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Redmond C, Smit M, Draganova I, Corner-Thomas R, Thomas D, Andrews C. The Use of Triaxial Accelerometers and Machine Learning Algorithms for Behavioural Identification in Domestic Dogs ( Canis familiaris): A Validation Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5955. [PMID: 39338701 PMCID: PMC11435861 DOI: 10.3390/s24185955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the behaviour and physical attributes of domesticated dogs is critical for predicting the suitability of animals for companionship or specific roles such as hunting, military or service. Common methods of behavioural assessment can be time consuming, labour-intensive, and subject to bias, making large-scale and rapid implementation challenging. Objective, practical and time effective behaviour measures may be facilitated by remote and automated devices such as accelerometers. This study, therefore, aimed to validate the ActiGraph® accelerometer as a tool for behavioural classification. This study used a machine learning method that identified nine dog behaviours with an overall accuracy of 74% (range for each behaviour was 54 to 93%). In addition, overall body dynamic acceleration was found to be correlated with the amount of time spent exhibiting active behaviours (barking, locomotion, scratching, sniffing, and standing; R2 = 0.91, p < 0.001). Machine learning was an effective method to build a model to classify behaviours such as barking, defecating, drinking, eating, locomotion, resting-asleep, resting-alert, sniffing, and standing with high overall accuracy whilst maintaining a large behavioural repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cushla Redmond
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Smit
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ina Draganova
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Rene Corner-Thomas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - David Thomas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Andrews
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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2
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Simon KE, Russell K, Mondino A, Yang CC, Case BC, Anderson Z, Whitley C, Griffith E, Gruen ME, Olby NJ. A randomized, controlled clinical trial demonstrates improved owner-assessed cognitive function in senior dogs receiving a senolytic and NAD+ precursor combination. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12399. [PMID: 38811634 PMCID: PMC11137034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in mobility and cognition are associated with cellular senescence and NAD + depletion in dogs and people. A combination of a novel NAD + precursor and senolytic, LY-D6/2, was examined in this randomized controlled trial. Seventy dogs with mild to moderate cognitive impairment were enrolled and allocated into placebo, low or full dose groups. Primary outcomes were change in cognitive impairment measured with the owner-reported Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating (CCDR) scale and change in activity measured with physical activity monitors. Fifty-nine dogs completed evaluations at the 3-month primary endpoint, and 51 reached the 6-month secondary endpoint. There was a significant difference in CCDR score across treatment groups from baseline to the primary endpoint (p = 0.02) with the largest decrease in the full dose group. No difference was detected between groups using in house cognitive testing. There were no significant differences between groups in changes in measured activity. The proportion of dogs that improved in frailty and owner-reported activity levels and happiness was higher in the full dose group than other groups, however this difference was not significant. Adverse events occurred equally across groups. All groups showed improvement in cognition, frailty, and activity suggesting placebo effect and benefits of trial participation. We conclude that LY-D6/2 improves owner-assessed cognitive function over a 3-month period and may have broader, but more subtle effects on frailty, activity and happiness as reported by owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Simon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katharine Russell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Southeast Veterinary Neurology, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alejandra Mondino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Chin-Chieh Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Beth C Case
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Zachary Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Christine Whitley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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3
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Martins CF, Silva L, Soares J, Pinto GS, Abrantes C, Cardoso L, Pires MA, Sousa H, Mota MP. Walk or be walked by the dog? The attachment role. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:684. [PMID: 38438977 PMCID: PMC10913448 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human-animal bond has been recognized as having positive effects on the health and well-being of both humans and pets. The present study aims to explore the influence of attachment on physical activity (PA), lifestyle, and health outcomes of dog owners (DO), highlighting the mutual benefits resulting from the relationship between DO and dogs. METHODS Thirty-eight DO and their dogs participated in this study. Socio-demographic data, the Self-Rated Health (SRH), FANTASTICO Lifestyle Scale, and the Lexington Attachment Pet Scale (LAPS) were assessed. PA was measured in both the DO and the dogs, using an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer in the context of daily routine. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation analyses were performed to examine the associations between LAPS, PA levels, socio-demographic variables, lifestyle behaviors, and SRH. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between the dog owners' light-level PA and the pets' vigorous level of PA (rho = 0.445, p = 0.01). Furthermore, the importance of the pets' health (rho = -0.785, p = 0.02) and the LAPS subscales, namely proximity (rho = 0.358, p = 0.03), and attachment (rho = 0.392, p = 0.01), were related to taking the pet for a walk. Regarding lifestyle, DO with a healthier lifestyle had a better self-assessment of their health using the SRH (rho = 0.39, p = 0.02). Moreover, DO with better lifestyles also exhibited greater concern for their pet's health (rho = 0.398, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes that individuals who adopt healthier habits tend to perceive themselves as healthier and exhibit greater concern for their pets' health. The attachment between DO and dogs is important in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and engagement in PA. Our results highlight that the presence of a dog is associated with a higher level of PA in DO, depending on the strength of the human-animal bond.
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Grants
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078 This work was funded by the R&D&I project "oneHcancer- One health approach in animal cancer", the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
- This work was funded by the R&D&I project “oneHcancer– One health approach in animal cancer”, the operation no.: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000078, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Portugal Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Martins
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Luís Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge Soares
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Graça S Pinto
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Catarina Abrantes
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria A Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hélder Sousa
- Department of Mathematics (DM), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics (CEMAT), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria P Mota
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os- Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Aromaa M, Putro H, Lilja-Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Comparison of habitual physical activity in French Bulldogs, Pugs and normocephalic dogs by accelerometry. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e60. [PMID: 38487414 PMCID: PMC10936329 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is a major welfare concern in flat-faced dog breeds. As BOAS causes respiratory difficulties and exercise intolerance, it can reduce dogs' daily quality of life (QOL). However, evaluation of QOL in dogs is difficult, and many owners perceive BOAS signs as 'normal' for the breed. Accelerometers that measure frequency, duration and intensity of activities can offer an objective way of evaluating dogs' daily activity and thereby deliver potential insights into QOL. The aim of this study was to assess habitual physical activity of 48 brachycephalic and 23 non-brachycephalic dogs using accelerometers. The accelerometers were used for one week and owners filled in a questionnaire regarding their dog's well-being and activities. Veterinary-assessed BOAS grading for brachycephalic dogs was determined. Compared with controls, more severely affected French Bulldogs and Pugs had significantly lower total activity counts and spent less time in high activity. In Pugs, mildly affected dogs were also less active, but age can be a contributing factor here, as older age decreased activity in Pugs and controls showed a wider age range. In French Bulldogs, those dogs with no or mild signs of BOAS did not differ from controls regarding their daily activity. In conclusion, accelerometers were easy to use for objective measurement of daily activity in bracycephalic dogs, although a degree of discomfort due to the collar was reported. Results showed that BOAS signs were associated with decreased habitual physical activity. These findings emphasise the importance of actions taken to reduce incidence of BOAS in brachycephalic breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimma Aromaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Putro
- Veterinary surgery Eläinlääkäriasema HauMau, Hietaniemenkatu 7, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Lilja-Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 57, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Mondino A, Ludwig C, Menchaca C, Russell K, Simon KE, Griffith E, Kis A, Lascelles BDX, Gruen ME, Olby NJ. Development and validation of a sleep questionnaire, SNoRE 3.0, to evaluate sleep in companion dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13340. [PMID: 37587172 PMCID: PMC10432410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle are a debilitating, yet rather common condition not only in humans, but also in family dogs. While there is an emerging need for easy-to-use tools to document sleep alterations (in order to ultimately treat and/or prevent them), the veterinary tools which yield objective data (e.g. polysomnography, activity monitors) are both labor intensive and expensive. In this study, we developed a modified version of a previously used sleep questionnaire (SNoRE) and determined criterion validity in companion dogs against polysomnography and physical activity monitors (PAMs). Since a negative correlation between sleep time and cognitive performance in senior dogs has been demonstrated, we evaluated the correlation between the SNoRE scores and the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES, which includes a factor concerning sleep). There was a significant correlation between SNoRE 3.0 questionnaire scores and polysomnography data (latency to NREM sleep, ρ = 0.507, p < 0.001) as well as PAMs' data (activity between 1:00 and 3:00 AM, p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the SNoRE 3.0 scores and the CADES scores (ρ = 0.625, p < 0.001). Additionally, the questionnaire structure was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis, and it also showed an adequate test-retest reliability. In conclusion the present paper describes a valid and reliable questionnaire tool, that can be used as a cost-effective way to monitor dog sleep in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - C Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - C Menchaca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - K Russell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - K E Simon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - E Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - A Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - M E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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6
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Barale L, Monticelli P, Adami C. Effects of low-level laser therapy on impaired mobility in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:653-659. [PMID: 36377757 PMCID: PMC10029903 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is common in the aging dog and is associated with chronic pain and impaired mobility. The main objective of this study was to determine whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) would increase physical activity in dogs with osteoarthritis. METHODS Twenty-three dogs with osteoarthritis were instrumented with an accelerometer 48 h before the first LLLT session (baseline), to record daily activity. Each dog underwent six consecutive weekly laser treatments. The scores of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory and the Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs' were recorded for clinical purposes, as a tool to titrate the analgesic therapy of each individual dog, before LLLT (as baseline) and then weekly for 6 weeks. RESULTS The number of daily activities increased during week 2 (161,674; SD, 103,666) and remained higher than baseline (93,481; SD, 107,878) until week 6 (179,309; SD, 126,044; p < 0.001). Daily step count increased from week 1 (4472; SD, 3427) compared to baseline (1109; SD, 1061) and remained higher than the baseline until the end of week 6 (8416; SD, 3166; p < 0.001). Average energy expenditure during the study period was 179 [range, 2-536] kcal/day; there were no statistically significant differences in this variable between weeks of treatment. Systemic analgesics therapy was decreased in 50% of the dogs during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Laser therapy may advance the management of osteoarthritis by increasing the level of activity of dogs, therefore improving their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Adami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Vitt MA, Rendahl A, Pracht SE, Knotek BM, Lascelles BDX, Gordon-Evans W, Conzemius MG. Nine-axis inertial measurement unit output discriminates activities of varying intensity in the dog. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.10.0178. [PMID: 36652333 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore relationships between 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) output and activities of varying intensity in dogs of various sizes. ANIMALS 20 healthy, agility course-trained dogs of various ages and sizes. PROCEDURES Height, weight, body condition score, age, length from IMU to the ischium, and height of IMU to the floor were recorded. Dogs performed a series of activities (rest, walk, trot, and agility course) while wearing the IMU device. IMU and video output were reviewed by independent investigators. Correlations and multiple regression models were used to explore relationships between independent variables and IMU output. RESULTS Calibration demonstrated excellent correlation and concordance between IMUs (intraclass correlation > 0.9) and that the IMUs reliably measured a known acceleration (gravity at rest). Resultant vector magnitude {sqrt[(x^2) + (y^2) + (z^2)]} normalized to body size was calculated from the data. IMU output clearly discriminates between activities of varying intensity in the dog. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The inability to accurately measure chronic pain is a barrier to the development of new, or critical evaluation of, therapeutics. Activity monitors (AM) may be the ideal diagnostic target since they are small and provide objective data that can be collected while the pet remains in its natural environment. These results demonstrate the concurrent and predictive validity of the IMU tested. Our long-range goal is to validate an open-source algorithm for the IMU so activity in a pet's natural environment can be used as an outcome measure in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Vitt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Sara E Pracht
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Wanda Gordon-Evans
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Michael G Conzemius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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8
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Mondino A, Khan M, Case B, Giovagnoli S, Thomson A, Lascelles BDX, Gruen M, Olby N. Activity patterns are associated with fractional lifespan, memory, and gait speed in aged dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2588. [PMID: 36788306 PMCID: PMC9929073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining an active lifestyle is considered a hallmark of successful aging. Physical activity significantly reduces the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease in humans. However, pain and lack of motivation are important barriers to exercise. Dogs are a remarkable model for translational studies in aging and cognition as they are prone to Canine Cognitive Dysfunction syndrome, which has many similarities with Alzheimer's disease. According to owner reports, changes in activity levels are characteristic of this syndrome, with decreased daytime activity, but also excessive pacing, especially at sleep time. We used physical activity monitors to record the activity of 27 senior dogs and evaluated the association between activity level and age, fractional lifespan, cognitive status measured by an owner questionnaire and cognitive tests. We also assessed the relationship between activity and joint/spinal pain, and the off/on leash gait speed ratio (a potential marker of gait speed reserve and motivation). We found that activity patterns in dogs are associated with fractional lifespan and working memory. Additionally, dogs with higher on/off leash gait speed are more active in the afternoon of weekdays. These results encourage future studies evaluating how physical activity can improve or delay cognitive impairment in senior dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mondino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Beth Case
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sara Giovagnoli
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Margaret Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Natasha Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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9
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Lee H, Collins D, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL. Age and Physical Activity Levels in Companion Dogs: Results From the Dog Aging Project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1986-1993. [PMID: 35486978 PMCID: PMC9536450 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While there has been an abundance of studies on the important relationship between physical activity and age in both dogs and humans, studies on dogs have primarily focused on how a dog's biological characteristics, such as their weight, affect the age-activity relationship. To date, there is little knowledge about how this relationship may be associated with contextual- and owner-level characteristics. We leveraged a large and novel data set from the Dog Aging Project (DAP) to investigate the extent to which the age-activity relationship is associated with certain dog and owner characteristics, namely dog size, owner age, and the environment in which they live. Dogs are a unique model for aging research as they are exposed to similar social and environmental elements as humans but have a shorter life span, allowing researchers to observe their entire life course. We find that older dogs are less active than younger dogs; rural dogs are more active than suburban and urban dogs, especially at younger ages; and larger dogs are more active than smaller dogs. These findings are generally consistent with previous studies. However, a surprising finding is that older owners have more active dogs than younger owners. As one of the first studies to utilize the large survey data from the DAP, this study lays the foundation for future investigations to further understand and identify the biological, social, and environmental causes, as well as consequences, of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Devin Collins
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kate E Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Gill M, Oshinsky ML, Sharkey M. The beneficial role of companion animals in translational pain research. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1002204. [PMID: 36133153 PMCID: PMC9483146 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1002204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of spontaneous painful disease in companion pet animals has been highlighted as one of the changes that could be made to help improve translation of basic science to new therapeutics, acting as a bridge between preclinical and clinical studies, with the goal of accelerating the approval of new therapeutics. This review focuses on the utility of companion pet dogs for translational research by reviewing what outcome measures can be measured, and importantly, the relevance of these outcome measures to human translational research. It also details the practical considerations involved in incorporating companion dogs into human therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Centre, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Correspondence: B. Duncan X. Lascelles
| | - Dottie C. Brown
- Global Efficacy & Model Development, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, United States
| | - Michael G. Conzemius
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Marie Gill
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael L. Oshinsky
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Sharkey
- Center for Veterinary Medicine Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, United States
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11
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Schork IG, Manzo IA, Beiral De Oliveira MR, Costa FV, Palme R, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. How environmental conditions affect sleep? An investigation in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Behav Processes 2022; 199:104662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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The activity patterns of nonworking and working sled dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7999. [PMID: 35568695 PMCID: PMC9107014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited studies investigating the combined effects of biological, environmental, and human factors on the activity of the domestic dog. Sled dogs offer a unique opportunity to examine these factors due to their close relationship with handlers and exposure to the outdoors. Here, we used accelerometers to measure the activity of 52 sled dogs over 30 days from two locations in Canada. The two locations differ in the working demands of dogs, therefore we used linear mixed effects models to assess how different factors impact daytime and nighttime activity of working versus nonworking dogs. During the daytime, we found that males were more active than females among nonworking dogs and younger dogs were more active than older dogs among working dogs. Alaskan huskies had higher activity levels than non-Alaskan husky breeds in working sled dogs during the day. Nonworking dogs were slightly more active during colder weather, but temperature had no effect on working dogs’ activity. The strongest predictor of daytime activity in working dogs was work schedule. These results indicate that the influence of biological factors on activity varied depending on dogs’ physical demands and human activity was the most powerful driver of activity in working dogs.
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13
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Iadarola MJ, Brown DC, Nahama A, Sapio MR, Mannes AJ. Pain Treatment in the Companion Canine Model to Validate Rodent Results and Incentivize the Transition to Human Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705743. [PMID: 34421597 PMCID: PMC8375595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for analgesic drug development is how to decide if a potential analgesic candidate will work in humans. What preclinical data are the most convincing, incentivizing and most predictive of success? Such a predicament is not unique to analgesics, and the pain field has certain advantages over drug development efforts in areas like neuropsychiatry where the etiological origins are either unknown or difficult to ascertain. For pain, the origin of the problem frequently is known, and the causative peripheral tissue insult might be observable. The main conundrum centers around evaluation of translational cell- and rodent-based results. While cell and rodent models are undeniably important first steps for screening, probing mechanism of action, and understanding factors of adsorption, distribution metabolism and excretion, two questions arise from such studies. First, are they reliable indicators of analgesic performance of a candidate drug in human acute and chronic pain? Second, what additional model systems might be capable of increasing translational confidence? We address this second question by assessing, primarily, the companion canine model, which can provide particularly strong predictive information for candidate analgesic agents in humans. This statement is mainly derived from our studies with resiniferatoxin (RTX) a potent TRPV1 agonist but also from protein therapeutics using a conjugate of Substance P and saporin. Our experience, to date, is that rodent models might be very well suited for acute pain translation, but companion canine models, and other large animal studies, can augment initial discovery research using rodent models for neuropathic or chronic pain. The larger animal models also provide strong translational predictive capacity for analgesic performance in humans, better predict dosing parameters for human trials and provide insight into behavior changes (bladder, bowel, mood, etc.) that are not readily assessed in laboratory animals. They are, however, not without problems that can be encountered with any experimental drug treatment or clinical trial. It also is important to recognize that pain treatment is a major veterinary concern and is an intrinsically worthwhile endeavor for animals as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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van der Laan JE, Vinke CM, van der Borg JAM, Arndt SS. Restless nights? Nocturnal activity as a useful indicator of adaptability of shelter housed dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Morris EM, Kitts-Morgan SE, Spangler DM, Gebert J, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR, Harmon DL. Feeding Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Treats Did Not Affect Canine Daily Voluntary Activity. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645667. [PMID: 33996972 PMCID: PMC8118201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing public interest in the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for companion animals has amplified the need to elucidate potential impacts. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of CBD on the daily activity of adult dogs. Twenty-four dogs (18.0 ± 3.4 kg, 9 months-4 years old) of various mixed breeds were utilized in a randomized complete block design with treatments targeted at 0 and 2.5 mg (LOW) and at 5.0 mg (HIGH) CBD/kg body weight (BW) per day split between two treats administered after twice-daily exercise (0700-0900 and 1,700-1,900 h). Four hours each day [1,000-1,200 h (a.m.) and 1,330-1,530 h (p.m.)] were designated as times when no people entered the kennels, with 2 h designated as Quiet time and the other 2 h as Music time, when calming music played over speakers. Quiet and Music sessions were randomly allotted to daily a.m. or p.m. times. Activity monitors were fitted to dogs' collars for continuous collection of activity data. Data were collected over a 14-day baseline period to establish the activity patterns and block dogs by activity level (high or low) before randomly assigning dogs within each block to treatments. After 7 days of treatment acclimation, activity data were collected for 14 days. Data were examined for differences using the MIXED procedure in SAS including effects of treatment, day, session (Quiet or Music), time of day (a.m. or p.m.), and accompanying interactions. CBD (LOW and HIGH) did not alter the total daily activity points (P = 0.985) or activity duration (P = 0.882). CBD tended (P = 0.071) to reduce total daily scratching compared with the control. Dogs were more active in p.m. sessions than in a.m. sessions (P < 0.001). During the p.m. session, dogs receiving HIGH tended (P = 0.091) to be less active than the control (CON). During the a.m. and p.m. sessions, CBD reduced scratching compared with CON (P = 0.030). CBD did not affect the activity duration during exercise periods (P = 0.143). These results indicate that, when supplemented with up to 4.5 mg CBD/kg BW/day, CBD does not impact the daily activity of adult dogs, but may exert an antipruritic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Morris
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Dawn M. Spangler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Gebert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David L. Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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16
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Evaluation of the FitBark Activity Monitor for Measuring Physical Activity in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030781. [PMID: 33799823 PMCID: PMC7999242 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometers track changes in physical activity which can indicate health and welfare concerns in dogs. The FitBark 2 (FitBark) is an accelerometer for use with dogs; however, no studies have externally validated this tool. The objective of this study was to evaluate FitBark criterion validity by correlating FitBark activity data to dog step count. Dogs (n = 26) were fitted with a collar-mounted FitBark and individually recorded for 30 min using a three-phase approach: (1) off-leash room explore; (2) human-dog interaction; and (3) on-leash walk. Video analysis was used to count the number of times the front right paw touched the ground (step count). Dog step count and FitBark activity were moderately correlated across all phases (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). High correlations between step count and FitBark activity were observed during phases 1 (r = 0.795, p < 0.001) and 2 (r = 0.758, p < 0.001), and a low correlation was observed during phase 3 (r = 0.498, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the FitBark is a valid tool for tracking physical activity in off-leash dogs; however, more work should be done to identify the best method of tracking on-leash activity.
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17
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Barker DA, Tovey E, Jeffery A, Blackwell E, Tivers MS. Owner reported breathing scores, accelerometry and sleep disturbances in brachycephalic and control dogs: A pilot study. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e135. [PMID: 34403514 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare physical activity and length and quality of sleep between brachycephalic dogs and a control population. METHODS Brachycephalic and control dogs were prospectively enrolled. Length of activity and sleep were determined via accelerometer use. Owners completed a questionnaire regarding typical daily activity, sleep patterns and an 'owner reported breathing score (ORBS)'. One hour of normal home sleep was recorded for each dog, and a veterinary observer subjectively scored the dogs' sleep quality. RESULTS Twenty brachycephalic and 15 control dogs were included. There were no differences between age and weight. Owners reported brachycephalic dogs to be less active (p = 0.022) and have higher ORBS (p < 0.001) compared to control dogs. Brachycephalic dogs had increased sleep disturbances compared to control dogs (p = 0.001), and video sleep score was positively correlated with increased sleep disturbances (r2 = 0.47, p = 0.007). There were no differences in active and sleep times based on accelerometry between groups. CONCLUSION Brachycephalic dogs have more disturbed sleep, which may have negative implications on welfare, but there were no differences in activity or length of sleep between groups. There is evidence that signs suggestive of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) as assessed by ORBS is correlated with poorer sleep quality, indicating that reduced sleep quality is part of BOAS. Owners may underestimate disturbed sleep or may perceive disturbed sleep to be normal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Tovey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Emily Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
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18
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Woods HJ, Li MF, Patel UA, Lascelles BDX, Samson DR, Gruen ME. A functional linear modeling approach to sleep-wake cycles in dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22233. [PMID: 33335259 PMCID: PMC7747556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of companion (pet) dogs is an area of great translational potential, as they share a risk for many conditions that afflict humans. Among these are conditions that affect sleep, including chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction. Significant advancements have occurred in the ability to study sleep in dogs, including development of non-invasive polysomnography; however, basic understanding of dog sleep patterns remains poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to establish baseline sleep-wake cycle and activity patterns using actigraphy and functional linear modeling (FLM), for healthy, adult companion dogs. Forty-two dogs were enrolled and wore activity monitors for 14 days. FLM demonstrated a bimodal pattern of activity with significant effects of sex, body mass, and age; the effect of age was particularly evident during the times of peak activity. This study demonstrated that FLM can be used to describe normal sleep-wake cycles of healthy adult dogs and the effects of physiologic traits on these patterns of activity. This foundation makes it possible to characterize deviations from normal patterns, including those associated with chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. This can improve detection of these conditions in dogs, benefitting them and their potential as models for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope J Woods
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ming Fei Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ujas A Patel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27612, USA.,Thurston Arthritis Centre, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David R Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27612, USA.
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19
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Hendriks SJ, Phyn CVC, Huzzey JM, Mueller KR, Turner SA, Donaghy DJ, Roche JR. Graduate Student Literature Review: Evaluating the appropriate use of wearable accelerometers in research to monitor lying behaviors of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12140-12157. [PMID: 33069407 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, animal behavior has been studied through close and extensive observation of individual animals and has relied on subjective assessments. Wearable technologies that allow the automation of dairy cow behavior recording currently dominate the precision dairy technology market. Wearable accelerometers provide new opportunities in animal ethology using quantitative measures of dairy cow behavior. Recent research developments indicate that quantitative measures of behavior may provide new objective on-farm measures to assist producers in predicting, diagnosing, and managing disease or injury on farms and allowing producers to monitor cow comfort and estrus behavior. These recent research developments and a large increase in the availability of wearable accelerometers have led to growing interest of both researchers and producers in this technology. This review aimed to summarize the studies that have validated lying behavior derived from accelerometers and to describe the factors that should be considered when using leg-attached accelerometers and neck-worn collars to describe lying behavior (e.g., lying time and lying bouts) in dairy cows for research purposes. Specifically, we describe accelerometer technology, including the instrument properties and methods for recording motion; the raw data output from accelerometers; and methods developed for the transformation of raw data into meaningful and interpretable information. We highlight differences in validation study outcomes for researchers to consider when developing their own experimental methodology for the use of accelerometers to record lying behaviors in dairy cows. Finally, we discuss several factors that may influence the data recorded by accelerometers and highlight gaps in the literature. We conclude that researchers using accelerometers to record lying behaviors in dairy cattle should (1) select an accelerometer device that, based on device attachment and sampling rate, is appropriate to record the behavior of interest; (2) account for cow-, farm-, and management-related factors that could affect the lying behaviors recorded; (3) determine the appropriate editing criteria for the accurate interpretation of their data; (4) support their chosen method of recording, editing, and interpreting the data by referencing an appropriately designed and accurate validation study published in the literature; and (5) report, in detail, their methodology to ensure others can decipher how the data were captured and understand potential limitations of their methodology. We recommend that standardized protocols be developed for collecting, analyzing, and reporting lying behavior data recorded using wearable accelerometers for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hendriks
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J M Huzzey
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407
| | - K R Mueller
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - S-A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - D J Donaghy
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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20
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Kline KE, Moorman VJ. Evaluation of a Commercial Activity Monitor for Determining Step Counts in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 95:103272. [PMID: 33276912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring activity level has become popular in people and animals. In the horse, these monitors may be helpful for the detection of disease, monitor limb loading after surgery, and assist in rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial activity monitor (AM) (FitBit Zip) in horses. In Part 1, four stalled horses had five AMs placed (head, chest, withers, and left forelimb and hindlimbs) with stride length setting of 60.96 cm and were monitored for 24 hours with AM and video. In Part 2, four stalled horses had two AMs placed (left forelimb and hindlimbs) with stride length setting of 30.48 cm and were monitored for 24 hours with AM and video. In Part 3, three horses with two AMs (left forelimb and hindlimbs) had step data collected at the walk and trot in hand by AM and video. AM and video data were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficients and by calculating AM to video step count ratios. In Part 1, there was considerable movement of AMs at the chest and withers, but head and limb mounted AMs were more secure. In Part 2, video and AM activity counts were moderate to high for forelimb and hindlimbs with R2 values of 0.82 and 0.74, respectively. From Part 3, AMs mounted on either forelimb or hindlimbs approximately doubled the step counts compared to the video. While this AM did not accurately count steps, it may be able to provide general information on activity level in the stalled horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Kline
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Valerie J Moorman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
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21
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Use of the Actiwatch-Mini® in dog safety studies as an early indicator for drug-induced behavioural changes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 104:106896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Sharon KP, Thompson CM, Lascelles BDX, Parrish RS. Novel use of an activity monitor to model jumping behaviors in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:334-343. [PMID: 32228255 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop methods to identify and characterize activity monitor (AM) data signatures for jumps performed by cats. ANIMALS 13 healthy, client-owned cats without evidence of osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease. PROCEDURES Each cat was fitted with the same AM, individually placed in an observation room, then simultaneously recorded by 3 video cameras during the observation period (5 to 8 hours). Each cat was encouraged to jump up (JU), jump down (JD), and jump across (JA) during the observation period. Output from the AM was manually annotated for jumping events, each of which was characterized by functional data analysis yielding relevant coefficients. The coefficients were then used in linear discriminant analysis to differentiate recorded jumps as JUs, JDs, or JAs. To assess the model's ability to distinguish among the 3 jump types, a leave-one-out cross-validation method was used, and the misclassification error rate of the overall categorization of the model was calculated. RESULTS Of 731 jumping events, 29 were misclassified. Overall, the mean misclassification error rate per cat was 5.4% (range, 0% to 12.5%), conversely indicating a correct classification rate per cat of 94.6%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the model was successful in correctly identifying JUs, JDs, and JAs in healthy cats. With advancements in AM technology and data processing, there is potential for the model to be applied in clinical settings as a means to obtain objective outcome measures.
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23
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Wendt RE, Selting KA, Lattimer JC, Wong J, Simón J, Stevenson NR, Stearns SD. Radiation Safety Considerations in the Treatment of Canine Skeletal Conditions Using 153Sm, 90Y, and 117mSn. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:702-710. [PMID: 32167498 PMCID: PMC7192767 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of pets, service animals, and pre-clinical research subjects with radionuclides raises concern for the safety of the people who interact with the animals after their treatment. Three treatments of skeletal conditions in dogs are considered in this study: Sm-1,4,7,10-tetraazacylcododecanetetramethylenephosphonic acid, which is a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical; unencapsulated Y permanent interstitial implants, which are sometimes called "liquid brachytherapy"; and Sn radiosynoviorthesis, which is also called radiosynovectomy. External exposure rate readings of the Sm and Sn treatments, and Monte Carlo simulations of Sn at a distance of 1 m and of all three in direct contact with tissue were analyzed for doses. Dogs that have received any of these treatments using typically administered activities may be released from radiation safety isolation immediately after treatment from the standpoint of external exposure. People should avoid prolonged close proximity, such as sleeping with a treated dog, for three weeks following an Y interstitial implant or for a month following Sn radiosynoviorthesis. No such avoidance is necessary after treatment with Sm-1,4,7,10-tetraazacylcododecanetetramethylenephosphonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Wendt
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kimberly A Selting
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; formerly in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jimmy C Lattimer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Janine Wong
- The University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030; formerly in the Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jaime Simón
- IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC, Angleton, Texas 77515
| | - Nigel R Stevenson
- Exubrion Therapeutics, Inc., Buford, Georgia 30518; formerly with Serene, LLC, The Woodlands, Texas 77381
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Meeson RL, Todhunter RJ, Blunn G, Nuki G, Pitsillides AA. Spontaneous dog osteoarthritis - a One Medicine vision. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:273-287. [PMID: 30953036 PMCID: PMC7097182 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global disease that, despite extensive research, has limited treatment options. Pet dogs share both an environment and lifestyle attributes with their owners, and a growing awareness is developing in the public and among researchers that One Medicine, the mutual co-study of animals and humans, could be beneficial for both humans and dogs. To that end, this Review highlights research opportunities afforded by studying dogs with spontaneous OA, with a view to sharing this active area of veterinary research with new audiences. Similarities and differences between dog and human OA are examined, and the proposition is made that suitably aligned studies of spontaneous OA in dogs and humans, in particular hip and knee OA, could highlight new avenues of discovery. Developing cross-species collaborations will provide a wealth of research material and knowledge that is relevant to human OA and that cannot currently be obtained from rodent models or experimentally induced dog models of OA. Ultimately, this Review aims to raise awareness of spontaneous dog OA and to stimulate discussion regarding its exploration under the One Medicine initiative to improve the health and well-being of both species. Osteoarthritis occurs spontaneously in pet dogs, which often share environmental and lifestyle risk-factors with their owners. This Review aims to stimulate cooperation between medical and veterinary research under the One Medicine initiative to improve the welfare of dogs and humans. Dogs have many analogous spontaneous diseases that result in end-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Inbreeding and the predisposition of certain dog breeds for OA enable easier identification of candidate genetic associations than in outbred humans. Dog OA subtypes offer a potential stratification rationale for aetiological differences and alignment to analogous human OA phenotypes. The relatively compressed time course of spontaneous dog OA offers longitudinal research opportunities. Collaboration with veterinary researchers can provide tissue samples from early-stage OA and opportunities to evaluate new therapeutics in a spontaneous disease model. Awareness of the limitations and benefits of using clinical veterinary patients in research is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Meeson
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Services and Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Veterinary Biobank, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gordon Blunn
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - George Nuki
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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Eskander BS, Barbar M, Evans RB, Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Conzemius MG. Correlation of activity data in normal dogs to distance traveled. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2020; 84:44-51. [PMID: 31920217 PMCID: PMC6921993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the mathematical relationships between independent variables (patient morphometrics and treadmill speed) and dependent variables (accelerometer or pedometer output) when evaluating data from accelerometers and pedometers in dogs. Twenty dogs took part in 3 randomized activities, consisting of exercise on a treadmill at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s for a total distance of 1 km at each speed. Dogs simultaneously wore both an accelerometer and a pedometer. Statistical analysis used multiple regression models to discover the relationships between independent and dependent variables. A formula was developed to predict the distance traveled by a dog based on its morphometrics and activity monitor output. Shoulder height had stronger correlations to accelerometer and pedometer outputs than other morphometric variables. As shoulder height increased, all accelerometer and pedometer outputs decreased. As treadmill speed increased, both accelerometer and pedometer step counts decreased, while accelerometer activity counts increased. According to a formula derived to predict the total distance traveled using patient shoulder height and accelerometer or pedometer output, pedometer steps were the most accurate predictor of distance traveled. Accelerometer steps were less accurate when using the same model. Accelerometer activity counts did not reveal a meaningful predictive formula. The results of this study indicate that patient morphometrics and treadmill speed (as a measure of intensity) influenced accelerometer and pedometer data. The pedometer data more precisely and accurately estimated the distance traveled based on step counts and patient shoulder height. In normal dogs, accelerometer and pedometer steps may reasonably estimate distance traveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy S Eskander
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Megan Barbar
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Richard B Evans
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Masataka Enomoto
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
| | - Michael G Conzemius
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Eskander, Evans, Conzemius); Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA (Barbar, Enomoto, Lascelles); Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, 385 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA (Lascelles); Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, 134 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA (Lascelles)
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Mejia S, Duerr FM, Salman M. Comparison of activity levels derived from two accelerometers in dogs with osteoarthritis: Implications for clinical trials. Vet J 2019; 252:105355. [PMID: 31554587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometer measurements are frequently reported as total weekly activity counts (AC). Methods of utilizing activity parameters to allow differentiation of activity intensities (i.e., manually derived cut-points) have been described. While this information may provide valuable data for researchers, only few investigators have utilized these methods. This may, in part, be due to the challenge associated with data processing. Some devices, however, generate activity intensity data automatically. This study was conducted to evaluate a novel accelerometer that allows for remote download of data via Wi-Fi (Heyrex), to compare automatically generated parameters quantifying activity levels to previously established cut-points (Actical) and to describe the variability of accelerometer data in dogs with osteoarthritis. Twelve client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis were fitted with a collar with two accelerometers (Heyrex and Actical). Accelerometer data were recorded for 28 days. Pearson bivariate correlations and coefficient of variation (CV%) were calculated for accelerometer data. There was a strong correlation between the AC reported by Heyrex and Actical devices. Several automatically generated parameters showed strong correlations to previously validated cut-points and displayed lower CV% than weekly AC. The activity intensity derived from the Heyrex was associated with the lowest CV% of all parameters from both accelerometers. Automatically generated activity intensity parameters should be considered as potential outcome measures in clinical trials for dogs with osteoarthritis. This novel technology may allow for convenient acquisition of activity intensity data in companion animals. However, technical difficulties (e.g., lack of Wi-Fi connectivity) may pose challenges when using this novel device.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mejia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - F M Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - M Salman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
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Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Gill M, Oshinsky ML, Sharkey M. Measurement of chronic pain in companion animals: Discussions from the Pain in Animals Workshop (PAW) 2017. Vet J 2019; 250:71-78. [PMID: 31383423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the face of increasing recognition and interest in treating chronic pain in companion animals, we struggle with a lack of therapeutic options. A significant barrier to the development of new therapeutics, or the critical evaluation of current therapies, is our inability to accurately measure chronic pain and its impact on companion animals. Over the last 20 years, much progress has been made in developing methods to measure chronic pain via subjective and objective methods - particularly in owner assessment tools and measurements of limb use and activity. Most work has been focused on chronic joint pain conditions, but there has been relatively little work in other areas of chronic pain, such as neuropathic and cancer pain. Although progress has been made, there is a considerable interest in improving our assessment of chronic pain, as evidenced by the multiple disciplines across industry, academia, and clinical practice from the veterinary and human medical fields that participated in the Pain in Animals Workshop held at the National Institutes of Health in 2017. This review is one product of that meeting and summarizes the current state of knowledge surrounding the measurement of chronic pain (musculoskeletal, cancer, neuropathic), and its impact, in cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - D C Brown
- Translational and Comparative Medicine Research, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - M G Conzemius
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - M Gill
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M L Oshinsky
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Sharkey
- Center for Veterinary Medicine Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
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Kennedy KC, Martinez SA, Martinez SE, Tucker RL, Davies NM. Effects of low-level laser therapy on bone healing and signs of pain in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:893-904. [PMID: 30058855 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on markers of synovial inflammation and signs of pain, function, bone healing, and osteoarthritis following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs with spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). ANIMALS 12 client-owned dogs with unilateral CCLR. PROCEDURES All dogs were instrumented with an accelerometer for 2 weeks before and 8 weeks after TPLO. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive LLLT (radiant exposure, 1.5 to 2.25 J/cm2; n = 6) or a control (red light; 6) treatment immediately before and at predetermined times for 8 weeks after TPLO. Owners completed a Canine Brief Pain Inventory weekly for 8 weeks after surgery. Each dog underwent a recheck appointment, which included physical and orthopedic examinations, force plate analysis, radiography and synoviocentesis of the affected joint, and evaluation of lameness and signs of pain, at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Select markers of inflammation were quantified in synovial fluid samples. Variables were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS For the control group, mean ground reaction forces were greater at 2 and 4 weeks after TPLO and owner-assigned pain scores were lower during weeks 1 through 5 after TPLO, compared with corresponding values for the LLLT group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the LLLT protocol used had no beneficial effects on signs of pain or pelvic limb function following TPLO. Further research is necessary to evaluate the effects of LLLT and to determine the optimum LLLT protocol for dogs with CCLR.
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Muller C, Gines JA, Conzemius M, Meyers R, Lascelles BDX. Evaluation of the effect of signalment and owner-reported impairment level on accelerometer-measured changes in activity in osteoarthritic dogs receiving a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. Vet J 2018; 242:48-52. [PMID: 30503544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, evaluation of osteoarthritis (OA) treatment efficacy remains challenging. Measurement of activity, utilizing accelerometers, provides a surrogate measure of pain through measuring effects on activity, and the objective data collected can be used to assess the efficacy of treatments. However, little is known about how dog characteristics impact the accelerometry-measured response to treatment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of signalment and initial impairment level on accelerometer-measured changes in activity in osteoarthritic dogs after receiving a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID). Fifty-seven client-owned dogs with OA-associated pain and mobility impairment were administered meloxicam for 2 weeks, following a 2-week baseline, and spontaneous activity was measured using an Actical accelerometer unit. Signalment factors and disease variables were recorded (age, sex, weight, impairment level, forelimb or hindlimb pain). Initial degree of impairment had a significant effect on changes in weekly (P=0.009), weekday (P=0.044) activity following NSAID treatment. Greater initial impairment was associated with larger positive changes in activity. Degree of impairment should be taken into consideration during the development of a clinical trial. Appropriate selection of candidates based on initial degree of impairment may permit a greater treatment effect, therefore increasing the power of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muller
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J A Gines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Conzemius
- Clinical Investigation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Meyers
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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30
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Brownscombe JW, Lennox RJ, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Estimating fish swimming metrics and metabolic rates with accelerometers: the influence of sampling frequency. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:207-214. [PMID: 29931782 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometry is growing in popularity for remotely measuring fish swimming metrics, but appropriate sampling frequencies for accurately measuring these metrics are not well studied. This research examined the influence of sampling frequency (1-25 Hz) with tri-axial accelerometer biologgers on estimates of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), tail-beat frequency, swimming speed and metabolic rate of bonefish Albula vulpes in a swim-tunnel respirometer and free-swimming in a wetland mesocosm. In the swim tunnel, sampling frequencies of ≥ 5 Hz were sufficient to establish strong relationships between ODBA, swimming speed and metabolic rate. However, in free-swimming bonefish, estimates of metabolic rate were more variable below 10 Hz. Sampling frequencies should be at least twice the maximum tail-beat frequency to estimate this metric effectively, which is generally higher than those required to estimate ODBA, swimming speed and metabolic rate. While optimal sampling frequency probably varies among species due to tail-beat frequency and swimming style, this study provides a reference point with a medium body-sized sub-carangiform teleost fish, enabling researchers to measure these metrics effectively and maximize study duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Belda B, Enomoto M, Case BC, Lascelles BDX. Initial evaluation of PetPace activity monitor. Vet J 2018; 237:63-68. [PMID: 30089547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mobility is considered a vital component of health and quality of life in humans and companion animals. Wearable devices for pets that can monitor activity and other aspects of health are increasingly being marketed to veterinarians and owners, with claims around their ability to monitor aspects of health. However, there is little scientific evidence to support the validity of these claims. To address this, the objective of this study was to assess the correlation of the activity measurement from the PetPace device compared to activity output from Actigraph and the validated Actical device. Ten client-owned, healthy dogs were used for the study. The three devices were mounted simultaneously on a dedicated collar and activity was recorded during a period of 7 days. There were moderate correlations between the Actical and the PetPace (r2=0.59, P=<0.001). There was high correlation between the PetPace and the Actigraph (r2=0.85, P=<0.001) and between the Actical and the Actigraph (r2=0.72, P=<0.001). If the Actical activity counts were limited under 50,000 per hour, there was strong correlation between the Actical and the PetPace (r2=0.71, P=<0.001) and between the Actical and the Actigraph (r2=0.86, P=<0.001). PetPace has a moderate correlation with the most validated activity monitor that has been used in veterinary medicine. Its real-time data acquisition, user friendly interface for owners and cost make this device an attractive tool for monitoring activity in dogs. Further studies maybe needed to evaluate its performance, validity and clinical utility in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Belda
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 NC, USA
| | - M Enomoto
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 NC, USA
| | - B C Case
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 NC, USA
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607 NC, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, 27710 NC, USA.
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Westgarth C, Ladha C. Evaluation of an open source method for calculating physical activity in dogs from harness and collar based sensors. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:322. [PMID: 29116008 PMCID: PMC5678807 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to make objective measurements of physical activity in dogs has both clinical and research applications. Accelerometers offer a non-intrusive and convenient solution. Of the commercialy available sensors, measurements are commonly given in manufacturer bespoke units and calculated with closed source approaches. Furthermore, the validation studies that exist for such devices are mounting location dependant, not transferable between brands or not suitable for handling modern raw accelerometry type data. METHODS This paper describes a validation study of n = 5 where 4 sensors were placed on each dog; 2 on a harness and 2 on a collar. Each position held two sensors from different manufacturers; Actigraph (which has previously been validated for use on the collar) and VetSens (which provides un-filtered accelerometry data). The aims of the study was to firstly evaluate the performance of an open-design method of converting raw accelerometry data into units that have previously been validated. Secondly, comparison was made between sensors mounted at each location for determining physical activity state. RESULTS Once the raw actigraphy data had been processed with the open-design method, results from a 7 day measurement revealed no significant difference in physical activity estimates via a cutpoint approach between the sensor manufacturers. A second finding was a low inter-site variability between the ventral collar and dorsal harness locations (Pearsons r2 = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Using the open-design methodology, raw, un-filtered data from the VetSens sensors can be compared or pooled with data gathered from Actigraph sensors. The results also provide strong evidence that ventral collar and dorsal harness sites may be used interchangeably. This enables studies to be designed with a larger inclusion criteria (encompassing dogs that are not well suited for wearing an instrumented collar) and ensures high levels of welfare while maintaining measurement validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Westgarth
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - C. Ladha
- Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
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Body temperature and motion: Evaluation of an online monitoring system in pigs challenged with Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:482-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Patel SI, Miller BW, Kosiorek HE, Parish JM, Lyng PJ, Krahn LE. The Effect of Dogs on Human Sleep in the Home Sleep Environment. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:1368-1372. [PMID: 28870354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To objectively assess whether a dog in the bedroom or bed disturbs sleep. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS From August 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015, we evaluated the sleep of humans and dogs occupying the same bedroom to determine whether this arrangement was conducive to sleep. The study included 40 healthy adults without sleep disorders and their dogs (no dogs <6 months old). Each participant wore an accelerometer and their dog a validated dog accelerometer for 7 nights. RESULTS The mean ± SD age of the participants (88% women) was 44±14 years and body mass index was 25±6. The mean ± SD age of the dogs was 5±3 years and weight was 15±13 kg. Mean ± SD actigraphy data showed 475±101 minutes in bed, 404±99 minutes total sleep time, 81%±7% sleep efficiency, and 71±35 minutes wake time after sleep onset. The dogs' accelerometer activity during the corresponding human sleep period was characterized as mean ± SD minutes at rest, active, and at play of 413±102, 62±43, and 2±4. The dogs had mean ± SD 85%±15% sleep efficiency. Human sleep efficiency was lower if the dog was on the bed as opposed to simply in the room (P=.003). CONCLUSION Humans with a single dog in their bedroom maintained good sleep efficiency; however, the dog's position on/off the bed made a difference. A dog's presence in the bedroom may not be disruptive to human sleep, as was previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma I Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bernie W Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - James M Parish
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Philip J Lyng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Lois E Krahn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ.
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Efficacy of an oral nutraceutical for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled prospective clinical trial. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:318-323. [PMID: 28763523 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-17-02-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and efficacy of an orally administered nutraceutical (Glu/CS+; + for additional ingredient) for the treatment of clinical osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, client-owned dogs with clinical signs of OA in one or more joints were assigned to a Glu/CS+ (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) group. Dogs were administered Glu/CS+ or placebo orally and wore an activity monitor (AM) continuously throughout a 97 day study period. Prior to the initiation of the treatment, seven days of baseline activity was collected. On days -7, 30, 60 and 90 of the study, owners completed a patient assessment form (Canine Brief Pain Inventory). Data between groups were compared. RESULTS No serious adverse events were reported. No difference was found between groups when evaluating daily activity counts during the seven-day pre-treatment period and the 90-day treatment period. Owner assessment (pain interference and pain severity scores) improved over the 90-day treatment period for both groups, however no difference was found between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with oral Glu/CS+ for a 90 day treatment period when compared to placebo treatment did not result in a significant increase in activity counts in dogs with clinical OA. However, owner assessment scores similarly improved throughout the study period for dogs in both groups, suggesting a caregiver placebo effect in this outcome measure.
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Martin KW, Olsen AM, Duncan CG, Duerr FM. The method of attachment influences accelerometer-based activity data in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:48. [PMID: 28187763 PMCID: PMC5303220 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accelerometer-based activity monitoring is a promising new tool in veterinary medicine used to objectively assess activity levels in dogs. To date, it is unknown how device orientation, attachment method, and attachment of a leash to the collar holding an accelerometer affect canine activity data. It was our goal to evaluate whether attachment methods of accelerometers affect activity counts. Eight healthy, client-owned dogs were fitted with two identical neck collars to which two identical activity monitors were attached using six different methods of attachment. These methods of attachment evaluated the use of a protective case, positioning of the activity monitor and the tightness of attachment of the accelerometer. Lastly, the effect of leash attachment to the collar was evaluated. For trials where the effect of leash attachment to the collar was not being studied, the leash was attached to a harness. Activity data obtained from separate monitors within a given experiment were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients and across all experiments using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results There was excellent correlation and low variability between activity monitors on separate collars when the leash was attached to a harness, regardless of their relative positions. There was good correlation when activity monitors were placed on the same collar regardless of orientation. There were poor correlations between activity monitors in three experiments: when the leash was fastened to the collar that held an activity monitor, when one activity monitor was housed in the protective casing, and when one activity monitor was loosely zip-tied to the collar rather than threaded on using the provided metal loop. Follow-up, pair-wise comparisons identified the correlation associated with these three methods of attachment to be statistically different from the level of correlation when monitors were placed on separate collars. Conclusions While accelerometer-based activity monitors are useful tools to objectively assess physical activity in dogs, care must be taken when choosing a method to attach the device. The attachment of the activity monitor to the collar should utilize a second, dedicated collar that is not used for leash attachment and the attachment method should remain consistent throughout a study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Anastasia M Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Colleen G Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 W Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Felix M Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Gruen ME, Alfaro-Córdoba M, Thomson AE, Worth AC, Staicu AM, Lascelles BDX. The Use of Functional Data Analysis to Evaluate Activity in a Spontaneous Model of Degenerative Joint Disease Associated Pain in Cats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169576. [PMID: 28099449 PMCID: PMC5242440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives Accelerometry is used as an objective measure of physical activity in humans and veterinary species. In cats, one important use of accelerometry is in the study of therapeutics designed to treat degenerative joint disease (DJD) associated pain, where it serves as the most widely applied objective outcome measure. These analyses have commonly used summary measures, calculating the mean activity per-minute over days and comparing between treatment periods. While this technique has been effective, information about the pattern of activity in cats is lost. In this study, functional data analysis was applied to activity data from client-owned cats with (n = 83) and without (n = 15) DJD. Functional data analysis retains information about the pattern of activity over the 24-hour day, providing insight into activity over time. We hypothesized that 1) cats without DJD would have higher activity counts and intensity of activity than cats with DJD; 2) that activity counts and intensity of activity in cats with DJD would be inversely correlated with total radiographic DJD burden and total orthopedic pain score; and 3) that activity counts and intensity would have a different pattern on weekends versus weekdays. Results and conclusions Results showed marked inter-cat variability in activity. Cats exhibited a bimodal pattern of activity with a sharp peak in the morning and broader peak in the evening. Results further showed that this pattern was different on weekends than weekdays, with the morning peak being shifted to the right (later). Cats with DJD showed different patterns of activity from cats without DJD, though activity and intensity were not always lower; instead both the peaks and troughs of activity were less extreme than those of the cats without DJD. Functional data analysis provides insight into the pattern of activity in cats, and an alternative method for analyzing accelerometry data that incorporates fluctuations in activity across the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcela Alfaro-Córdoba
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea E. Thomson
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alicia C. Worth
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ana-Maria Staicu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Little D, Johnson S, Hash J, Olson SA, Estes BT, Moutos FT, Lascelles BDX, Guilak F. Functional outcome measures in a surgical model of hip osteoarthritis in dogs. J Exp Orthop 2016; 3:17. [PMID: 27525982 PMCID: PMC4987758 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-016-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hip is one of the most common sites of osteoarthritis in the body, second only to the knee in prevalence. However, current animal models of hip osteoarthritis have not been assessed using many of the functional outcome measures used in orthopaedics, a characteristic that could increase their utility in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. The canine hip shares similarities with the human hip, and functional outcome measures are well documented in veterinary medicine, providing a baseline for pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hip osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a surgical model of hip osteoarthritis in a large laboratory animal model and to evaluate functional and end-point outcome measures. Methods Seven dogs were subjected to partial surgical debridement of cartilage from one femoral head. Pre- and postoperative pain and functional scores, gait analysis, radiographs, accelerometry, goniometry and limb circumference were evaluated through a 20-week recovery period, followed by histological evaluation of cartilage and synovium. Results Animals developed histological and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, which was correlated with measurable functional impairment. For example, Mankin scores in operated limbs were positively correlated to radiographic scores but negatively correlated to range of motion, limb circumference and 20-week peak vertical force. Conclusions This study demonstrates that multiple relevant functional outcome measures can be used successfully in a large laboratory animal model of hip osteoarthritis. These measures could be used to evaluate relative efficacy of therapeutic interventions relevant to human clinical care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40634-016-0053-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Little
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison St West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Stephen Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan Hash
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steven A Olson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bradley T Estes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Franklin T Moutos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University and Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Vitger AD, Stallknecht BM, Nielsen DH, Bjornvad CR. Integration of a physical training program in a weight loss plan for overweight pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:174-82. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yashari JM, Duncan CG, Duerr FM. Evaluation of a novel canine activity monitor for at-home physical activity analysis. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:146. [PMID: 26141484 PMCID: PMC4490713 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accelerometers are motion-sensing devices that have been used to assess physical activity in dogs. However, the lack of a user-friendly, inexpensive accelerometer has hindered the widespread use of this objective outcome measure in veterinary research. Recently, a smartphone-based, affordable activity monitor (Whistle) has become available for measurement of at-home physical activity in dogs. The aim of this research was to evaluate this novel accelerometer. Eleven large breed, privately owned dogs wore a collar fitted with both the Whistle device and a previously validated accelerometer-based activity monitor (Actical) for a 24-h time period. Owners were asked to have their dogs resume normal daily activities. Total activity time obtained from the Whistle device in minutes was compared to the total activity count from the Actical device. Activity intensity from the Whistle device was calculated manually from screenshots of the activity bars displayed in the smartphone-application and compared to the activity count recorded by the Actical in the same 3-min time period. Results A total of 3740 time points were compared. There was a strong correlation between activity intensity of both devices for individual time points (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.81, p < 0.0001). An even stronger correlation was observed between the total activity data between the two devices (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.925, p < 0.0001). Conclusions Activity data provided by the Whistle activity monitor may be used as an objective outcome measurement in dogs. The total activity time provided by the Whistle application offers an inexpensive method for obtaining at-home, canine, real-time physical activity data. Limitations of the Whistle device include the limited battery life, the need for manual derivation of activity intensity data and data transfer, and the requirement of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth availability for data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Yashari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Colleen G Duncan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Felix M Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Lascelles BDX, Knazovicky D, Case B, Freire M, Innes JF, Drew AC, Gearing DP. A canine-specific anti-nerve growth factor antibody alleviates pain and improves mobility and function in dogs with degenerative joint disease-associated pain. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:101. [PMID: 25926287 PMCID: PMC4419463 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a critical need for proven drugs other than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of degenerative joint disease (DJD) pain in dogs. Antibodies against nerve growth factor (NGF) are analgesic in rodent models and in humans with DJD. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel caninised anti-NGF antibody (NV-01) for the treatment of DJD pain in dogs. In a randomized, parallel group, stratified, double masked, placebo controlled, proof of principle clinical pilot study design, 26 dogs with DJD received NV-01 (200 mcg/kg IV) or placebo on day 0 (D0). In addition to objective accelerometry measures, owners completed clinical metrology instruments (Client-Specific Outcome Measures [CSOM], Canine Brief Pain Inventory [CBPI] and Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs Index [LOAD]) on D0, D14 and D28. CBPI subscales (pain severity [PS] and pain interference [PI]), CSOM and LOAD scores were evaluated within and between groups for change over time. Recognized success/failure criteria were applied and success compared between groups. Results CBPI PS and PI scores significantly improved in the NV-01 group (PS: D0-14, P = 0.012 and D0-28, P = 0.019; PI: D0-14, P = 0.012 and D0-28, P = 0.032) but not in the placebo group. CSOM scores showed similar patterns with a significant difference between within-group changes at D14 and D28 (P = 0.038 and P = 0.009, respectively), and significantly more successes at D28 (P = 0.047). LOAD scores significantly improved in the NV-01 group (D0-14, P = 0.004 and D0-28, P = 0.002) but not in the placebo group. There were significant differences between the groups for change in LOAD score at D14 (P = 0.014) and D28 (P = 0.033). No side effects were noted. Activity in the NV-01 group increased over the study period compared to placebo (P = 0.063) and the difference between the groups for change in activity over the time period 9am-5pm (8 hours) was significant (P = 0.006). Conclusions These pilot data demonstrate a positive analgesic effect of anti-NGF antibody in dogs suffering from chronic pain. The magnitude of the effect appeared identical to that expected with an NSAID. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0413-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - David Knazovicky
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Beth Case
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Mila Freire
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Association of signalment parameters with activity of pet dogs. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e28. [PMID: 26101597 PMCID: PMC4473176 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity monitors are increasingly being used to quantify the activity of pet dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between signalment and activity of free-living pet dogs. Healthy pet dogs were recruited to wear an Actical activity monitor on their collars continuously for 2 weeks in their home environment. At least fifteen dogs were enrolled in each of the following weight ranges: <10, 10–20, 21–30, 31–40, >40 kg and their age, sex and reproductive status recorded. Each dog's intensity of activity for each minute of recording was classified using the total counts for that minute and our pre-established cut-points. The percentage of time dogs spent in sedentary, light or moderate/vigorous activity each day was calculated. Median total daily activity counts and median percentages of time dogs spent in activities of differing intensity were used for the analysis. Associations between signalment characteristics and activity parameters were evaluated with the Mann–Whitney test, the Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman rank correlations. Ninety-eight dogs were enrolled with ≥17 dogs in each weight category. Time that dogs were sedentary correlated positively with age (r 0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001), while the median total daily activity count (r −0·47, uncorrected P < 0·001), time spent in light (r −0·46, uncorrected P < 0·001) and more vigorous activity (r −0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001) were negatively associated with age. No other significant associations between signalment and activity parameters were found. The lack of differences in activity across weight categories may reflect the impact of lifestyle negating any potential behavioural differences across breeds.
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Foster JD, Sample S, Kohler R, Watson K, Muir P, Trepanier LA. Serum biomarkers of clinical and cytologic response in dogs with idiopathic immune-mediated polyarthropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:905-11. [PMID: 24698600 PMCID: PMC4895454 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune‐mediated polyarthopathy (IMPA) is common in dogs, and is monitored by serial arthrocenteses. Hypothesis/Objectives Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and CXCL8 (interleukin‐8) would serve as noninvasive markers of joint inflammation in IMPA. Animals Nine client‐owned dogs with idiopathic IMPA; 6 healthy controls. Methods Prospective study. Plasma CRP, IL‐6, and CXCL8 were measured by ELISA at baseline, 2, and 4 weeks during treatment with prednisone at 50 mg/m2/day. Arthrocenteses, the canine brief pain inventory (CBPI), and accelerometry collars were used to assess joint inflammation, lameness, and mobility at all 3 time points. Results C‐reactive protein concentrations were higher in IMPA dogs (median 91.1 μg/mL, range 76.7–195.0) compared with controls (median <6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–13.7; P = .0035), and were significantly lower at week 2 (10.6 μg/mL, <6.3–48.8) and week 4 (<6.3 μg/mL, <6.3–24.4; P < .001). C‐reactive protein was correlated with median CBPI scores (r = 0.68; P = .0004), joint cellularity (r = 0.49, P = .011), and mobility by accelerometry (r = −0.42, P = .048). Plasma IL‐6 concentrations were also higher in IMPA dogs (median 45.9 pg/mL), compared with controls (median <15.7 pg/mL; P = .0008). IL‐6 was lower in IMPA dogs by week 4 (<15.7 pg/mL; P = .0099), and was modestly correlated with CBPI scores (r = 0.47, P = .023). CXCL8 did not differ significantly between IMPA and healthy dogs. Conclusions Plasma CRP and IL‐6 might be useful surrogate markers of synovial inflammation and disease activity in dogs with IMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Foster
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Piccione G, Marafioti S, Giannetto C, Di Pietro S, Quartuccio M, Fazio F. Comparison of daily distribution of rest/activity in companion cats and dogs. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.884303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cheung KW, Starling MJ, McGreevy PD. A comparison of uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers for the assessment of physical activity in dogs. J Vet Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morrison R, Penpraze V, Greening R, Underwood T, Reilly JJ, Yam PS. Correlates of objectively measured physical activity in dogs. Vet J 2014; 199:263-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance P-saporin (SP-SAP), a chemical conjugate of substance P and a recombinant version of the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin, when administered intrathecally, acts as a targeted neurotoxin producing selective destruction of superficial neurokinin-1 receptor-bearing cells in the spinal dorsal horn. The goal of this study was to provide proof-of-concept data that a single intrathecal injection of SP-SAP could safely provide effective pain relief in spontaneous bone cancer pain in companion (pet) dogs. METHODS In a single-blind, controlled study, 70 companion dogs with bone cancer pain were randomized to standard-of-care analgesic therapy alone (control, n=35) or intrathecal SP-SAP (20-60 µg) in addition to standard-of-care analgesic therapy (n=35). Activity, pain scores, and videography data were collected at baseline, 2 weeks postrandomization, and then monthly until death. RESULTS Although the efficacy results at the 2-week postrandomization point were equivocal, the outcomes evaluated beyond 2 weeks revealed a positive effect of SP-SAP on chronic pain management. Significantly, more dogs in the control group (74%) required unblinding and adjustment in analgesic protocol or euthanasia within 6 weeks of randomization than dogs that were treated with SP-SAP (24%; P<0.001); and overall, dogs in the control group required unblinding significantly sooner than dogs that had been treated with SP-SAP (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Intrathecal administration of SP-SAP in dogs with bone cancer produces a time-dependent antinociceptive effect with no evidence of development of deafferentation pain syndrome which can be seen with neurolytic therapies.
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Morrison R, Penpraze V, Beber A, Reilly JJ, Yam PS. Associations between obesity and physical activity in dogs: a preliminary investigation. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:570-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Morrison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - V. Penpraze
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ
| | - A. Beber
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - J. J. Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow G1 1QE
| | - P. S. Yam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G61 1QH
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Piccione G, Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Faggio C, Panzera M. Effect of housing conditions and owner’s schedule on daily total locomotor activity in dogs (Canis familiaris). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.756254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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