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Maden M, Gülersoy E. Serum/Faecal S100A12, CRP and lactoferrin can be used to distinguish ınfectious and non-ınfectious canine diarrhoea. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2485-2496. [PMID: 37688789 PMCID: PMC10650241 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacies of selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers in cases of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea in dogs. METHODS A total of 60 dogs, 12 healthy (Control Group) and 48 with diarrhoea were used. Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic (infectious) and Nutritional diarrhoea (non-infectious) subgroups (n: 12) were formed according to the aetiology, on the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations. Selected inflammatory and intestinal biomarkers (Calgranulin, S100A12; Lactoferrin, LCTF; C-reactive protein, CRP) were measured both in serum and faecal samples. RESULTS Compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups, the infectious diarrhoea groups had higher serum S100A12, LCTF, CRP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CR), alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, and lower glucose (GLU), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations (p < 0.05); Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups had lower serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) concentrations (p < 0.05). Faecal S100A12, LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in infectious diarrhoea groups compared to the Control and Nutritional Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). Faecal LCTF and CRP concentrations were higher in the Bacterial Diarrhoea group than in the Viral and Parasitic Diarrhoea groups (p < 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE It was determined that serum (area under curve, AUC: 0.842 and 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.975 and 0.786) S100A12 and CRP concentrations in viral diarrhoea; serum (AUC: 0.956) and faecal (AUC: 0.992) LCTF concentrations in bacterial diarrhoea have diagnostic values in the diagnosis of the presence of intestinal inflammation and damage and can be used in the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Maden
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultyHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
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Karakus AO, Temizel EM, Udum D. Determination of the relationships between serum amyloid A, serum calprotectin and fecal calprotectin in healthy and infectious diarrheic calves and their diagnostic significances as inflammatory markers. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105041. [PMID: 37832244 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, serum amyloid A (SAA), serum calprotectin (SCalp) and fecal calprotectin (FCalp) levels were investigated in neonatal calves with infectious diarrhea. Total of 70 calves were divided into E. coli, C. parvum, C. parvum + viral, viral and control groups. Clinical parameters were recorded on days 0 and 7, post treatment. On these days, blood and stool samples were also taken. SAA, SCalp and FCalp levels were measured with commercial ELISA kits. Mean SAA levels on day 0 were measured as 0.54 (0.16-2.18) ng/ml and 38.40 (8.28-83.96) ng/ml for the diarrhea and healthy group, respectively (P < 0.001). Statistically significant difference was also obtained between the diarrhea [68.02 ng/ml 46.66-101.67] and control [24.05 ng/ml 11.92-56] groups in terms of SCalp levels on day 0 (P < 0.001). Cut-off value of SCalp to distinguish E. coli originated diarrhea from viral diarrhea was found to be 70.969 ng/ml (Sens: 94%). FCalp levels on day 0 were 93.08 (22.17-122.88) ng/ml and 87.01 ± 3.33 ng/ml in the diarrhea and healthy groups, respectively (P = 0.04). Cut-off concentration of FCalp was found to be 91.804 ng/ml (P = 0.0057). In addition, as a result of the logistic regression analysis, FCalp's ability to identify animals with diarrhea was found to be 6.316 times (P = 0.009) higher. The highest levels of SCalp and FCalp measured on day 0 were found among E. coli group. As a result, the importance of FCalp and SCalp in diagnosing the status of infectious diarrhea in calves for the first time in the veterinary literature is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Omer Karakus
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gorukle Campus, 16285 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ethem Mutlu Temizel
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gorukle Campus, 16285 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Udum
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Gorukle Campus, 16285 Bursa, Turkey.
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3
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Sahoo DK, Allenspach K, Mochel JP, Parker V, Rudinsky AJ, Winston JA, Bourgois-Mochel A, Ackermann M, Heilmann RM, Köller G, Yuan L, Stewart T, Morgan S, Scheunemann KR, Iennarella-Servantez CA, Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Pilla R, Suchodolski JS, Jergens AE. Synbiotic-IgY Therapy Modulates the Mucosal Microbiome and Inflammatory Indices in Dogs with Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010025. [PMID: 36669027 PMCID: PMC9867299 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CE) is a common cause of persistent gastrointestinal signs and intestinal inflammation in dogs. Since evidence links dysbiosis to mucosal inflammation, probiotics, prebiotics, or their combination (synbiotics) may reduce intestinal inflammation and ameliorate dysbiosis in affected dogs. This study's aim was to investigate the effects of the synbiotic-IgY supplement on clinical signs, inflammatory indices, and mucosal microbiota in dogs with CE. Dogs with CE were enrolled in a randomized prospective trial. Twenty-four client-owned dogs were fed a hydrolyzed diet and administered supplement or placebo (diet) for 6 weeks. Dogs were evaluated at diagnosis and 2- and 6-week post-treatment. Outcome measures included clinical activity, endoscopic and histologic scores, inflammatory markers (fecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein), and composition of the mucosal microbiota via FISH. Eleven supplement- and nine placebo-treated dogs completed the trial. After 6 weeks of therapy, clinical activity and endoscopic scores decreased in both groups. Compared to placebo-treated dogs, dogs administered supplement showed decreased calprotectin at 2-week post-treatment, decreased CRP at 2- and 6-week post-treatment increased mucosal Clostridia and Bacteroides and decreased Enterobacteriaceae in colonic biopsies at trial completion. Results suggest a beneficial effect of diet and supplements on host responses and mucosal microbiota in dogs with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: or (D.K.S.); (A.E.J.)
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Valerie Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam Joseph Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark Ackermann
- National Animal Disease Center USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department for Large Animals, University of Leipzig, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tracey Stewart
- Roy J. Carver High Resolution Microscopy Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shannon Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R Scheunemann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: or (D.K.S.); (A.E.J.)
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4
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Kostanjšak T, Bojanić K, Čičak H, Gotić J, Vrbanac Z, Šimundić AM, Vnuk D, Bottegaro NB. Is canine calprotectin in serum stabile after storage at low temperature? BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:451. [PMID: 36564781 PMCID: PMC9789605 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human and veterinary medicine calprotectin is most widely used in diagnosing different gastro-intestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the stability of canine calprotectin (cCP) in serum after storage at low temperatures and imprecision of the method. METHODS Blood samples were collected from dogs with different clinical diagnoses. Twenty-two dogs were included in this study. Calprotectin concentration was measured 4 hours after serum separation (T0), and after being frozen at - 80 °C for 8 (T1) and 16 weeks (T2). The maximum permissible difference (MPD) was derived from the equation for calculating total error (TE) TE = %Bias + (1.96 x %CV), where bias and coefficient of variation (CV) were defined by the manufacturer. The dogs enrolled in this study were patients admitted during the morning (9-12 a.m.), on the day the first measurement was performed. All sample analysis for determination of stability were done in duplicates. For determination of within-run precision, the two patients' serum samples were analyzed in 20 replicates. Imprecision was assessed by analyzing 20 replicates on one plate on two samples where high and low concentrations were anticipated. RESULTS The calculated value of MPD was 32.52%. Median calprotectin concentrations were higher at T1 114.08 μg/L (IQR = 55.05-254.56) and T2 133.6 μg/L (IQR = 100.57-332.98) than at T0 83.60 μg/L (IQR = 50.38-176.07). Relative and absolute bias at T1 (49.3%; 45.98 μg/L) and T2 (109.93%; 94.09 μg /L) have shown that calprotectin concentrations increase after long term storage at - 80 °C. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that c-CP was not stable for 16 weeks at low storage temperature (- 80 °C). Considering the observed change in the concentration of c-CP at T1, a storage time of 8 weeks should be safely applied. The method imprecision was not satisfactory, especially in the lower concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Kostanjšak
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for surgery, orthopaedics and ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Bojanić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Čičak
- grid.412688.10000 0004 0397 9648Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Gotić
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Vrbanac
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Radiology, Ultrasound Diagnostic and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Maria Šimundić
- grid.412688.10000 0004 0397 9648Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dražen Vnuk
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for surgery, orthopaedics and ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nika Brkljača Bottegaro
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for surgery, orthopaedics and ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Morphological Assessment and Biomarkers of Low-Grade, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Production Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213036. [PMID: 36359160 PMCID: PMC9654368 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Production animals are continuously exposed to environmental and dietary factors that might induce a state of low-grade, chronic intestinal inflammation. This condition compromises the productive performance and well-fare of these animals, requiring studies to understand what causes it and to develop control strategies. An intestinal inflammatory process is generally associated with alterations in the structure and functionality of its wall, resulting in the release of cellular components into the blood and/or feces. These components can act as biomarkers, i.e., they are measured to identify and quantify an inflammatory process without requiring invasive methods. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation, its effects on animal production and sustainability, and the identification of biomarkers that could provide early diagnosis of this process and support studies of useful interventional strategies. Abstract The complex interaction between the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota, and the diet balances the host physiological homeostasis and is fundamental for the maximal genetic potential of production animals. However, factors such as chemical and physical characteristics of the diet and/or environmental stressors can continuously affect this balance, potentially inducing a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut, where inflammatory parameters are present and demanding energy, but not in enough intensity to provoke clinical manifestations. It’s vital to expand the understanding of inflammation dynamics and of how they compromise the function activity and microscopic morphology of the intestinal mucosa. These morphometric alterations are associated with the release of structural and functional cellular components into the feces and the blood stream creating measurable biomarkers to track this condition. Moreover, the identification of novel, immunometabolic biomarkers can provide dynamic and predictors of low-grade chronic inflammation, but also provide indicators of successful nutritional or feed additive intervention strategies. The objective of this paper is to review the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation, its effects on animal production and sustainability, and the biomarkers that could provide early diagnosis of this process and support studies of useful interventional strategies.
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6
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Aydin O, Ulas N, Genc A, Baysal S, Kandemir O, Aktas MS. Investigation of hemogram, oxidative stress, and some inflammatory marker levels in neonatal calves with escherichia coli and coronavirus diarrhea. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105802. [PMID: 36191841 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is the most common disease affecting calves in the neonatal period resulting in economic losses. Although predisposing factors play a role in the etiology of the disease, in most cases, different pathogens are involved in the development of the infection. In this study, hemogram data, glutathione and malondialdehyde levels were examined to determine lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels in E. coli- and coronavirus-infected calves. Serum amyloid A and calprotectin levels were also analyzed to determine inflammatory status. The study included a total of 45 female Montofon calves aged 0-1 week, including the E. coli group (15 calves), the coronavirus group (15 calves), and the control group (15 calves). Analysis revealed that total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, malondialdehyde, serum amyloid A, and calprotectin levels increased in the coronavirus-infected calves compared with the E. coli group and the control group. In contrast, the levels of glutathione, one of the antioxidant markers, decreased. In conclusion, the main findings related to the determination of inflammation and oxidative status were characterized by the presence of E. coli and coronavirus diarrhea, and it is suggested that future studies may be guided by the fact that inflammatory conditions are higher in viral disease than in bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Nergis Ulas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aydin Genc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Baysal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozge Kandemir
- Aksaray Technical Sciences Vocatinal School, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sinan Aktas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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7
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Enderle LL, Köller G, Heilmann RM. Verification of the fCAL turbo immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of the fecal calprotectin concentration in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:813-824. [PMID: 35879875 PMCID: PMC9446300 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of calprotectin in feces (fCal) is a clinically useful marker
of chronic gastrointestinal inflammation in humans and dogs. No commercial assay
is widely available to measure fCal in small animal medicine, to date. Thus, we
verified the immunoturbidimetric fCAL turbo assay (Bühlmann) of fCal for canine
and feline fecal extracts by determining linearity, spiking and recovery, and
intra-assay and inter-assay variability. We determined RIs, temporal variation
over 3 mo, and effect of vaccination and NSAID treatment. Observed:expected
(O:E) ratios (x̄ ± SD) for serial dilutions of feces were 89–131% (106 ± 9%) in
dogs and 77–122% (100 ± 12%) in cats. For spiking and recovery, the O:E ratios
were 90–118% (102 ± 11%) in dogs and 83–235% (129 ± 42%) in cats. Intra- and
inter-assay CVs for canine samples were ≤19% and ≤7%, and for feline samples
≤22% and ≤21%. Single-sample RIs were <41 μg/g for dogs and <64 μg/g for
cats. With low reciprocal individuality indices, using population-based fCal RIs
is appropriate, and moderate fCal changes between measurements (dogs 44.0%;
cats: 43.2%) are considered relevant. Cats had significant (but unlikely
relevant) fCal increases post-vaccination. Despite individual fCal spikes, no
differences were seen during NSAID treatment. The fCAL turbidimetric assay is
linear, precise, reproducible, and sufficiently accurate for measuring fCal in
dogs and cats. Careful interpretation of fCal concentrations is warranted in
both species during the peri-vaccination period and for some patients receiving
NSAID treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena L Enderle
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Gabor Köller
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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Elucidating the Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy-A Search for Potential Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131645. [PMID: 35804545 PMCID: PMC9264988 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is a chronic disease affecting the small or large intestine and, in some cases, the stomach of dogs. This gastrointestinal disorder is common and is characterized by recurrent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss in affected dogs. The pathogenesis of IBD is not completely understood. Similar to human IBD, potential disease factors include genetics, environmental exposures, and dysregulation of the microbiota and the immune response. Some important components of the innate and adaptive immune response involved in CIE pathogenesis have been described. However, the immunopathogenesis of the disease has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarized the literature associated with the different cell types and molecules involved in the immunopathogenesis of CIE, with the aim of advancing the search for biomarkers with possible diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility. Abstract Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal diseases affecting dogs worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors, as well as intestinal microbiota and dysregulated host immune responses, participate in this multifactorial disease. Despite advances explaining the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in CIE development, the exact pathogenesis is still unknown. This review compiles the latest reports and advances that describe the main molecular and cellular mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in canine CIE pathogenesis. Future studies should focus research on the characterization of the immunopathogenesis of canine CIE in order to advance the establishment of biomarkers and molecular targets of diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility.
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Grützner N, Heilmann RM, Tress U, Peters IR, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Genomic association and further characterisation of faecal immunoglobulin A deficiency in German Shepherd dogs. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2144-2155. [PMID: 34390535 PMCID: PMC8604126 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, chronic enteropathies and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have a high prevalence in German Shepherd dogs (GSD). This prospective study determined the prevalence of faecal IgA deficiency (IgAD) in GSD and investigated several candidate genes and the canine genome for a region or locus co-segregating with IgAD in GSD. Faecal IgA concentrations were quantified and genomic DNA was extracted from 8 GSD with an undetectable faecal IgA (classified as IgAD) and 80 non-IgAD GSD. The canine minimal screening set II microsatellite markers were genotyped, with evidence of an association at p < 1.0 × 10-3 . Faecal IgA concentrations were also tested for an association with patient clinical and biochemical variables. RESULTS Allele frequencies observed using the candidate gene approach were not associated with faecal IgAD in GSD. In the genome-wide association study (GWAS), the microsatellite marker FH2361 on canine chromosome 33 approached statistical significance for a link with IgAD in GSD (p = 1.2 × 10-3 ). A subsequent GWAS in 11 GSD with EPI and 80 control GSD revealed a significant association between EPI and FH2361 (p = 8.2 × 10-4 ). CONCLUSIONS The lack of an association with the phenotype of faecal IgAD in GSD using the candidate gene approach and GWAS might suggests that faecal IgAD in GSD is a relative or transient state of deficiency. However, the prevalence of faecal IgAD in GSD appears to be low (<3%). The relationship between faecal IgAD, EPI and loci close to FH2361 on canine chromosome 33 in GSD warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Clinic for Swine and Small RuminantsForensic Medicine and Ambulatory ServiceUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Department for Small AnimalsVeterinary Teaching HospitalCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigSNGermany
| | - Ursula Tress
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Small Animal Practice PommerhofPlaidtRLPGermany
| | - Iain R. Peters
- Department of Clinical Veterinary ScienceUniversity of BristolLangfordBristolUK
- Veterinary Pathology Group (VPG) ExeterVPG Synlab GroupExeterDevonUK
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryDepartment of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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10
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Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Current diagnostics for chronic enteropathies in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50 Suppl 1:18-28. [PMID: 34699081 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs describe a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Three major subgroups of CE can be identified by their response to treatment: Food-responsive disease (FRD), antibiotic-responsive disease (ARD), and steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The clinical diagnosis of CE is made by exclusion of all other possible causes of chronic diarrhea and includes histologic assessment of intestinal biopsies. The process of diagnosing canine CE can therefore be very time-consuming and expensive, and in most cases, does not help to identify dogs that will respond to a specific treatment. The development of novel diagnostic tests for canine CE has therefore focused on the accuracy of such tests to predict treatment responses. In this article, several novel assays that have the potential to become commercially available will be discussed, such as genetic tests, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA), antibodies against transglutaminase/gliadin, antibodies against E coli OmpC/flagellin, and micro RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,SMART Translational Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Translational Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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11
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Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee D, Yun T, Koo Y, Chae Y, Kang JH, Kang BT, Yang MP, Kim H. Clinical signs, duodenal histopathological grades, and serum high-mobility group box 1 concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2205-2214. [PMID: 34480505 PMCID: PMC8478061 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly occurs in dogs, but there is lack of information about potential biomarkers of clinical and histopathologic severity. Objective To examine the role of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations in dogs with IBD. Animals Seventeen dogs with IBD and 25 healthy dogs. Methods In this prospective study, duodenal histopathologic severity was graded, and the clinical severity of IBD was assessed by the canine IBD assessment index (CIBDAI) score in dogs with IBD. Serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations were compared between IBD and healthy dogs and analyzed according to histopathologic grade in dogs with IBD. The correlations between serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations and the CIBDAI score were evaluated. Results Dogs with IBD had higher serum CRP (median [range] = 20.39 [1.53‐67.69] μg/mL vs 2.31 [0.17‐11.49] μg/mL; P < .001) and HMGB1 concentrations (0.44 [0.07‐1.58] ng/mL vs 0.05 [0.01‐0.25] ng/mL; P < .001) than healthy dogs. The serum HMGB1 concentration was higher in IBD dogs with a moderate to severe histopathologic grade (0.51 [0.30‐1.58] ng/mL, P = .03) than in those with a mild histopathologic grade (0.17 [0.07‐0.75] ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations and CIBDAI score were positively correlated in dogs with IBD (rs = .49, P = .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Serum HMGB1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosing IBD and might be indicative of histopathologic severity in dogs, whereas serum CRP might be an indicator of clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Suk Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hernandez J, Dandrieux JRS. From Bench Top to Clinics: How New Tests Can Be Helpful in Diagnosis and Management of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:137-153. [PMID: 33187620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review different tests that have been researched in dogs with chronic enteropathy. The usefulness of these tests either to assess etiology, to differentiate between treatment response, or to monitor treatment response is discussed. The tests are divided in those that are commercially available and those that hold promises for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, Microbiota Interactions with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), F-78350, Jouy-en Josas, France; Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 route de Gachet, Nantes 44300, France
| | - Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, U-Vet, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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13
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Sacoor C, Barros LM, Montezinho L. What are the potential biomarkers that should be considered in diagnosing and managing canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies? Open Vet J 2021; 10:412-430. [PMID: 33614437 PMCID: PMC7830176 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs are characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs that last for more than 3 weeks. Despite unclear etiopathogenesis, it is considered that a genetic predisposition associated with environmental factors, such as dietary antigens and intestinal microbiota, might induce an abnormal immune response in the host. The diagnosis of this condition requires full investigation in order to exclude all other possible causes. Currently, the observation of clinical signs associated with histopathologic evaluation and systematic therapeutic trials is the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathies. Furthermore, diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, and treatment response evaluation can be exhausting, since this whole process is time-consuming, costly, and partially invasive. Therefore, biomarkers appear as non-invasive tools, which can be useful in evaluating gastrointestinal function, identifying the presence of the disease and assessing its natural progression, monitoring gastrointestinal inflammation, predicting response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Over the past decade, several studies were conducted in order to explore the clinical utility of biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the biomarkers considered relevant in the diagnosis and management of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The biomarkers addressed in this study may be serological, present in urine and feces, or even tissue-derived. This study argues that biomarkers, in particular calprotectin and calgranulin C, have great potential to be used in clinical practice in the diagnosis and management of affected dogs. However, a single biomarker cannot assuredly predict disease severity, progression, response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Therefore, in order to achieve greater accuracy, it would be beneficial if these tools are used in conjunction with contemporary ones. Future research is needed with the aim to better determine the usefulness of these tools in chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sacoor
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Meireles Barros
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Toresson L, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Cholestyramine treatment in two dogs with presumptive bile acid diarrhoea: a case report. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:1. [PMID: 33468234 PMCID: PMC7814458 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In people, bile acid diarrhoea is a prevalent complication of Crohn’s disease and diarrhoea-associated irritable bowel syndrome. Affected patients typically respond to bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine, but human gastroenterologists often fail to recognize bile acid diarrhoea. Consequently, bile acid diarrhoea is regarded as an underrecognized and undertreated condition in human medicine. Due to lack of diagnostic tools, clinical response to bile acid sequestrants is often used to confirm a diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea in people. Several recent studies have shown that bile acid dysmetabolism also occurs in dogs with chronic enteropathies. It has further been shown that dogs with chronic enteropathies have significantly decreased expression of a bile acid transport protein in the ileum compared to healthy dogs, which correlates with faecal bile acid dysmetabolism. Consequently, in spite of the lack of reports in the literature, bile acid diarrhoea is likely to exist in dogs as well. Case descriptions Two dogs, an 8-year old Rottweiler and a 4.5-year old Siberian Husky were evaluated for chronic watery diarrhoea. Neither dog responded to dietary trials, probiotics, cyclosporine, faecal microbial transplantations or metronidazole. One of the dogs responded to high daily doses of corticosteroids, which were however associated with unacceptable side effects. The other dog was refractory to all standard treatment protocols, including cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Since none of the dogs responded satisfactorily to standard treatment or modulation of the intestinal microbiome, a suspicion of possible bile acid diarrhoea was raised. Treatment with cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant was initiated and resulted in marked improvement of faecal consistency, frequency of defecation and activity level in both dogs. Conclusion This report presents two dogs with presumed bile acid diarrhoea that were successfully treated with cholestyramine. Therefore, bile acid diarrhoea should be considered as a possible diagnosis in dogs with treatment-refractory chronic diarrhoea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40575-021-00099-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toresson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Bergavagen 3, 25466, Helsingborg, Sweden.
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
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15
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Jones SM, Gaier A, Enomoto H, Ishii P, Pilla R, Price J, Suchodolski J, Steiner JM, Papich MG, Messenger K, Tolbert MK. The effect of combined carprofen and omeprazole administration on gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1886-1893. [PMID: 32893926 PMCID: PMC7517840 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proton pump inhibitors (eg, omeprazole) commonly are administered concurrently with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; eg, carprofen) as prophylaxis to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) injury. However, evidence to support this practice is weak, and it might exacerbate dysbiosis and inflammation. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the effect of carprofen alone or combined with omeprazole in dogs. We hypothesized that coadministration of omeprazole and carprofen would significantly increase GI permeability and dysbiosis index (DI) compared to no treatment or carprofen alone. Animals Six healthy adult colony beagle dogs. Methods Gastrointestinal permeability and inflammation were assessed by serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, plasma iohexol concentration, fecal DI, and fecal calprotectin concentration in a prospective, 3‐period design. In the first 7‐day period, dogs received no intervention (baseline). During the 2nd period, dogs received 4 mg/kg of carprofen q24h PO for 7 days. In the 3rd period, dogs received 4 mg/kg of carprofen q24h and 1 mg/kg of omeprazole q12h PO for 7 days. Gastrointestinal permeability testing was performed at the end of each period. Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed model analysis of variance with Tukey‐Kramer post hoc tests (P < .05). Results Serum LPS and plasma iohexol concentrations did not differ between treatments. Fecal calprotectin concentrations differed between treatments (P = .03). The DI varied over time based on the treatment received (P = .03). Coadministration of omeprazole and carprofen significantly increased fecal calprotectin concentration and DI compared to baseline and carprofen alone. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Omeprazole prophylaxis induces fecal dysbiosis and increases intestinal inflammatory markers when coadministered with carprofen to otherwise healthy dogs with no other risk factors for GI bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann Gaier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hiroko Enomoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia Ishii
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Josh Price
- Office of Information and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Messenger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Katherine Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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16
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Estruch JJ, Barken D, Bennett N, Krawiec DK, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, Polansky BJ, Sueda MT. Evaluation of novel serological markers and autoantibodies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1177-1186. [PMID: 32282988 PMCID: PMC7255684 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of serological markers to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans is well‐established. Because of the frequency of IBD in dogs and resources required for its diagnosis with current methods, new approaches are desired. Objective The goal is to evaluate novel serologic markers to differentiate clinical cohorts in dogs with gastrointestinal (GI) disease and assess their potential to develop a serum‐based IBD diagnostic test. Animals Seventy dogs diagnosed with biopsy‐confirmed IBD, 23 dogs with non‐IBD predominantly acute GI diseases, and 58 normal dogs. Methods Prospective control study. ELISA methods were developed to detect autoantibodies to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (APMNA) and calprotectin (ACNA), antibodies against gliadins (AGA), microbial outer membrane porin C (ACA), and flagellins (AFA) isolated from diseased dogs based on clinical and histopathological scoring. Results IBD dogs displayed a 39%‐76% prevalence of seropositivity against selected serologic markers that markedly decreased to 0%‐13% in non‐IBD and normal dogs. ROC analysis showed statistical significance in differentiating the cohorts, with seropositivity against OmpC being the highest single performance marker. The combination of markers such as OmpC and APMNA reached specificities of 93%‐99% and 79%‐98% and sensitivities of 76%‐97% and 66%‐86% when comparing IBD versus normal cohorts and non‐IBD cohorts, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Seropositivity of canine immunoglobulins A against selected serologic markers in dogs appears promising in the detection and differentiation of IBD versus other acute GI conditions. Among them, antibody reactivity to Escherichia coli OmpC and canine autoantibodies against polymorphonuclear leukocytes displayed the highest single marker discriminating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Estruch
- Vetica Labs, Inc., 3525 Del Mar Heights Rd. Suite 106, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Derren Barken
- BaseChange Bioinformatics, 7465 Mission Gorge Road Suite #120, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Nicole Bennett
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Donald K Krawiec
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Gregory K Ogilvie
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Barbara E Powers
- CSU, Diagnostic Laboratories, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Benjamin J Polansky
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Michael T Sueda
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
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17
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Dandrieux JRS, Mansfield CS. Chronic Enteropathy In Canines: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:203-214. [PMID: 31828025 PMCID: PMC6902862 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s162774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the studies about the prevalence of chronic enteropathy are reviewed as well as the information regarding short- and long-term prognosis for dogs treated with the three most common therapies; these include dietary modification, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Although the data available are limited, most studies support a good to excellent long-term response in dogs that have a successful food trial, whereas the response is poor with antibiotics or on-going treatment is required to retain remission. There is a risk of antimicrobial resistance developing with inappropriate use of antimicrobials such as in these situations. The published information highlights the need for alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment to manipulate the GI microbiome, and in the final part of this article studies on the use of probiotic for the treatment of chronic enteropathy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Sarah Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Heilmann RM, Ruaux CG, Grützner N, Cranford SM, Bridges CS, Steiner JM. Biological variation of serum canine calprotectin concentrations as measured by ELISA in healthy dogs. Vet J 2019; 247:61-64. [PMID: 30971353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin is a useful biomarker of inflammation in dogs. However, the biological variation of serum canine calprotectin is unknown. Indices of biological variation were determined in serial serum samples (n=147) from 11 healthy dogs (males/females: 4/7, median age: 5 years): analytical (3.0%), intra-individual (29.9%), and inter-individual variation (33.2%), reciprocal index of individuality (1.1), and index of heterogeneity (4.9). Serum calprotectin concentrations measured by ELISA and by the previous radioimmunoassay were highly correlated, but a constant and proportional bias exists between both assays. A de novo ELISA-reference interval (RI) for serum calprotectin concentration was established (0.6-11.8mg/L). Moderate changes in serum calprotectin (minimum critical difference: 6.4mg/L) between sequential measurements are needed to be considered relevant, and a population-based RI may or may not be appropriate for serum calprotectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - C G Ruaux
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser St 11, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), SA, Germany
| | - S M Cranford
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - C S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Heilmann RM, Xenoulis PG, Müller K, Stavroulaki EM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9) concentrations and idiopathic hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:578-587. [PMID: 30788872 PMCID: PMC6430953 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic hyperlipidemia (IH) is a common condition in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). Studies in people have linked IH to low-grade inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IH complications. The role of inflammation in MS with IH is unknown. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the inflammatory markers serum calprotectin and S100A12 in MS with IH and in response to dietary intervention for IH management. ANIMALS One-hundred fifty clinically healthy MS. METHODS Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, calprotectin, and S100A12 concentrations were measured before and after placing the dogs on an ultra-low fat diet. RESULTS Hypertriglyceridemia (HTGL, P < .001) and hypercholesterolemia (HCHOL, P = .01) were independently associated with increased serum calprotectin but not S100A12 concentrations. Compared to normolipidemic MS, serum calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in MS with HTGL (P < .001) or combined hyperlipidemia (P = .02), but not those with isolated HCHOL (P = 1.0000). Presence (P = .005) and severity (P = .003) of HTGL and serum cholesterol concentrations (P = .04) decreased in MS with IH within 14-26 weeks after being placed on the ultra-low fat diet, but neither serum calprotectin nor S100A12 concentrations changed significantly with this dietary intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Subclinical (low-grade) inflammation appears to be present in some MS with IH, and an ultra-low fat diet does not decrease serum concentrations of inflammatory proteins in those dogs. Whether this presumed inflammatory phenotype in MS with IH is associated with the development of IH complications (eg, insulin resistance) requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Katrin Müller
- Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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20
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Craven MD, Washabau RJ. Comparative pathophysiology and management of protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:383-402. [PMID: 30762910 PMCID: PMC6430879 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein‐losing enteropathy, or PLE, is not a disease but a syndrome that develops in numerous disease states of differing etiologies and often involving the lymphatic system, such as lymphangiectasia and lymphangitis in dogs. The pathophysiology of lymphatic disease is incompletely understood, and the disease is challenging to manage. Understanding of PLE mechanisms requires knowledge of lymphatic system structure and function, which are reviewed here. The mechanisms of enteric protein loss in PLE are identical in dogs and people, irrespective of the underlying cause. In people, PLE is usually associated with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, suspected to arise from genetic susceptibility, or “idiopathic” lymphatic vascular obstruction. In dogs, PLE is most often a feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and less frequently intestinal lymphangiectasia, although it is not proven which process is the true driving defect. In cats, PLE is relatively rare. Review of the veterinary literature (1977‐2018) reveals that PLE was life‐ending in 54.2% of dogs compared to published disease‐associated deaths in IBD of <20%, implying that PLE is not merely a continuum of IBD spectrum pathophysiology. In people, diet is the cornerstone of management, whereas dogs are often treated with immunosuppression for causes of PLE including lymphangiectasia, lymphangitis, and crypt disease. Currently, however, there is no scientific, extrapolated, or evidence‐based support for an autoimmune or immune‐mediated mechanism. Moreover, people with PLE have disease‐associated loss of immune function, including lymphopenia, severe CD4+ T‐cell depletion, and negative vaccinal titers. Comparison of PLE in people and dogs is undertaken here, and theories in treatment of PLE are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Craven
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Robert J Washabau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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21
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Makielski K, Cullen J, O'Connor A, Jergens AE. Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:11-22. [PMID: 30523666 PMCID: PMC6335544 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal medical treatment for chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs and cats is controversial. Sequential treatment using diet, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive drugs is the most common strategy used by clinicians. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence for the effectiveness of dietary, drug, and alternative health interventions for inducing clinical remission in dogs and cats with CE. ANIMALS Retrospective study of dogs and cats with a diagnosis of chronic enteropathy. METHODS MEDLINE and Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) databases (1950 to March 2017) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case series. The primary outcome was induction of clinical remission. All studies were evaluated using the quality of evidence grading guidelines (I-IV), which assign a score defining the strength and quality of the evidence. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (11 RCTs in dogs and 2 in cats and 9 cohort studies or case series) met the inclusion criteria for inducing remission of gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Of the 13 RCTs achieving grade I scores, 10 studies (totaling 218 dogs and 65 cats) compared single treatment: diet (n = 3), immunosuppressives (n = 3), antimicrobials (n = 2), anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 1), and probiotics (n = 1). Three case series (grade III) reported clinical remission using an elimination diet fed to 55 cats and use of enrofloxacin to induce remission in dogs with granulomatous colitis (2 studies totaling 16 dogs). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The current evidence for treatment of CE is much greater in dogs than in cats. There is sufficient strong evidence to recommend the use of therapeutic GI diets, glucocorticoids, enrofloxacin, or some combination of these in dogs with CE. Therapeutic GI diets and glucocorticoids are most useful in cats with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Makielski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Jonah Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Annette O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
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Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 30222209 PMCID: PMC6189362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive, or immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein-losing enteropathy. Disease-independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1 -proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C-reactive protein, perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3-bromotyrosine, N-methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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Gerou-Ferriani M, Allen R, Noble PJM, German AJ, Caldin M, Batchelor DJ. Determining optimal therapy of dogs with chronic enteropathy by measurement of serum citrulline. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:993-998. [PMID: 29663515 PMCID: PMC5980245 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum concentration of citrulline is a useful biomarker in human intestinal disease and indicates globally reduced enterocyte mass and absorptive function in various disease states. Objectives To determine whether serum citrulline concentration is a biomarker in chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs, to provide useful information regarding optimal treatment or to predict outcome. Animals Seventy‐four dogs with CE and 83 breed‐ and age‐matched hospital controls with no clinical signs of intestinal disease. Methods Retrospective study. Outcome was determined and dogs were categorized by response to treatment as having food‐responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic‐responsive diarrhea (ARD), or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Disease severity was quantified by the CIBDAI scoring index. Results Serum citrulline concentration did not differ between dogs with CE (median, 8.4 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.0‐19.6) and controls (median, 8.1 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.2‐19.7, P = .91). Serum citrulline concentration was similar between dogs with FRE (median, 9.1 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.0‐18.9), ARD (median, 13.0 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 1.6‐19.2), IBD (median, 8.4 µg/mL, 5th‐95th percentile 2.1‐21.0; P = .91). Serum citrulline did not correlate to CIBDAI or to serum albumin concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In our study, serum citrulline concentration was not associated with efficacy of treatment or outcome in dogs with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhiannon Allen
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Peter-John M Noble
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J German
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Batchelor
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
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Otoni CC, Heilmann RM, García-Sancho M, Sainz A, Ackermann MR, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Jergens AE. Serologic and fecal markers to predict response to induction therapy in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:999-1008. [PMID: 29624721 PMCID: PMC5980281 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available of markers that assess the disease course in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Objectives Evaluate relationship between disease severity and serum and fecal biomarkers in dogs with idiopathic IBD before and after treatment. Animals Sixteen dogs with idioptahic IBD and 13 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective case control study. Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) clinical score, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA), and serum and fecal canine calprotectin (cCP) were measured before and after 21 days of treatment. Results Serum CRP (median 3.5 mg/L; range: 0.1‐52.4 mg/L), fecal cCP (median 92.3 μg/g; range: 0.03‐637.5 μg/g), and CIBDAI scores significantly increased in dogs with IBD before treatment compared with serum CRP (median 0.2 mg/L; range: 0.1‐11.8 mg/L; P < .001), fecal cCP (median 0.67 μg/g; range: 0.03‐27.9 μg/g; P < .001) and CIBDAI (P < .001) after treatment. No significant associations between CIBDAI scores and before or after treatment serum biomarkers. There was a significant association between fecal cCP and CIBDAI scores before treatment (rho = 0.60, P = .01). CRP and fecal cCP significantly decreased after treatment (median 3.5 mg/L v. 0.2 mg/L; P < .001 and 92.3 μg/g v. 0.67 μg/g; P = .001, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our data indicate that measurement of fecal cCP concentration is a useful biomarker for noninvasive evaluation of intestinal inflammation. Dogs with severe signs of GI disease more often have abnormal markers than dogs having less severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C Otoni
- Internal Medicine Department, VCA Arboretum View Animal Hospital, 2551 Warrenville Road, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas.,Department of Small Animal Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Heilmann RM, Berghoff N, Mansell J, Grützner N, Parnell NK, Gurtner C, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:679-692. [PMID: 29460444 PMCID: PMC5866976 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation, but its clinical utility in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of fecal calprotectin in dogs with biopsy-confirmed CIE. ANIMALS 127 dogs. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Dogs were assigned a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) score, and histologic lesions severity was assessed. Fecal calprotectin, fecal S100A12, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Food- or antibiotic-responsive cases (FRE/ARE, n = 13) were distinguished from steroid-/immunosuppressant-responsive or -refractory cases (SRE/IRE, n = 20). Clinical response to treatment in SRE/IRE dogs was classified as complete remission (CR), partial response (PR), or no response (NR). RESULTS Fecal calprotectin correlated with CCECAI (ρ = 0.27, P = .0065) and fecal S100A12 (ρ = 0.90, P < .0001), some inflammatory criteria, and cumulative inflammation scores, but not serum CRP (ρ = 0.16, P = .12). Dogs with SRE/IRE had higher fecal calprotectin concentrations (median: 2.0 μg/g) than FRE/ARE dogs (median: 1.4 μg/g), and within the SRE/IRE group, dogs with PR/NR had higher fecal calprotectin (median: 37.0 μg/g) than dogs with CR (median: 1.6 μg/g). However, both differences did not reach statistical significance (both P = .10). A fecal calprotectin ≥15.2 μg/g separated both groups with 80% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 28%-100%) and 75% specificity (95%CI: 43%-95%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fecal calprotectin could be a useful surrogate marker of disease severity in dogs with CIE, but larger longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate its utility in predicting the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Joanne Mansell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Nolie K. Parnell
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and PathobiologyVetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Handl S, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Preanalytical validation of an in-house radioimmunoassay for measuring calprotectin in feline specimens. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:100-107. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal Clinic; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
- Farm Animal Clinic; Vetsuisse Faculty Bern University; Bern Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Handl
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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Maximizing the diagnostic utility of endoscopic biopsy in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal disease. Vet J 2016; 214:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Grellet A, Heilmann RM, Polack B, Feugier A, Boucraut-Baralon C, Grandjean D, Grützner N, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Chastant-Maillard S. Influence of Breed Size, Age, Fecal Quality, and Enteropathogen Shedding on Fecal Calprotectin and Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Puppies During the Weaning Period. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1056-64. [PMID: 27279352 PMCID: PMC5089601 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fecal calprotectin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) are markers of intestinal inflammation and immunity in adult dogs. Hypothesis Fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations in puppies are not influenced by fecal moisture in puppies but by enteropathogen shedding. Animals Three hundred and twenty‐four puppies. Methods Fecal consistency was assessed by gross examination. Fecal moisture was evaluated before and after lyophilization. Canine parvovirus and coronavirus were detected in feces by qPCR and qRT‐PCR respectively. Giardia intestinalis antigen was quantified by ELISA. The standard McMaster flotation technique was used to detect eggs and oocysts in feces. Fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were quantified by in‐house radioimmunoassays. Results For each marker (IgA and calprotectin), a strong positive correlation was observed between concentration in fresh feces and concentration in fecal dry matter. 75.6% of the puppies were found to be infected by at ≥1 of the enteropathogens evaluated. Fecal calprotectin concentration was significantly influenced by age (P = .001), with higher concentrations in younger puppies, but not by viral (P = .863) or parasitic infection (P = .791). Fecal IgA concentration was significantly influenced by enteropathogen shedding (P = .01), with a lower fecal IgA concentration in puppies shedding at ≥1 enteropathogen compared to puppies without any enteropathogen shedding, but not by age. Conclusions Fecal calprotectin and IgA are of no diagnostic value to detect presence of enteropathogens in clinically healthy puppies or puppies with abnormal feces, but could help to better understand the maturation of digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R M Heilmann
- Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Polack
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | | | - D Grandjean
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - N Grützner
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - S Chastant-Maillard
- NeoCare, IHAP, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
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Hanifeh M, Heilmann RM, Sankari S, Rajamäki MM, Mäkitalo L, Syrjä P, Kilpinen S, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Spillmann T. S100A12 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity in the intestinal mucosa of healthy dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:234. [PMID: 26370713 PMCID: PMC4570263 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively few laboratory markers have been evaluated for the detection or monitoring of intestinal inflammation in canine chronic enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous research found that the intestinal mucosal levels of S100A12 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as biomarkers of gut inflammation, were elevated in human patients with IBD. To date, the S100A12 and MPO levels in intestinal mucosal samples from either healthy dogs or from dogs suffering from IBD remain unreported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the mucosal S100A12 and MPO levels in four different parts of the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) in 12 healthy laboratory Beagle dogs using the ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. RESULTS Based on histological examinations, the recorded findings for all the samples were considered normal. The mucosal concentration of S100A12 in the ileum was significantly higher than in all other segments of the intestine (p < 0.05). MPO activity was significantly higher in the ileal, jejunal and duodenal than in colonic mucosal samples (p < 0.05). Moreover, its concentration was higher in the jejunum than in the duodenum. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that S100A12 and MPO are reliably detectable in canine intestinal mucosa. The assays used appeared to be sufficient to further evaluate the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of canine chronic enteropathies, including IBD. These biomarkers may play a role in the initial detection of gut inflammation suggesting the need for further investigations to confirm IBD or to differentiate between IBD subtypes. Understanding the role of S100A12 and MPO in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in future may result in an improved understanding of canine chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hanifeh
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Postal code 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Satu Sankari
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Laura Mäkitalo
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pernilla Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 57, Viikintie 49, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Grützner N, Heilmann RM, Cranford SM, Holzenburg A, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Inflammatory, immunological, and intestinal disease biomarkers in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs with marked hypocobalaminemia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:31-40. [PMID: 25525135 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714560881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Shar-Pei dogs have a high prevalence of hypocobalaminemia and are commonly presented with clinical signs suggestive of severe and long-standing gastrointestinal disease such as diarrhea, vomiting, and/or weight loss. The aim of the current study was to evaluate serum concentrations of inflammatory markers, markers for intestinal disease, and immunological markers in Shar-Peis with hypocobalaminemia or normocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentrations within the reference interval). Serum samples from Shar-Peis were collected from various parts of the United States. Serum concentrations of inflammatory markers (i.e., C-reactive protein [CRP], calprotectin [CP], and S100A12), hyaluronic acid (HA, a marker for cutaneous mucinosis), and analytes commonly altered in chronic intestinal diseases (i.e., albumin, zinc, alpha1-proteinease inhibitor [α1PI], immunoglobulin [Ig]A, and IgM) were compared between Shar-Peis with hypocobalaminemia and Shar-Peis with normocobalaminemia. Serum concentrations of CRP, CP, S100A12, HA, zinc, and cα1-PI concentrations did not differ between hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (P > 0.05). Serum concentrations of albumin were significantly lower in hypocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 2.5 g/dl) than in normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 2.9 g/dl; P < 0.0001). Higher serum IgA concentrations and lower serum IgM concentrations were observed in hypocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 1.7 g/l and 0.8 g/l, respectively) than in normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis (median: 0.7 g/l and 1.9 g/l, respectively; both P < 0.0001). In conclusion, no difference was found in serum concentrations of CRP, CP, S100A12, and HA between hypocobalaminemic and normocobalaminemic Shar-Peis whereas some differences were observed in analytes (e.g., albumin, IgA, and IgM) that may be altered in patients with chronic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Shannon M Cranford
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Andreas Holzenburg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Grützner, Heilmann, Cranford, Suchodolski, Steiner), Texas A&M University, College Station, TXMicroscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Holzenburg), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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Slovak JE, Wang C, Morrison JA, Deitz KL, LeVine DN, Otoni C, King RR, Gerber LE, Hanson KR, Lundberg AP, Jergens AE. Endoscopic assessment of the duodenum in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 28:1442-6. [PMID: 25274438 PMCID: PMC4895581 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopy is performed for direct inspection of the mucosa and acquisition of biopsies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM To evaluate the interobserver agreement in the endoscopic assessment of duodenal mucosa in dogs with IBD. METHODS Thirty-five archived endoscopic images of grossly normal (n = 6) and inflamed (n = 29) duodenal mucosa were displayed to 3 expert and 5 trainee endoscopists. Each image was assessed independently by endoscopists for mucosal abnormalities using established indices (of hyperemia, granularity, friability, lymphatic dilatation, and erosions) or interpreted as normal mucosa (trial 1). A repeated trial (trial 2) was performed with the same images presented in random order 1 month later, and accompanied by a visual template. RESULTS There was slight interobserver agreement in initial mucosal assessment for expert and trainee endoscopists in trial 1 (kappa ≤ 0.02, P > .05). Interobserver agreement improved in trial 2 for both expert and trainee endoscopists (kappa = 0.2, P > .05) for experts and (P < .05) for trainees. There was a significant (P < .01) improvement in trainee endoscopy scores of lesions from trial 1 to trial 2. Regression analysis showed a significant (P < .01) difference between expert versus trainee endoscopy scores in trial 1. Repeat lesion assessment aided by use of a visual template (trial 2) improved the overall scores of trainee endoscopists to near that of expert endoscopists (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Interobserver agreement of IBD mucosal appearance from endoscopic findings benefitted from operator experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Slovak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Grützner N, Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Holzenburg A. Cold-microwave enhanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays—A path to high-throughput clinical diagnostics. Anal Biochem 2014; 457:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grosche A, Morton AJ, Graham AS, Polyak MMR, Freeman DE. Effect of large colon ischemia and reperfusion on concentrations of calprotectin and other clinicopathologic variables in jugular and colonic venous blood in horses. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1281-90. [PMID: 24066912 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of large colon ischemia and reperfusion on concentrations of the inflammatory neutrophilic protein calprotectin and other clinicopathologic variables in jugular and colonic venous blood in horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Horses were anesthetized, and ischemia was induced for 1 hour followed by 4 hours of reperfusion in a segment of the pelvic flexure of the large colon. Blood samples were obtained before anesthesia, before induction of ischemia, 1 hour after the start of ischemia, and 1, 2, and 4 hours after the start of reperfusion from jugular veins and veins of the segment of the large colon that underwent ischemia and reperfusion. A sandwich ELISA was developed for detection of equine calprotectin. Serum calprotectin concentrations and values of blood gas, hematologic, and biochemical analysis variables were determined. RESULTS Large colon ischemia caused metabolic acidosis, a significant increase in lactate and potassium concentrations and creatine kinase activities, and a nonsignificant decrease in glucose concentrations in colonic venous blood samples. Values of these variables after reperfusion were similar to values before ischemia. Ischemia and reperfusion induced activation of an inflammatory response characterized by an increase in neutrophil cell turnover rate in jugular and colonic venous blood samples and calprotectin concentrations in colonic venous blood samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this study suggested that large colon ischemia and reperfusion caused local and systemic inflammation in horses. Serum calprotectin concentration may be useful as a marker of this inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Grosche
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610., Shands Transplant Center at University of Florida, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL 32608
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Effect of age, gestation and lactation on faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations in dogs. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e41. [PMID: 26101610 PMCID: PMC4473140 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive markers of gut health. Faecal calprotectin is a marker of intestinal inflammation in adults, whereas IgA has been suggested as a marker of intestinal immunity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gestation, lactation and age on faecal concentrations of these biomarkers. Thirty puppies, nineteen pregnant or lactating bitches and eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were included in the study. Faeces were collected from the fourth week of gestation until the eighth week of lactation in pregnant and lactating bitches, and between 4 and 9 weeks of age in puppies. Faeces from the eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were also collected. Faecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were measured. Faecal calprotectin concentrations in control dogs were significantly lower than faecal calprotectin concentrations in puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age (P < 0·001) or between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·004). Puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age had significantly higher faecal IgA concentrations compared with puppies between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·001). Bitches during their second month of lactation had significantly lower faecal IgA concentrations compared with their first month of lactation (P = 0·049). Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive and easily measured biomarkers of gut health in adults. However, the present study underlines that faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations vary markedly depending of physiologic factors such as gestation, lactation and age. These factors need to be considered when these faecal biomarkers are used for evaluation of intestinal immunity or inflammation.
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Grellet A, Heilmann RM, Lecoindre P, Feugier A, Day MJ, Peeters D, Freiche V, Hernandez J, Grandjean D, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Fecal calprotectin concentrations in adult dogs with chronic diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:706-11. [PMID: 23627383 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.5.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate fecal calprotectin concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic diarrhea, to identify cutoff values for fecal calprotectin concentrations for use in differentiating dogs with chronic diarrhea and a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) < 12 from dogs with chronic diarrhea and a CCECAI ≥ 12, and to evaluate the association between histologic evidence of intestinal mucosal changes and fecal calprotectin concentrations in dogs with chronic diarrhea. SAMPLE Fecal samples from 96 adult dogs (27 dogs with chronic diarrhea and 69 healthy control dogs). PROCEDURES Severity of clinical signs was evaluated on the basis of the CCECAI scoring system. Endoscopy was performed in all dogs with chronic diarrhea, and mucosal biopsy specimens were evaluated histologically. Fecal calprotectin concentration was quantified via radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Fecal calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with chronic diarrhea than in healthy control dogs. Fecal calprotectin concentrations were also significantly higher in dogs with a CCECAI ≥ 12, compared with concentrations for dogs with a CCECAI between 4 and 11. Fecal calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with chronic diarrhea associated with histologic lesions, compared with concentrations in control dogs, and were significantly correlated with the severity of histologic intestinal lesions. Among dogs with chronic diarrhea, the best cutoff fecal calprotectin concentration for predicting a CCECAI ≥ 12 was 48.9 μg/g (sensitivity, 53.3%; specificity, 91.7%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fecal calprotectin may be a useful biomarker in dogs with chronic diarrhea, especially dogs with histologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Grellet
- Royal Canin, 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France.
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Steiner JM. Review of commonly used clinical pathology parameters for general gastrointestinal disease with emphasis on small animals. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:189-94. [PMID: 24129757 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313506793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of markers are available to assess the function and pathology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This review describes some of these markers with special emphasis given to markers used in dogs and cats. Small intestinal disease can be confirmed and localized by the measurement of serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin. Fecal α1-proteinase inhibitor concentration can increase in individuals with excessive GI protein loss. A wide variety of inflammatory markers are available for a variety of species that can be used to assess the inflammatory activity of various types of inflammatory cells in the GI tract, although most of these markers assess neutrophilic inflammation, such as neutrophil elastase, calprotectin, or S100A12. N-methylhistamine can serve as a marker of mast cell infiltration. Markers for lymphocytic or eosinophilic inflammation are currently under investigation. Exocrine pancreatic function can be assessed by measurement of serum concentrations of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) and trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI). Serum PLI concentration is increased in individuals with pancreatitis and has been shown to be highly specific for exocrine pancreatic function and sensitive for pancreatitis. Serum TLI concentration is severely decreased in individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Steiner
- 1Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Laboratory tests are an important part of the workup of small intestinal diseases in dogs and cats. Especially in chronic cases, when extragastrointestinal causes need to be ruled out, it is important to adhere to a systematic workup. This article details the newest available data on tests to aid this diagnostic process. Once the diagnosis of a chronic enteropathy is made, there are many laboratory tests that can help in monitoring the disease and providing prognostic information. Several new tests being evaluated for clinical usefulness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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