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Mota-Rojas D, Villanueva-García D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, Miranda-Cortés A, Martínez-Burnes J. Cardiorespiratory and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in Neonate Animal Models. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1769. [PMID: 37889643 PMCID: PMC10252037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used to improve neonatal health in animals with low vitality. Due to its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, caffeine stimulates the cardiorespiratory system by antagonism of adenosine receptors and alteration in Ca+2 ion channel activity. Moreover, the availability of intracellular Ca+2 also has positive inotropic effects by increasing heart contractibility and by having a possible positive effect on neonate vitality. Nonetheless, since neonatal enzymatic and tissular systems are immature at birth, there is a controversy about whether caffeine is an effective therapy for newborns. This review aims to analyze the basic concepts of caffeine in neonatal animal models (rat and mouse pups, goat kids, lambs, and piglets), and it will discuss the neuroprotective effect and its physiological actions in reducing apnea in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.)
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Agatha Miranda-Cortés
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
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Göktaş EF, Kabil E, Yatanaslan L, Güneş E, Dirikolu L. Simultaneous Quantification of Caffeine and Its Main Metabolites by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Horse Urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5445. [PMID: 35797186 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the naturally occurring alkaloids and it is metabolized to paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. The analyses of caffeine and its metabolites are challenging since the metabolites theophylline and paraxanthine generate similar product and precursor ions. In this study, a new method was developed for simultaneous analysis of caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in horse urine using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Urine samples were treated using solid phase extraction followed by the elution with dichloromethane/isopropanol (90/10) after pH was adjusted to 6, and then derivatization with MSTFA-1%TMCS before analysis by GC-MS. Sample preparation and derivatization steps were optimized and the method permitted elution all of these analytes within 13 min. The method was fully validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC guidelines. The calibration curves were linear with a correlation coefficient of >0.99. Precision and accuracy were well within the 15% acceptance range and the method was robust. The validation results demonstrated that the method is highly reproducible, easily applicable and selective. The method was applied to urine samples collected from racehorses to demonstrate its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institude, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Kabil
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institude, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Yatanaslan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institude, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Güneş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institude, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Kennedy CR, Wayne AS, Rozanski EA. The use of caffeine as a respiratory stimulant in a cat. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:520-523. [PMID: 35212127 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the use of caffeine as a respiratory stimulant in a cat with hypoventilation. CASE SUMMARY A cat was mechanically ventilated due to persistent hypercapnia (Pet co2 > 75 mm Hg) following median sternotomy and thymectomy. After 3 days of mechanical ventilatory support, the cat would initiate breaths but failed weaning due to persistent hypercapnia. Following administration of intravenous caffeine (total 12 mg/kg over 24 h), respiratory and mental status rapidly improved. The cat was subsequently extubated and able to maintain Pvco2 < 50 mm Hg. The cat was later diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Quality of life 13 months after discharge was reported as excellent by her owner. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Caffeine may be considered as a respiratory stimulant in cats with hypoventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Kennedy
- Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annie S Wayne
- Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Bruschetta G, Fazio E, Cravana C, Ferlazzo A. Effects of partial versus complete separation after weaning on plasma serotonin, tryptophan and pituitary-adrenal pattern of Anglo-Arabian foals. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Almeida MLM, Feringer WH, Carvalho JRG, Rodrigues IM, Jordão LR, Fonseca MG, Carneiro de Rezende AS, de Queiroz Neto A, Weese JS, da Costa MC, Lemos EGDM, Ferraz GDC. Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167108. [PMID: 27935992 PMCID: PMC5147854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies performed in humans and rats have reported that exercise can alter the intestinal microbiota. Athletic horses perform intense exercise regularly, but studies characterizing horse microbiome during aerobic conditioning programs are still limited. Evidence has indicated that this microbial community is involved in the metabolic homeostasis of the host. Research on ergogenic substances using new sequencing technologies have been limited to the intestinal microbiota and there is a considerable demand for scientific studies that verify the effectiveness of these supplements in horses. L-carnitine and chromium are potentially ergogenic substances for athletic humans and horses since they are possibly able to modify the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. This study aimed to assess the impact of acute exercise and aerobic conditioning, associated either with L-carnitine or chromium supplementation, on the intestinal microbiota of fillies. Twelve “Mangalarga Marchador” fillies in the incipient fitness stage were distributed into four groups: control (no exercise), exercise, L-carnitine (10g/day) and chelated chromium (10mg/day). In order to investigate the impact of acute exercise or aerobic conditioning on fecal microbiota all fillies undergoing the conditioning program were analyzed as a separate treatment. The fillies underwent two incremental exercise tests before and after training on a treadmill for 42 days at 70–80% of the lactate threshold intensity. Fecal samples were obtained before and 48 h after acute exercise (incremental exercise test). Bacterial populations were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the MiSeq Illumina platform, and 5,224,389 sequences were obtained from 48 samples. The results showed that, overall, the two most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (50.22%) followed by Verrucomicrobia (15.13%). The taxa with the highest relative abundances were unclassified Clostridiales (17.06%) and "5 genus incertae sedis" from the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.98%). There was a decrease in the phylum Chlamydiae and in the genus Mycobacterium after the second incremental exercise test. Intense exercise changed the community’s structure and aerobic conditioning was associated with changes in the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial population of fillies. The intra-group comparison showed that chromium or L-carnitine induced moderate changes in the fecal microbiota of fillies, but the microbiota did not differ from the control group, which was exercised with no supplementation. Fecal pH correlated positively with Simpson’s index, while plasma pH correlated negatively. Our results show that exercise and aerobic conditioning can change in the microbiota and provide a basis for further studies enrolling a larger number of horses at different fitness levels to better understand the effects of exercise and training on the intestinal microbiota of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Mendes de Almeida
- Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Heinz Feringer
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Ribeiro Garcia Carvalho
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora Mestriner Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rezende Jordão
- Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayara Gonçalves Fonseca
- Department of Animal Sciences, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio de Queiroz Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
- Department of Technology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos e Plantas, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculdades de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Fisiologia do Exercício Equino (LAFEQ), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Machnik M, Kaiser S, Koppe S, Kietzmann M, Schenk I, Düe M, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Toutain PL. Control of methylxanthines in the competition horse: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies on caffeine, theobromine and theophylline for the assessment of irrelevant concentrations. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1372-1384. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Machnik
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Simone Kaiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Sophie Koppe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Ina Schenk
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Michael Düe
- German Equestrian Federation; Warendorf Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Department of Experimental Physiopathology and Toxicology; National Veterinary School of Toulouse; Toulouse France
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