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Bukar AM, Jesse FFA, Abdullah CAC, Noordin MM, Lawan Z, Mangga HK, Balakrishnan KN, Azmi MLM. Immunomodulatory Strategies for Parapoxvirus: Current Status and Future Approaches for the Development of Vaccines against Orf Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1341. [PMID: 34835272 PMCID: PMC8624149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri 1070, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
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Lacasta D, Reina R, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ferrer LM, Benito AA, Tejedor MT, Echeverria I, Ruiz H, Martinez Cardenas S, Windsor PA. Effect of a Topical Formulation on Infective Viral Load in Lambs Naturally Infected with Orf Virus. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:149-158. [PMID: 34136371 PMCID: PMC8200145 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Orf is a highly contagious eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats. Although vaccination with live or attenuated orf virus is the preferred option for disease control, the vaccine is unavailable in many countries. Treatment of orf lesions involves standard hygiene and in numerous cases, management of presumptive secondary infections with antibiotics, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen® containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation was developed for pain relief in sheep undergoing surgical husbandry procedures in Australia. Recently, TS therapy was found to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection. It was noted that TS has a low pH and is potentially viricidal, potentially aiding disease control. Methods One-month-old lambs (n=14), naturally infected with orf, were recruited from a farm during a natural outbreak of the disease. The animals were selected at the early stages of the infection and randomly divided into two cohorts: Group A (n=11) treated with the topical wound gel formulation (TS); and Group B (n=3) an untreated control group. Swabs were obtained before treatment (T0) and on days one (T1), 3 (T2) and 5 (T3) post-treatment, then submitted to direct DNA extraction with real-time PCR quantification, plus incubation with primary tissue cultures from ovine skin fibroblasts (OSF) and T-immortalized goat embryonic fibroblasts (TIGEF). Results Although no significant differences were found in the clinical progression of the lesions and PCR quantification (p=0.722) between these small cohorts, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in reduction in infective viral load between the groups when assessed in OSF cell cultures between T0 and T3. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that treatment of early stage lesions with this TS may reduce the infective viral load present in orf lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Maria Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Irache Echeverria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hector Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez Cardenas
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Adamu L, Noorzahari MSB, May LK, Mangga HK, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Lila MAM. An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:250. [PMID: 31319873 PMCID: PMC6639921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers' compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. RESULTS Out of 504 animals, 115 were positive for Orf-virus antibodies. An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. It was observed that 25.1% (92/367) of goats were positive and 16.8% (23/137) of sheep sero-converted for Orf virus antibody. Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. The prevalence was higher in LY farm, JC breed, kid and female animals, and in the presence of disease lesion. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P < 0.05). Notwithstanding, all other variables showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Farms surveyed usually practised intensive management system, keeping animals in the shade at all time, due to limited availability of suitable land as a free-range grazing area. An interview with small holder farmers revealed a lack of awareness of the main goals of herd health programme. An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. Among the 14 main components of HHP modules, animal identification had recorded highest compliance level (84.62%) while milking management recorded the least compliance (- 82.69%). That explained why there was a high sporadic prevalence of Orf infection in this region. CONCLUSION Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Lawan Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lau Kah May
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu Peti Surat 203, 20720, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed R, Haron AW, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:55-63. [PMID: 29709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ramlan Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Genetic diversity of Orf virus isolated from sheep in Uruguay. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1285-1291. [PMID: 29368063 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma, a disease widely spread in the world that occasionally causes zoonotic infections. This work is the first molecular characterization of ORFV in Uruguay, where we analyzed twenty-one sheep samples, eighteen of which were recovered from thirteen ORFV outbreaks that occurred during 2004 to 2011 as well as three strains from a national vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis and the derived amino acid sequences from the B2L gene suggest that the Uruguayan virus do not form a unique cluster, with most of them displaying similarities with worldwide ORFV isolates as well as our vaccine strains.
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Peralta A, Robles C, Martínez A, Alvarez L, Valera A, Calamante G, König GA. Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina. Virus Genes 2015; 50:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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