore, we aimed to reveal information about the amount of sperm to be obtained by observing stress levels with non-invasive eye temperature measurement, and the relationship between various reproductive temperature patterns and parameters of the animal’s various physiological conditions such as age, body condition, total ejaculation time and testicular volume. Abstract This study aimed to describe the thermal variation of external reproductive tracts during ejaculation in relation to sperm quality in dogs. Forty-six adult fertile dogs were monitored using a thermal camera before, during and after the semen collection, taking into account penile and scrotal temperatures as reproductive thermal patterns while eye and perianal temperatures were recorded as complementary thermal patterns of behavioral response. The parameters were classified depending on age (≤4 years and >4 years), body weight (BW) (≤75 kg and >75 kg), sperm concentration (CON) (≤300 million and >300 million), total testicular volume (TTV) (≤600 cm3 and >600 cm3) and total ejaculation time (TET) (≤800 s and >800 s) of the animals from which semen was collected successfully. Heavier males (p < 0.05) that have more consistent testicles (p < 0.01) as well as quicker ejaculate responders (p < 0.001) and lower scrotal temperature had better semen (Δ motility) freezability. The lower eye temperature prior to the ejaculation (p < 0.01), lower scrotal temperature following ejaculation (p < 0.01), and conversely, higher penile temperature during the ejaculation (p < 0.001) had a higher sperm concentration. Furthermore, the sperm freezability was negatively correlated with total ejaculation time (r = −0.39, p < 0.05) and sperm abnormalities were lower in the ejaculate of dogs having a higher temperature of the scrotum, bulbus and penis. In conclusion, infrared monitoring throughout semen collection in dogs can provide information on behavioral reactions during human manipulation, as well as semen quality and testicular functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Tekin
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Muhammed Enes İnanç
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey;
| | - Doğukan Özen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey;
| | - Beste Cil
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Kemal Tuna Olğaç
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Burak Yılmaz
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Umut Taşdemir
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Turkey;
| | - Pürhan Barbaros Tuncer
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; (P.B.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Serhat Büyükleblebici
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; (P.B.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Ali Daşkın
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Ongun Uysal
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
| | - Calogero Stelletta
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 68100, Turkey; (K.T.); (B.C.); (K.T.O.); (B.Y.); (A.D.); (O.U.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Changes in Body Surface Temperature Associated with High-Speed Treadmill Exercise in Beagle Dogs Measured by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102982. [PMID: 34680001 PMCID: PMC8532751 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat exchange between the body surface and the external environment plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature in animals. Previous studies on the effect of exercise on the distribution of body surface temperature in dogs have been conducted on a variety of breeds and did not employ specific defined regions of interest. The aim of our research was to assess the influence of high-speed treadmill exercise on body surface temperature using infrared thermography in selected body regions of healthy Beagle dogs, taking into account gait and recovery time. The study was based exclusively on the Beagle breed, which presents short, uniform, and straight hair, conducting heat more readily from the skin. Statistical analysis indicated the highest temperature at the upper forearm and thigh, and the lowest on the croup, back, and neck. The peak surface temperature values in all examined areas were observed after the canter and the post-gallop walk, and the lowest were observed 2 h after exercise. Our study confirms that the body surface temperature of Beagle dogs is influenced by high-speed physical exercise on a treadmill as a result of muscle activity and changes in blood flow. The proximal forelimb and hindlimb were the most influenced by exercise. Abstract Evaluation of body surface temperature change in response to exercise is important for monitoring physiological status. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of high-speed treadmill exercise on body surface temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in selected body regions of healthy Beagle dogs, taking into account gait and recovery time. Thermographic images of the dogs were taken before exercise (BE), after walk (AW), after trot (AT), after canter (AC), just after second walk (JAE), 5 min after exercise (5 AE), 15 min after exercise (15 AE), 30 min after exercise (30 AE), 45 min after exercise (45 AE), and 120 min after exercise (120 AE). Body surface temperature was measured at the neck, shoulder, upper forearm, back, chest, croup, and thigh. Statistical analysis indicated the highest temperature at the upper forearm, shoulder, and thigh, and the lowest on the croup, back, and neck. The peak values of surface temperature in all ROIs were at AC and JAE and the lowest at 120 AE. The study demonstrated that body surface temperature was influenced by high-speed physical exercise on a treadmill and IRT was a viable imaging modality that provided temperature data from specific body regions. The proximal forelimb and hindlimb were the most influenced by exercise.
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16
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Farley CM, Kaynaroglu P, Magness D, Riegel RJ, Otto CM. Thermal Imaging Following Exercise in Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:705478. [PMID: 34552972 PMCID: PMC8450497 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.705478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaster search dogs traverse diverse and unstable surfaces found in collapsed buildings. It is unknown if the physical conditioning on a treadmill involves the same muscle groups that are involved in rubble search. This 14-week prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate changes within the thermal gradients of specific dog muscles following treadmill compared to rubble search. Nine dogs, ranging in age from 6 months to 4 years, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each week the two groups would participate in either 20 min of treadmill or rubble searches. Prior to exercise, the dogs were weighed and then kenneled in a temperature-controlled study room for 20 min at 21°C. Pre-exercise thermal images were then captured of the standing dog from the dorsal, left and right lateral, and caudal perspectives, and of the sitting dog from the rostral perspective. Following a 10-min warm-up period of stretches, dogs proceeded to either treadmill or search. Upon completion, dogs were kenneled in the study room for 20 min prior to post-exercise thermal images. Images were sectioned into 22 muscle regions, the pre-exercise images were subtracted from the post-exercise images to determine the temperature difference (ΔT) for that dog, on that day, for that activity. Thermography measures radiant energy, temperature, and converts this information into an image. This study looked at ΔT within a region pre and post-exercise. The study failed to find a statistically significant difference in the ΔT within each muscle group between treadmill and search activities. There was a decrease in ΔT within all muscle regions over the of the study except for the right cranial shoulder, right caudal shoulder, and right hamstring for the treadmill activity only. The decrease was significant in the pelvis, left longissimus, right cranial shoulder for the search activity, left oblique, left caudal shoulder, and left quadricep muscular regions. These findings suggest that ΔT in muscle groups are similar between treadmill exercise and rubble search. Regardless of the exercise type, 14 weeks of structured Search and Rescue training and treadmill exercise resulted in less ΔT associated with a structured weekly exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calan M Farley
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Kaynaroglu
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Donna Magness
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zanuto EBM, Melo SR, Januário EV, Fernandes GAAL, Matera JM. Diagnostic Value and Application of Infrared Thermography in the Analysis of Circumanal Gland Tumors. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:692221. [PMID: 34386537 PMCID: PMC8354560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, circumanal tumors are the third most common skin neoplasm. Circumanal gland adenomas (CAGAs) have a good prognosis. Contrastingly, circumanal gland adenocarcinomas (CAGAC) have high relapse rates and may be metastatic. This study aimed to investigate the utility of thermal imaging as an ancillary modality for the diagnosis of canine CAGA and CAGAC. We analyzed the following parameters: SpT, temperature measured at the tumor center; SpNT, temperature measured at a healthy sphincter skin spot distant from the tumor; TA, temperature measured at a tumor-encompassing ellipse-shaped area; and NTA, temperature measured at an ellipse-shaped area of the healthy sphincter skin distant from the tumor. In CAGAs, the mean SpT and SpNT temperature values differed by −1.45°C (p < 0.01) while the mean TA and NTA temperature values differed by −0.96°C (p < 0.05). In CAGACs, mean SpT and SpNT temperatures differed by −1.71°C (p < 0.01) while the mean TA and NTA temperatures differed by −1.69°C (p < 0.01). The mean SpT and TA temperature values measured in CAGAs and CAGACs differed by −0.10°C (p = 0.87) and 0.52°C (p = 0.38), respectively. Both tumors were colder than healthy sphincter skin. However, a substantial number of CAGACs were colder than CAGAs. Temperature differences ≥ 1°C between tumors and healthy sphincter skin increased the probability of CAGAC diagnosis by 17.45%. Thermal imaging allowed discrimination between healthy and tumoral tissues; therefore, it could be a good ancillary diagnostic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B M Zanuto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samanta R Melo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric V Januário
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julia M Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Angulo HL, Bach J, Snyder C, Walker J. Thermographic imaging in a dog with macroglossia from an encircling, strangulating lingual linear foreign body. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100556. [PMID: 34273587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A dog presented 16 hours after an acute onset of severe generalized lingual swelling from an unknown cause. The dog had recently chewed a deer carcass. Initial physical examination and diagnostic testing did not reveal an underlying cause, and supportive care was provided. After 16 hours of hospitalization strangulating organic foreign material was found at the base of the tongue and removed. Macroglossia and secondary superficial lingual necrosis were successfully managed with supportive care while the patient was hospitalized. Thermographic imaging was used and indicated lingual hypothermia and subsequent normothermia, before and after removal of the linear foreign body respectively. Histopathologic analysis revealed the foreign body consisted of degenerate and autolyzed collagenous connective tissue, likely representing tissues such as tendon, fascia or a large thick-walled blood vessel which was suspected to have been consumed from the deer carcass. Thermographic imaging was employed and demonstrated to be consistent with hypoperfusion (hypothermia) of the affected tissue. Thermographic imaging adds value as an additional diagnostic tool for conditions with compromised blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Lizardo Angulo
- Dept of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan Bach
- Dept of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Christopher Snyder
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Julie Walker
- Dept of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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19
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The examination of biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250329. [PMID: 34153061 PMCID: PMC8216546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses (Polish primitive horses). According to the authors, this is the first assessment performed on such a wide scale in this group of animals. The evaluation carried out is innovative both with regards to the breed of the animals and the wide scope of the physicochemical skin assessment. The study group comprised mares, stallions and geldings, and the evaluations concerned transepidermal water loss, corneometry, pH, skin temperature assessment and mexametry. These parameters were assessed in five skin regions: the lips, the right ear, the prosternum, the right side of the neck and the chest. The measurements were taken after spreading the hair apart, with the use of a Multiprobe Adapter System (MPA®) and dedicated probes (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany). The measurements revealed statistically significant differences in the values of transepidermal water loss in the lips in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.023) and also in stallions compared with geldings (P = 0.009). Corneometry showed significantly higher results in the neck region in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.037) and the prosternum areas in mares and geldings compared with stallions (P = 0.037 and P = 0.018). Skin pH measurement on the right side of the neck rendered significantly higher values in stallions than in mares (P = 0.037). In geldings, the skin temperature was significantly higher than in stallions (P = 0.049). Once the appropriate physicochemical values for specific animal species and breeds are determined, non-invasive methods of skin examination in many diseases and also methods of evaluation of the efficacy and/or adverse effects of applied medications can be established.
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study set out to determine the average temperature of skin and soft tissue tumors in cats using infrared thermography and to investigate correlations between thermographic findings and tumor type. Correlations between thermographic findings, histologic subtype and tumor grade were also investigated in cases of feline injection site sarcoma (FISS). METHODS Thermographic images of normal skin and skin overlying neoplastic lesions were prospectively obtained. Following thermographic assessment, tumors were resected and submitted to histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Mean temperatures detected in tumoral areas were compared between different tumor types and between FISSs of different histologic subtypes and grades. RESULTS Thermograms obtained from 11 healthy cats and 31 cats presenting with skin and soft tissue tumors (eight benign and 23 malignant tumors, including 21 FISSs) were evaluated in this study. Thermal behavior varied widely in normal skin, as well as in skin overlying neoplastic lesions. Mean temperatures were significantly higher in malignant compared with benign tumors (35.4 ± 1.8ºC and 34.5 ± 1.7ºC respectively; P = 0.01), with a temperature above 34.7ºC being associated with malignancy (sensitivity 76%, specificity 80%; P = 0.01). Temperatures detected in FISS did not differ significantly according to histologic subtype (P = 0.91) or tumor grade (P = 0.46), or between primary and recurring tumors (P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Infrared thermography proved to be a sensitive and effective method for detection of temperature differences between malignant and benign skin and soft tissue tumors in cats. Thermographic assessment may contribute to diagnosis and prognostic estimation in feline oncologic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Carreira LM. Evaluation of digital thermography imaging to assess and monitor treatment of police working dogs with naturally occurring hip osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:180. [PMID: 33933090 PMCID: PMC8088695 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs, thermal imaging has been documented only recently, but a growing interest in this modality has led to studies using thermography to assess pathologies in the canine hip, stifle, elbow, intervertebral disc, and bone neoplasia. This study aimed to evaluate the use of digital thermography in assessing and evaluating treatment response in dogs with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and comparing its results with an objective measure and two clinical metrology instruments. In an experimental, randomized, double-blinded study, one hundred hip joints of fifty police working dogs with bilateral hip OA were evaluated. A dorsoventral and lateral thermographic image were obtained on days 0, 8, 15, 30, 90, and 180. Mean and maximal temperatures were determined. Additionally, the animal's weight-bearing distribution and radiographic examination of the hip joint (extended legs ventrodorsal view) were performed. Copies of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and Canine Orthopaedic Index (COI) were obtained. Results were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by an LSD post-hoc test, and correlations were assessed with Spearman correlation coefficient, with p < 0.05. RESULTS Values recorded on the lateral view were higher than those on the dorsoventral view. No differences or correlations were found between Orthopedic Foundation for Animals hip grades and temperature. Digital thermographic images showed a weak significant correlation with weight-bearing evaluations (r = 0.13, p < 0.01) and different clinical metrology instruments scores (r = - 0.25, p < 0.01 for pain severity score, and r = - 0.21, p = 0.04 for gait). It also correlated with radiographic findings, specifically the circumferential femoral head osteophyte and caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study presenting the digital thermography assessment of Police working dogs submitted to treatment for hip OA. Digital thermography, mainly based on a lateral view evaluation, showed a weak significant correlation with stance analysis and clinical metrology instruments scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal. .,MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - A Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Lavrador
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - L Miguel Carreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA) - University of Lisbon, (FMV/ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.,Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Barreiro, Portugal
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22
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Valentini S, Bruno E, Nanni C, Musella V, Antonucci M, Spinella G. Superficial Heating Evaluation by Thermographic Imaging before and after Tecar Therapy in Six Dogs Submitted to a Rehabilitation Protocol: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:249. [PMID: 33498480 PMCID: PMC7909562 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic method commonly used to monitor changes of the body surface temperature potentially induced by different conditions such as fever, inflammation, trauma, or changes of tissue perfusion. Capacitive-resistive diathermy therapy (such as energy transfer capacitive and resistive-Tecar) is commonly used in rehabilitation due to its diathemic effect secondary to blood circulation increase that could accelerate the healing process. The aim of this study was to monitor by thermal camera the diathermic effects induced by Tecar on the surface of the region of application. The investigation was conducted on six dogs referred for Tecar therapy to treat muscle contractures (three dogs) or osteoarthritis (three dogs). Eleven anatomical treated regions were recorded. Thermographic images and relative measurements were obtained by each region immediately before (T0), at conclusion (T1), and sixty seconds after the Tecar application (T2). Data were recorded and statistically analyzed. A comparison of temperature differences (maximum, minimum and mean values) between T0 and T1, T0 and T2, and T1 and T2 was performed by ANOVA test with Bonferroni post hoc (p ≤ 0.05). Statistically significant differences were detected for mean temperature between T0 (32.42 ± 1.57 °C) and T1 (33.36 ± 1.17 °C) (p = 0.040) and between T1 and T2 (32.83 ± 1.31 °C) (p = 0.031). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the mean temperature at T0 and T2, demonstrating that superficial diathermic effect exhausted within 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Valentini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bruno
- Veterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi”, Anzola dell’Emilia, 40011 Bologna, Italy; (E.B.); (C.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Caterina Nanni
- Veterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi”, Anzola dell’Emilia, 40011 Bologna, Italy; (E.B.); (C.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Michela Antonucci
- Veterinary Hospital “I Portoni Rossi”, Anzola dell’Emilia, 40011 Bologna, Italy; (E.B.); (C.N.); (M.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Spinella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
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Alves JCA, dos Santos AMMP, Jorge PIF, Branco Lavrador CTV, Carreira LM. Thermographic imaging of police working dogs with bilateral naturally occurring hip osteoarthritis. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:60. [PMID: 33172488 PMCID: PMC7653793 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital thermal imaging is a physiologic, non-invasive, contactless, and non-radiating diagnostic tool that can assess a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions, including hip osteoarthritis (HOA). Fifty police working dogs were evaluated to compare the dorsoventral (DV) and lateral (LT) thermographic images in dogs with naturally occurring bilateral HOA. A DV, and left and right lateral LT images were obtained for each animal in six different moments. They were positioned standing in a symmetrical upright position for the DV view. Each image included the area from the last lumbar to the first coccygeal vertebrae. Each LT view was set with the greater trochanter in the centre of the image. Images were taken with a thermographic camera from a distance of 60 cm. Mean and maximal temperatures were recorded, analyzed with ANOVA, dependent samples t-test, and Spearman correlation, with P < 0.05. Results Nine hundred images were considered, collected from 30 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.2 years and bodyweight of 26.7 ± 5.3 kg. The overall value recorded on the DV view was 25.3º ± 9.1 and 28.4º ± 2.8 on the lateral view. These were significantly different (P < 0.01) and with a low correlation (r = 0.10, P = 0.03). German Shepard dogs showed significantly lower values on all views than other breeds (P < 0.01), and heavier dogs had higher values on the lateral view. Conclusions This is the first study that describes digital thermography's diagnostic use to evaluate working dogs with naturally occurring HOA, comparing two different views. Future studies should address each one's value in the diagnosis and response to treatment of this disease.
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Alves JC, Santos A, Jorge P, Lavrador C, Carreira LM. Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:425. [PMID: 33160336 PMCID: PMC7648415 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly diagnosed joint disease in veterinary medicine, with at least 80% of the cases of lameness and joint diseases in companion animals being classified as OA. Sporting and working animals are more predisposed to develop OA since they are exposed to chronic fatigue injuries, leading to bone and muscular tissue damage and failure, resulting in clinical signs. To characterize the clinical signs and diagnostic findings of Police working dogs presenting with bilateral hip OA at the time of diagnosis. Fifty animals were evaluated with a bodyweight ≥ 15 kg, be older than two years, and without any medication or nutritional supplements for ≥ 6 weeks. Results Weight distribution, joint range of motion at flexion and extension, thigh girth, digital thermography, and radiographic signs were collected. Data from different Clinical Metrology Instruments (CMI) were collected: Canine Brief Pain Inventory, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs, Canine Orthopedic Index, and the Hudson Visual Analogue Scale. Results were compared by breed, age, sex, and Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals hip grades with the Independent Samples T-Test, ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test, and Pearson correlation coefficient, with p < 0.05. The sample included 30 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.4 years and a bodyweight of 26.7 ± 5.2 kg. Animals with weight distribution below normal levels had significant variations of joint extension and function scores. This evaluation was the only not correlated with at least one breed. Animals with caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte showed a poorer clinical presentation and worse scores in all considered CMIs. Radiographic changes correlated with age and corresponded to worse CMIs scores and weight distribution. Dutch Shepherd Dogs showed better CMI scores than the other considered breeds. Conclusions Police working dogs presented with complaints related to hip OA at an early stage of the disease. Hip scores influenced clinical presentation, with moderate cases showing lower thigh girth and worse pain interference and severity, and function scores than mild cases. Patients with severe OA had lower thermographic evaluations than patients with moderate OA. Age was the primary variable influencing considered CMI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal. .,MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora , Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - A Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Lavrador
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora , Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - L Miguel Carreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, FMV/ULisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Barreiro, Portugal
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25
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Casas-Alvarado A, Mota-Rojas D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Reyes-Sotelo B, Martínez-Burnes J. Advances in infrared thermography: Surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102664. [PMID: 32888567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the main functions of infrared thermography (IRT) consists in detecting temperature changes in organisms caused by variations in surface blood circulation. IRT is a useful tool that has been used mainly as a diagnostic method for various stress-causing pathologies, though recent suggestions indicate that it can be used to assess the block quality of certain body regions. In the field of anaesthesiology, IRT has been applied to brachial and epidural blocks, while in algology, changes in surface blood circulation associated with sympathetic activity have been investigated. Thermography has also been employed to complement pain level scales based on the facial expressions of patients in critical condition, or after surgery. In addition, it has been used as a tool in research designed to evaluate different surgical procedures in human medicine, as in the case of surgical burrs for placing dental implants, where IRT helps assess the degree of heating associated with bone devascularisation, reduction in vascular perfusion as a consequence of stroke, and changes in the autonomous nervous system, or the degree of vascular changes in flaps applied to burn patients. In veterinary medicine, thermography has brought several benefits for animals in terms of evaluating lesions, diseases, and surgical procedures. The aim of this review is to evaluate how IRT can be used as a tool in surgical procedures, cases of vascular change, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine with an emphasis on small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Master in Science Program "Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias", Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anaesthesia, Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Sciences Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Subdirección de Investigación Biotecnológica, Dpto. Bioterio y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Subdirección de Investigación Biotecnológica, Dpto. Bioterio y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Reyes-Sotelo
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Graduate and Research Department, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Repac J, Alvarez LX, Lamb K, Gillette RL. Evaluation of Thermographic Imaging in Canine Hindlimb Muscles After 6 Min of Walking-A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:224. [PMID: 32426382 PMCID: PMC7203338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate changes in superficial temperature of hindlimb muscles before and after a 6-min walk in healthy dogs. Methods: Two infrared thermographic images were captured of the proximal and distal hindlimbs of 11 healthy dogs before and after a 6-min walk. Orthopedic exam and objective gait analysis confirmed the healthy status of study subjects. Superficial temperatures of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and gracilis were assessed. Analysis of images was performed using 2 different methods of region of interest (ROI) selection. ROI were selected first using one point (single pixel) in the muscle and then separately by selecting a line (LN) corresponding to many points of each muscle belly from which an average was taken. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was no significant change in temperature using point ROI before and after 6 min of walking of the gastrocnemius, gracilis, and biceps femoris muscles (p = 0.273, p = 0.349, p = 0.351, respectively). Using linear ROI, both biceps femoris and gracilis muscles exhibited significant increases in temperature (p < 0.0001, p = 0.032, respectively). There was no significant increase in temperature of gastrocnemius muscle for both point and linear ROI selection (p = 0.273, p = 0.448, respectively). The right biceps femoris temperatures were higher compared to left biceps femoris using the linear ROI before and after walks (p < 0.0001). The overall (left and right limbs pooled) standard deviation of point selected values were greater than LN selected values of the biceps femoris (1.35 and 1.11) and gastrocnemius (1.51 and 1.23). In contrast, standard deviation for the gracilis measurements were decreased using point selection vs. LN selection (1.09 and 1.3). Conclusions: The biceps femoris and gracilis muscles demonstrated significant increases in surface temperature after 6 min of walking using the linear method of ROI. Measurement of numerous points along the entire length of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles may provide a more accurate assessment of the increased vascularity within the tissues resulting from work compared to single point selection. Clinical Significance: Prior activity and ROI selection method should be considered when interpreting thermography results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Repac
- The Animal Medical Center, Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine Department, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leilani X Alvarez
- The Animal Medical Center, Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine Department, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ken Lamb
- Lamb Statistical Consulting and Scientific Writing LLC, West Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Robert L Gillette
- Sportsvet Veterinary Consulting Services, Lancaster, SC, United States
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Sung J, Loughin C, Marino D, Leyva F, Dewey C, Umbaugh S, Lesser M. Medical infrared thermal imaging of canine appendicular bone neoplasia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:430. [PMID: 31796069 PMCID: PMC6889724 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) is a noninvasive imaging modality used in veterinary medicine as a screening tool for musculoskeletal and neurological disease processes. An infrared camera measures the surface body heat and produces a color map that represents the heat distribution. Local trauma or disease can impair the autonomic nervous system, which leads to changes in the local dermal microcirculation and subsequent alteration of surface body heat. Disruption of autonomic flow to the cutaneous vasculature at deeper levels can also result in asymmetric thermographic results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface temperature differences between limbs affected by bone neoplasia and their normal contralateral limbs. Results A statistically significant difference in average temperature was noted between regions of interest of the two groups (paired difference: 0.53 C° ± 0.14; P = 0.0005). In addition, pattern recognition analysis yielded a 75–100% success rate in lesion identification. Conclusions Significant alterations noted with average temperature and thermographic patterns indicate that MITI can document discernible changes associated with the presence of canine appendicular bone tumors. While MITI cannot be used as the sole diagnostic tool for bone cancer, it can be used as a screening modality and may be applicable in early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sung
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - C Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - D Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA.
| | - F Leyva
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY, 11803, USA
| | - C Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Box 33, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - S Umbaugh
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62062, USA
| | - M Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
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28
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Quantifying body surface temperature differences in canine coat types using infrared thermography. J Therm Biol 2019; 82:18-22. [PMID: 31128646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used to assess the health of canines by measuring surface temperatures. However, little is known about the effect hair coat differences has on expected surface temperature in healthy canines under the influence of hair coat differences. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of coat characteristics in body surface temperature (BST) in canines (Canis lupus familiaris). To determine the changes in BST, an infrared thermal imaging camera (i.e. FLIR B400) was used. Thermal images of the left and right sides of privately-owned dogs (n = 50) were acquired. Each animal acclimated in an indoor environment away from direct sunlight (23 ± 2.0 °C) for 15 min, and images were taken at a distance 0.67 ± 0.24 m. Regions of interest (ROIs) of mean surface temperatures were examined across the lateral surface of each animal. No statistical differences were detected based on laterality (P = 0.08). Mean BSTs were categorized by each dog's hair coat type: short coat (SC), curly coat (CC), long coat (LC), and double coat (DC). These BSTs were then analyzed using two-way analysis of variance, or ANOVA, (Shapiro-Wilk) and pairwise comparison. SC animals had the highest BST (31.77 ± 0.19 °C; P < 0.001) whereas LC (28.14 ± 0.31 °C; P < 0.001) and DC animals (28.25 ± 0.23 °C; P < 0.001) were lower in BST. CC animals portrayed intermediate BST (29.85 ± 0.33 °C; P < 0.001). The Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA between rectal temperature and BST and coat type were not statistically significant (r = -0.24 and P = 0.07, respectively). Results indicate that short-haired dogs exhibit a more drastic increase in BST (approximately 2 °C) in comparison to other dogs and this should be considered in future clinical applications.
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29
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Monitoring foot surface temperature using infrared thermal imaging for assessment of hoof health status in cattle: A review. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:10-21. [PMID: 30509624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection of lameness early in cows is important from the animal welfare point of view and for reducing economic losses. Currently, many studies are being conducted for assessment of hoof health status by measuring the surface temperature of skin in cattle and other animal species in different parts of the world. Infrared Thermography (IRT) is able to detect lesions of hooves associated with lameness by measuring the changes in coronary band and hoof skin surface temperature. The surface temperature of a lame limb will be increased when the hoof has lesion(s). IRT has been used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of hoof lesions based on the temperature difference between affected and non-affected hoof and maximum foot temperature on the regions of interest. In spite of having many potential applications in cattle production, factors affecting the temperature readings in thermograms must also are considered while taking images. Standard operating procedures must be established before taking thermographs under different circumstances, by considering all the factors that affect its normal function. IRT may help in minimising the cost of veterinary services, low yield, compromised fertility and culling expenses, where lameness cannot be resolved in early stages.
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30
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Pouzot-Nevoret C, Barthélemy A, Goy-Thollot I, Boselli E, Cambournac M, Guillaumin J, Bonnet-Garin JM, Allaouchiche B. Infrared thermography: a rapid and accurate technique to detect feline aortic thromboembolism. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:780-785. [PMID: 28948905 PMCID: PMC11104137 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17732485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermography in cats with acute pelvic paralysis to differentiate feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE) from non-ischaemic conditions. Methods Thermographic images were prospectively obtained at admission from cats presented for acute bilateral pelvic paralysis. Based on the final diagnosis, cats were divided into a FATE and a control group (ischaemic and non-ischaemic related pelvic paralysis, respectively). The maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and average (Tav) temperatures were determined for each of the four limbs within a hand-drawn region of interest on the dorsal limb extremity. Temperature differences between the forelimb (non-affected) and hindlimb (affected) with the highest temperature (ΔT), with the lowest temperature (δT) and from the right and left side (RightΔT and LeftΔT, respectively) were calculated. Results The FATE and control groups included 10 and six cats, respectively. In the FATE group, right hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 1.9), left hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 2.2) and mean Tav (22.7°C ± 2.2) were significantly lower than in the control group (26.6°C ± 3.5 [ P = 0.042]; 26.6°C ± 2.4°C [ P = 0.024] and 25.7°C ± 2.0 [ P = 0.020], respectively). ΔT, δT, RightΔT and LeftΔT were significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group. A cut-off value of 2.4°C for RightΔTmax and LeftΔTmax allowed discrimination between the FATE and control groups with a sensitivity of 80% and 90%, respectively, a specificity of 100% for both, a positive predictive value of 100% for both, and a negative predictive value of 75% and 86%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance A minimal difference of 2.4°C between ipsilateral affected and non-affected limbs has an excellent specificity and high sensitivity for FATE diagnosis. Infrared thermography seems to be a promising, useful, easy, non-invasive and rapid method for detecting aortic thromboembolism in cats, particularly in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | | | - Maxime Cambournac
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Civilian Hospital of Lyon, Central Hospital of South Lyon, Medical Resuscitation Service, Pierre-Bénite, France
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O'Brien C, Berglund LG. Predicting recovery from exertional heat strain in military working dogs. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:45-51. [PMID: 30143296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A two-compartment (core, skin) rational Canine Thermal Model (CTM) of thermal-physiological responses was developed to predict the core temperature (Tc) of a military working dog (MWD) during recovery from exertional heat stress. Heat storage is represented as the balance among heat loss mechanisms, heat gain from the environment, and heat production from metabolism. Inputs to the CTM include environmental conditions (ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed), physical characteristics of the dog (weight, length), and metabolic rate. The CTM was validated against Tc of 16 MWDs measured in a previous study, where training was conducted in October (24 °C, 52% RH), March (14 °C, 74% RH), and August (28 °C, 64% RH). Measured and CTM-simulated Tc were compared at 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. The CTM was considered acceptable if it was within 0.5 °C of measured Tc for 80% of cases. This occurred in 92% of 37 cases after 30 min recovery, and 86% of 29 cases after 60 min. The mean difference between CTM-simulated and measured Tc was - 0.01 °C at 30 min recovery, with 2 of 37 cases falling outside the range of two standard deviations (Bland Altman comparison). After 60 min recovery the difference was 0.05 °C, with 4 of 29 cases outside the range of acceptance. The root mean squared deviation between CTM-simulated and measured Tc for all time points was 0.3 °C ± 0.3 °C. For comparison, the mean ± standard deviation of resting Tc was 38.2 °C ± 0.3 °C and at peak Tc was 39.4 °C ± 0.7 °C. For this population, the CTM is a valid method for simulating recovery from exertional heat stress. It can be used to develop work / rest cycles during activity in hot environments, and to compare rates of recovery across different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O'Brien
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA.
| | - Larry G Berglund
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA
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Garcia EFV, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Sackman J, Umbaugh SE, Fu J, Subedi S, Lesser ML, Akerman M, Schossler JEW. Medical infrared imaging and orthostatic analysis to determine lameness in the pelvic limbs of dogs. Open Vet J 2017; 7:342-348. [PMID: 29296594 PMCID: PMC5738888 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle lameness makes it difficult to ascertain which is the affected limb. A study was conducted to investigate a change in the thermal pattern and temperature of the thermal image of the paw print in a lame pelvic limb compared to a non-lame pelvic limb of dogs confirmed by orthostatic analysis. Fourteen client owned dogs with a unilateral pelvic limb lameness and 14 healthy employee dogs were examined and the pelvic limbs radiographed. Thermal images of the paw print were taken after each dog was kept in a static position on a foam mat for 30 seconds. Average temperatures and thermographic patterns were analyzed. Analysis was performed in a static position. The asymmetry index for each stance variable and optimal cutoff point for the peak vertical force and thermal image temperatures were calculated. Image pattern analysis revealed 88% success in differentiating the lame group, and 100% in identifying the same thermal pattern in the healthy group. The mean of the peak vertical force revealed a 10.0% difference between the left and right pelvic limb in healthy dogs and a 72.4% between the lame and non-lame limb in the lame dog group. Asymmetry index analysis revealed 5% in the healthy group and 36.2% in the lame group. The optimal cutoff point for the peak vertical force to determine lameness was 41.77% (AUC = 0.93) and for MII 0.943% (AUC = 0.72). The results of this study highlight the change in the thermal pattern of the paw print in the lame pelvic limb compared to a non-lame pelvic limb in the lame group and the healthy group. Medical infrared imaging of the paw prints can be utilized to screen for the lame limb in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernanda V Garcia
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Catherine A Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Dominic J Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Joseph Sackman
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 South Service Road, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
| | - Scott E Umbaugh
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Jiyuan Fu
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Samrut Subedi
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1801, USA
| | - Martin L Lesser
- North Shore - LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Meredith Akerman
- North Shore - LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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33
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Monitoring changes in body surface temperature associated with treadmill exercise in dogs by use of infrared methodology. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Küls N, Blissitt KJ, Shaw DJ, Schöffmann G, Clutton RE. Thermography as an early predictive measurement for evaluating epidural and femoral-sciatic block success in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1198-1207. [PMID: 29037799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate skin temperature increase as an early predictive measure for evaluating epidural and femoral-sciatic block success in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 29 dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery on one hindlimb. METHODS Dogs were anaesthetized and placed into lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost and the coat was clipped. Baseline infrared thermographic images (T0) of the affected limb, of the paw pad of the affected leg and of the ipsilateral paw pad were taken. Subsequently, dogs were administered either an epidural (EPI; n=11) or a femoral-sciatic block (FS; n=18) using bupivacaine 1 mg kg-1. Then, 2 minutes after placement of the block, thermographic images were obtained every 3 minutes for a total of four measurements (T1-T4) and surgery was commenced. Rescue analgesia consisting of fentanyl 1 μg kg-1 was administered if needed. A regional block was considered successful if the dose of fentanyl administered was less than the lower 95% confidence interval of the geometric mean of the total fentanyl used in each group. A ≥ 1 °C increase of skin temperature was considered as the minimum increase required for detection of a successful block. RESULTS A total of 12 out of 18 blocks in the FS and eight of 11 in the EPI group were considered successful based on fentanyl consumption. Out of these, only four of 12 in the FS and one of eight in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C. Contrarily, four of six of the nonsuccessful cases in the FS and three of three in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to reports in humans, thermography did not indicate regional block success prior to surgery in dogs. However further studies under more controlled conditions are needed to determine whether thermography can be used to indicate failure of regional blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Küls
- Department for Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Care, The Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karen J Blissitt
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Darren J Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Gudrun Schöffmann
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard E Clutton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Rekant SI, Lyons MA, Pacheco JM, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Veterinary applications of infrared thermography. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:98-107. [PMID: 26709943 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal body temperature is a major indicator of disease; infrared thermography (IRT) can assess changes in body surface temperature quickly and remotely. This technology can be applied to a myriad of diseases of various etiologies across a wide range of host species in veterinary medicine. It is used to monitor the physiologic status of individual animals, such as measuring feed efficiency or diagnosing pregnancy. Infrared thermography has applications in the assessment of animal welfare, and has been used to detect soring in horses and monitor stress responses. This review addresses the variety of uses for IRT in veterinary medicine, including disease detection, physiologic monitoring, welfare assessment, and potential future applications.
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McGowan L, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Umbaugh SE, Liu P, Amini M, Solt P, Lesser ML, Akerman M. Medical Infrared Imaging of Normal and Dysplastic Elbows in Dogs. Vet Surg 2015; 44:874-82. [PMID: 26340680 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of medical infrared imaging to differentiate between normal canine elbows and those with abnormal elbows (elbow dysplasia). STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS Dogs with normal (n = 15) and abnormal (n = 14) elbows. METHODS Infrared imaging was performed on all dogs and data analyzed via descriptive statistics and image pattern analysis software. Animals with elbow dysplasia had arthroscopic procedures to confirm the presence of elbow disease. RESULTS Computer recognition pattern analysis was up to 100% correct in identifying abnormal elbows and normal elbows, with the medial images most consistent. The caudal, lateral, and cranial images correctly identified 83-100% abnormal elbows. The caudal and lateral images correctly identified 83% normal elbows. A significant difference in temperature was found between normal and abnormal elbows for the cranial full region of interest, lateral images, and each quadrant. CONCLUSION Medical infrared imaging was able to correctly identify known abnormal and known normal elbows in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McGowan
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainveiw, New York
| | - Catherine A Loughin
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainveiw, New York
| | - Dominic J Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainveiw, New York
| | - Scott E Umbaugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - Maryam Amini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - Patrick Solt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - Martin L Lesser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Population Health, Biostatistics Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Meredith Akerman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Population Health, Biostatistics Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
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Waddell RE, Marino DJ, Loughin CA, Tumulty JW, Dewey CW, Sackman J. Medical infrared thermal imaging of cats with hyperthyroidism. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:53-9. [PMID: 25535661 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of medical infrared thermal imaging (MITI) as a screening tool for hyperthyroidism in cats, evaluate the need for hair clipping over the ventral aspect of the neck to achieve optimal images, and determine whether there is a change in thermal patterns at 1 and 3 months after radioactive sodium iodide I 131 treatment. ANIMALS 17 cats with and 12 control cats without hyperthyroidism. PROCEDURES All cats underwent MITI first with the hair present and then after the hair was clipped. Each cat with hyperthyroidism was subsequently appropriately treated SC with radioiodide; reevaluations, including MITI before and after hair clipping and measurement of serum thyroxine concentration, were performed 1 and 3 months after treatment. RESULTS The MITI had 80.5% and 87.5% accuracy in differentiating hyperthyroid cats from clinically normal cats before and after the hair over the ventral aspect of the neck was clipped. Among cats with an initial serum thyroxine concentration > 4.0 μg/dL, the success rate for MITI-detected response to radioiodide treatment at the 1-month reevaluation was 92.86% in unshaved cats and 85.71% in shaved cats. The success rate for MITI-detected response to radioiodide treatment at the 3-month reevaluation was 100% in unshaved and shaved cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that MITI was successful in differentiating between hyperthyroid cats and clinically normal cats and identifying patients with thyroxine concentration within reference interval after radioactive sodium iodide I 131 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Waddell
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, 163 S Service Rd, Plainview, NY 11803
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Grossbard BP, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Marino LJ, Sackman J, Umbaugh SE, Solt PS, Afruz J, Leando P, Lesser ML, Akerman M. Medical Infrared Imaging (Thermography) of Type I Thoracolumbar Disk Disease in Chondrodystrophic Dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43:869-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Grossbard
- Department of Surgery; Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
| | - Catherine A. Loughin
- Department of Surgery; Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
| | - Dominic J. Marino
- Department of Surgery; Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
| | - Leonard J. Marino
- Department of Surgery; Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
| | - Joseph Sackman
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
| | - Scott E. Umbaugh
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville; Edwardsville Illinois
| | - Patrick S. Solt
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville; Edwardsville Illinois
| | - Jakia Afruz
- Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department; Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville; Edwardsville Illinois
| | - Peter Leando
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- Meditherm, Inc.; Fort Myers Florida
| | - Martin L. Lesser
- The Canine Chiari Institute at Long Island Veterinary Specialists; Plainview New York
- North Shore-LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit; Manhasset New York
| | - Meredith Akerman
- North Shore-LIJ Health System Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Biostatistics Unit; Manhasset New York
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Vainionpää MH, Raekallio MR, Junnila JJT, Hielm-Björkman AK, Snellman MPM, Vainio OM. A comparison of thermographic imaging, physical examination and modified questionnaire as an instrument to assess painful conditions in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:124-31. [PMID: 23076598 PMCID: PMC10816657 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12463926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Pain recognition in cats is difficult and requires a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis. A total of 103 client-owned cats were enrolled in this prospective, blinded clinical trial. Cats were invited to the clinic, or presented for annual rechecks/vaccinations, or gastrointestinal, dental or locomotor problems. The cats were of different breeds; both shorthaired and longhaired cats were included. Those cats that tolerated it were palpated and all cats were examined with the non-invasive method of thermographic imaging. Owners filled out a questionnaire about their cat's behaviour and estimated whether the cat was in any pain. The agreement between a questionnaire and thermographic imaging or palpation was low. Also, the agreement between the owner's estimation of pain and thermographic imaging or palpation was low. The agreement between palpation and thermographic imaging was moderate, suggesting that thermographic imaging is a potential tool in clinical practice for detecting and screening cats that are, potentially, in pain.
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Vainionpää M, Tienhaara EP, Raekallio M, Junnila J, Snellman M, Vainio O. Thermographic imaging of the superficial temperature in racing greyhounds before and after the race. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:182749. [PMID: 23097633 PMCID: PMC3477662 DOI: 10.1100/2012/182749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 47 racing greyhounds were enrolled in this study on two race days (in July and September, resp.) at a racetrack. Twelve of the dogs participated in the study on both days. Thermographic images were taken before and after each race. From the images, superficial temperature points of selected sites (tendo calcaneus, musculus gastrocnemius, musculus gracilis, and musculus biceps femoris portio caudalis) were taken and used to investigate the differences in superficial temperatures before and after the race. The thermographic images were compared between the right and left legs of a dog, between the raced distances, and between the two race days. The theoretical heat capacity of a racing greyhound was calculated. With regard to all distances raced, the superficial temperatures measured from the musculus gastrocnemius were significantly higher after the race than at baseline. No significant differences were found between the left and right legs of a dog after completing any of the distances. Significant difference was found between the two race days. The heat loss mechanisms of racing greyhounds during the race through forced conduction, radiation, evaporation, and panting can be considered adequate when observing the calculated heat capacity of the dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Vainionpää
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Vainionpää M, Raekallio M, Tuhkalainen E, Hänninen H, Alhopuro N, Savolainen M, Junnila J, Hielm-Björkman A, Snellman M, Vainio O. Comparison of three thermal cameras with canine hip area thermographic images. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1539-44. [PMID: 22785576 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the method of thermography by using three different resolution thermal cameras and basic software for thermographic images, separating the two persons taking the thermographic images (thermographers) from the three persons interpreting the thermographic images (interpreters). This was accomplished by studying the repeatability between thermographers and interpreters. Forty-nine client-owned dogs of 26 breeds were enrolled in the study. The thermal cameras used were of different resolutions-80 × 80, 180 × 180 and 320 × 240 pixels. Two trained thermographers took thermographic images of the hip area in all dogs using all three cameras. A total of six thermographic images per dog were taken. The thermographic images were analyzed using appropriate computer software, FLIR QuickReport 2.1. Three trained interpreters independently evaluated the mean temperatures of hip joint areas of the six thermographic images for each dog. The repeatability between thermographers was >0.975 with the two higher-resolution cameras and 0.927 with the lowest resolution camera. The repeatability between interpreters was >0.97 with each camera. Thus, the between-interpreter variation was small. The repeatability between thermographers and interpreters was considered high enough to encourage further studies with thermographic imaging in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Vainionpää
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 7, Finland.
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Abstract
The stifle joint, a common location for lameness in dogs, is a complex arrangement of osseous, articular, fibrocartilaginous, and ligamentous structures. The small size of its component structures, restricted joint space, and its intricate composition make successful diagnostic imaging a challenge. Different tissue types and their superimposition limit successful diagnostic imaging with a single modality. Most modalities exploit the complexity of tissue types found in the canine stifle joint. Improved understanding of the principles of each imaging modality and the properties of the tissues being examined will enhance successful diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Marino
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY 11803, USA.
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Infernuso T, Loughin CA, Marino DJ, Umbaugh SE, Solt PS. Thermal imaging of normal and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles in dogs. Vet Surg 2010; 39:410-7. [PMID: 20459492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the capability of thermography for differentiation between normal stifles and those with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs, initially with a full hair coat and 1 hour after clipping the hair coat. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS Labrador Retrievers (n=6) with normal stifle joints (controls) and adult dogs (n=10) with CCL rupture. METHODS Thermography was performed before, and 60 minutes after, clipping the hair coat from the pelvic limb. Stifle images were classified as normal or abnormal, then subclassified as clipped and unclipped hair coat. CCL deficiency was confirmed at surgery and thermographic images subsequently classified as abnormal before analysis with image processing software. RESULTS Using image recognition analysis, differentiation between normal and CCL-deficient stifles in both clipped and unclipped dogs was 85% successful on cranial images, medial, caudal, and lateral images were between 75% and 85% successful. Although there were significant increases in skin temperature after clipping in both groups (P<.0002-.0001), there were no significant temperature differences between normal and CCL-deficient stifles when the entire stifle was examined. CONCLUSION Thermography was successful in differentiating naturally occurring CCL-deficient stifles in dogs, with a success rate of 75-85%. Clipping is not necessary for successful thermographic evaluation of the canine stifle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thermography may be a useful imaging modality for diagnosis of CCL deficiency in dogs when CCL rupture is suspected but stifle laxity is not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Infernuso
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY 11803, USA
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