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Akagami M, Fujii Y, Ouchi Y, Hayama Y. Screening for Japanese Black cattle herds at risk of bovine leukemia virus transmission based on the presence of persistent lymphocytosis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 180:105421. [PMID: 39341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a screening method to identify Japanese Black (JB) cattle farms at high risk of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission. We introduced a recently established lymphocyte count (LC) cut-off to detect cattle with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). To identify high-risk farms, we examined the relationship between the proportion of cattle with PL and the mean blood proviral loads (PVL) per farm. The results showed a strong correlation between the proportion of cattle with high LC, higher than the LC cut-off values for JB cattle, and the mean blood PVL per farm. This indicates that the mean blood PVL on a herd basis of JB cattle can be estimated from the proportion of cattle with high LC. Specifically, the mean blood PVL on farms with >30 % cattle having high LC was estimated to be greater than 100 copies/10 ng DNA. The higher the proportion of cattle with high LC per farm, the higher the proportion of cattle at risk as sources of BLV infection. The study demonstrated that the proportion of cattle with high LC, based on the new LC cut-off, serves as a practical index for screening high-risk farms with PL cattle that have high PVL. This finding is meaningful for prioritizing farms with a high proportion of cattle with high LC, necessitating BLV infection prevention measures, such as voluntary culling and segregation, in order to develop a regional, stepwise BLV eradication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Akagami
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan; Ibaraki Prefecture Kensei Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan; Ibaraki Prefecture Kensei Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ouchi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Benavides B, Monti G. Bovine leukemia virus transmission rates in persistent lymphocytotic infected dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1367810. [PMID: 39086766 PMCID: PMC11288960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1367810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) establishes a lifelong persistent infection in dairy cattle. White blood cell count (WBC) is correlated with proviral load in the blood and milk of BLV-infected cattle, and testing WBC can be used to assess both BLV infectiousness levels and risk of BLV transmission from different types of infected animals. The objective of the study was to compare effective transmission rates (β) and the basic reproduction ratio (R o) among two types of BLV-infected dairy cows in Chile: those affected with persistent lymphocytosis (PL) vs. aleukemic (AL).The estimated (β) coefficient was higher in PL cattle [1.1; 95% Confidence interval (CI) (-1.6, 3.8)], compared to AL cattle (-3.1; 95% CI = -3.7, -2.5). In addition, the R o was higher in PL cattle (60.4; 95% CI = 3.5; 820.6), compared to AL cattle (1.5; 95% CI = 0.7, 3.1). The ratio between PL/AL expected rate of cases was 73.9. The estimated effective transmission rate and the Ro were higher in PL cattle compared to AL cattle. The WBC test is a convenient alternative that can be considered for risk identification and risk management of BLV infection in dairy herds; particularly in livestock regions where laboratory capacity is limited (e.g., use of PCR or gene sequencing techniques) and/or molecular tests are not cost-effective. Therefore, when prevalence of infection is high, the removal of PL cattle should be engaged to control BLV within-herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Benavides
- Animal Health Department, University of Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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3
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Iwamoto J, Koreeda T, Iino M, Eitoku R, Shibata S. Estimation of the proviral load in Japanese Black cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus by statistical modeling. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:135-140. [PMID: 38123328 PMCID: PMC10898988 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is B-cell lymphoma in cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. The incidence of EBL has been increasing since 1998 in Japan, resulting in significant economic losses for farms. The BLV genome integrates with the host genome as provirus, leading to sustainably infection. Although most of the BLV-infected cattle are aleukemic, some cattle cause persistent lymphocytosis (PL) and subsequently develop EBL. Recent reports suggest the association between the risk for the transmission of BLV and the developing EBL and the proviral load (PVL) in BLV-infected cattle, which cannot measure readily in the field. This study aims to build a statistical model for predicting PVL of BLV-infected asymptomatic or PL cattle based on data accessible in the field. Five negative binomial regression models with different linear predictors were built and compared for the predictability of PVL. Consequently, the model with two explanatory variables (age in months and logarithm of lymphocyte count) was selected as the best model. The model can be used in the field as a cost-beneficial supporting tool to estimate the risk of transmission of BLV and developing EBL in infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Iwamoto
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Terunori Koreeda
- Kagoshima Prefectural Hokusatsu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mei Iino
- Kagoshima Prefectural Soo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rikako Eitoku
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center Oshima Branch Office, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shibata
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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5
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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Martins L, Shrestha S, van der Meer F. Effects of bovine leukemia virus seropositivity and proviral load on milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:530-539. [PMID: 37709045 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, as determined by BLV seropositivity and proviral load, on 305-d milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,712 cows from 9 dairy herds in Alberta, Canada. The BLV status was assessed using an antibody ELISA, whereas BLV proviral load in BLV-seropositive cattle was determined with quantitative PCR. Dairy Herd Improvement 305-d milk, fat, and protein production data were obtained for all enrolled cattle. Differences in these milk end points were assessed in 2 ways: first, by categorizing cows based on BLV serostatus (i.e., BLV positive or negative), and second, by categorizing based on BLV proviral load (i.e., BLV negative, low proviral load [LPL] BLV positive, and high proviral load [HPL] BLV positive). A mixed-effect multivariable linear regression model was used to assess differences in milk parameters. We found that BLV positivity, adjusted for parity and natural log-transformed somatic cell count (SCC), was not associated with reduction in 305-d milk, fat, or protein production. However, significant reductions in 305-d milk, fat, and protein yield occurred in HPL cows, but not in LPL cows, compared with BLV-negative cows, when adjusted for parity number and natural log-transformed SCC. In summary, BLV proviral load may predict effects of BLV infection on milk, fat, and protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Larissa Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Samita Shrestha
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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6
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Porta NG, Suarez-Archilla G, Miotti C, Molineri AI, Alvarez I, Trono K, Signorini M, Ruiz V. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine Leukemia virus infection in argentine beef cattle. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104999. [PMID: 37708828 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, an endemic disease in dairy cattle of Argentina. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of BLV in beef cattle. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional study including farms from thirteen provinces of Argentina. A total of 5827 bovine serum samples were collected from 76 farms and analyzed using an in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information about herd management was collected through a questionnaire, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect risk factors associated with BLV infection. Herd-level seroprevalence was 71.05%, while the mean animal-level seroprevalence was 7.23% (median = 2.69%; min = 0, max = 75). Only two provinces had no positive BLV samples. The other eleven provinces showed more than 50% of their farms infected with BLV. The multivariate model revealed that BLV prevalence was significantly associated with the use of animals raised in the same farm for cattle replacement (P = 0.005), breeding cows by natural mating with a bull (P < 0.001), and weaning calves after 6 months of age (P = 0.011). This extensive study revealed that BLV seroprevalence in Argentine beef farms has increased during the last years and allowed identifying some management practices associated with BLV prevalence. These data deserve special attention because BLV infection in beef cattle seems to lead to a dissemination pattern similar to that observed during the last decades in dairy cattle, especially considering that Argentina is the sixth beef producer in the world, with about 5% of global beef production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gabriela Porta
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Suarez-Archilla
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Camila Miotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ana Inés Molineri
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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González-Méndez AS, Tórtora Pérez JL, Rojas-Anaya E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Study of the Genetic Expression of Antiretroviral Restriction Factors and Acute Phase Proteins in Cattle Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040529. [PMID: 37111415 PMCID: PMC10146972 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the genetic expression of antiretroviral restriction factors (ARF) and acute phase proteins (APP), as well as their correlation with proviral and viral loads in cattle with aleukemic (AL) and persistent lymphocytosis (PL). Complete blood samples were collected from a herd of dairy cows, and we extracted genetic material from peripheral blood leukocytes. Absolute quantification of the expression of ARF (APOBEC-Z1, Z2, and Z3; HEXIM-1, HEXIM-2, and BST2) and APP (haptoglobin (HP), and serum amyloid A (SAA)) was performed by qPCR. Statistical significance was observed in the expression of APOBEC-Z3 in BLV-infected animals. We only found positive correlations with a strong expression of the ARF genes in the AL group. The participation of APOBEC (Z1 and Z3), HEXIM-1, and HEXIM-2 was more frequently identified in BLV-infected animals. HEXIM-2 showed active gene expression in the AL group. Although the expression of ARF in early stages of infection (AL) maintains an important participation, in late stages (PL) it seems to have little relevance.
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Matsuura K, Takata K. Blood Cell Separation Using Polypropylene-Based Microfluidic Devices Based on Deterministic Lateral Displacement. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020238. [PMID: 36837938 PMCID: PMC9960998 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian blood cell separation methods contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of animal and human diseases. Microfluidic deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices can sort cells based on their particle diameter. We developed microfluidic DLD devices with poly(propylene)-based resin and used them to separate bovine and human red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) without electric devices. To determine the critical cut-off diameter (Dc) of these devices, we used immunobeads with a diameter of 1-20 μm. The Dc values of the microfluidic DLD devices for the immunobeads in the experiments were similar to the calculated Dc values (8-10 μm). Results from bovine blood cell separation experiments suggest that lymphocytes and neutrophils can be separated from diluted, whole blood. Human RBCs were occasionally observed in the left outlet where larger particles with diameters closer to the Dc value were collected. Based on the Dc values, human neutrophils were sorted to the left outlet, whereas lymphocytes were observed in both outlets. Although microfluidic channel optimization is required for the concentration of sorted cells, the microfluidic DLD device prepared with a poly(propylene)-based resin has the potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Koji Takata
- Life Materials Development Section, Human Life Technology Research Institute, Toyama Industrial Technology Research and Development Center, Nanto 939-1503, Japan
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John EE, Droscha C, Cameron M, Stryhn H, Keefe G, McClure JT. Development of a predictive model for bovine leukemia virus proviral load. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1827-1836. [PMID: 35950569 PMCID: PMC9511096 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background There is currently no commercially available method in Canada to identify bovine leukemia virus (BLV)‐positive cows with high proviral load (PVL). Objectives First, develop a model to predict PVL using common, commercially available, cost‐effective diagnostic tests. Second, investigate the relationship between lymphocyte count and PVL in BLV‐positive cows. Animals A total of 339 BLV‐positive and 62 BLV‐seronegative cows on 15 dairy farms. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Blood and milk samples were collected from all lactating BLV‐positive cows on each farm and 5 to 10 BLV‐seronegative cows depending on herd size. Blood and milk samples were tested for anti‐BLV antibodies using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Complete blood counts were performed on blood samples, and standard components analyses were obtained for milk samples. Proviral load was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for each cow. Results The inverse of lymphocyte count, the square of the inverse of lymphocyte count, and milk ELISA percent positivity were positively associated with increasing PVL in BLV‐positive cows. For BLV‐positive cows, lymphocyte count >5.2 × 109/L predicted a high PVL (BLV:Bovine DNA of >1 in blood) with a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 79.8%. For BLV‐positive cows, white blood cell count >10.8 × 109/L predicted a high PVL, with a sensitivity of 85.5% and a specificity of 83.6%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on these results, producers can implement commonly available diagnostic tests to identify cows with high probability of having high PVL, which may help in designing effective disease control strategies for BLV‐positive herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E John
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Inc., Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Marguerite Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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11
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Lv G, Wang H, Wang J, Lian S, Wu R. Effect of BLV Infection on the Immune Function of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil in Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:737608. [PMID: 34631861 PMCID: PMC8495415 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.737608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukemia is a late-onset, neoplastic infection caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV infection hinders the function of the immune system and induces other diseases, which negatively affects the performance and health of the infected cows. As the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogenic microorganisms, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) plays a vital role in the immune system of dairy cows. However, research on the effect of BLV infection on the immune function of PMN in dairy cows is scarce. Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effects and effect mechanisms of BLV infection on the immune function of PMN in dairy cows with different BLV provirus loads by detecting the chemotaxis, migration, adhesion, phagocytosis, respiratory burst function, and the formation of NETs. The experimental results showed that BLV infection had no significant effect on the phagocytosis of PMN but inhibited their migration and respiratory burst function, and the effects were closely related to the BLV provirus load. Under high BLV provirus load, PMN produced large amounts of NETs, chemokine CXCL7, adhesion molecule CD18, and pro-inflammatory factors IL-8 and TNF-α, triggering inflammatory responses, and tissue damage. The results of this study will help reveal the reason why BLV infection causes the high incidence of mammary gland inflammation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
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12
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Diagnostic Measures of Disease Progression in Cattle Following Natural Infection with Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080987. [PMID: 34451451 PMCID: PMC8398158 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the longitudinal changes in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) ELISA antibodies, proviral load (PVL), and blood lymphocyte counts (LC) observed over a 2.5-year period in naturally infected cattle. The dataset utilized was from a BLV intervention field trial on three Midwestern dairy herds. Our analysis showed ELISA false negatives were more likely to occur in cattle with low PVL and normal LC. On average, negligible changes in LC were observed during six-month intervals. Periods of lymphocytosis, defined as >10,000 lymphocytes per uL of blood, were observed in 31.5% (68/216) of BLV test-positive cattle. In BLV test-positive cows, an average increase of 2900 to 3100 proviral copies per 100,000 cells was observed during each subsequent six-month sampling interval. The difference between the minimum and maximum PVL observed for an ELISA-positive cow with 3 or more observations ranged from 0 to 115,600 copies per 100,000 cells (median: 12,900; mean: 19,200). Therefore, following the identification of ELISA-positive cattle and the assessment of PVL and LC, subsequent semiannual tests to assess disease progression may not be needed. Further work is needed to determine how available diagnostic tests can be optimized to design cost-effective testing schemes for BLV control programs.
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13
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Analysis of Nucleotide Sequence of Tax, miRNA and LTR of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Cattle with Different Levels of Persistent Lymphocytosis in Russia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020246. [PMID: 33672613 PMCID: PMC7924208 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), a lymphoproliferative disease of the bovine species. In BLV-infected cells, the long terminal repeat (LTR), the viral Tax protein and viral miRNAs promote viral and cell proliferation as well as tumorigenesis. Although their respective roles are decisive in BLV biology, little is known about the genetic sequence variation of these parts of the BLV genome and their impact on disease outcome. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between disease progression and sequence variation of the BLV Tax, miRNA and LTR regions in infected animals displaying either low or high levels of persistent lymphocytosis (PL). A statistically significant association was observed between the A(+187)C polymorphism in the downstream activator sequence (DAS) region in LTR (p-value = 0.00737) and high lymphocytosis. Our study also showed that the mutation A(−4)G in the CAP site occurred in 70% of isolates with low PL and was not found in the high PL group. Conversely, the mutations G(−133)A/C in CRE2 (46.7%), C(+160)T in DAS (30%) and A(310)del in BLV-mir-B4-5p, A(357)G in BLV-mir-B4-3p, A(462)G in BLV-mir-B5-5p, and GA(497–498)AG in BLV-mir-B5-3p (26.5%) were often seen in isolates with high PL and did not occur in the low PL group. In conclusion, we found several significant polymorphisms among BLV genomic sequences in Russia that would explain a progression towards higher or lower lymphoproliferation. The data presented in this article enabled the classification between two different genotypes; however, clear association between genotypes and the PL development was not found.
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15
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tvarijonaviciute A, Monkeviciene I, Martín-Cuervo M, González-Arostegui LG, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Escribano D. Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:384. [PMID: 33046093 PMCID: PMC7549231 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report’s objective was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated. Results tADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47 mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94 mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation < 8.8% in serum and < 10% in saliva) and accurate (linearity of serial sample dilutions with R2 > 0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. tADA and isoenzymes in saliva showed a positive significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs (r = 0.602, P < 0.01; r = 0.555, P < 0.05; and r = 0.632, P < 0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs (r = 0.700, P < 0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P < 0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in horses (r = 0.649, P < 0.01). In cows, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, correlating with total white blood cell count (r = 0.487, P < 0.05, for both tADA and ADA1). Conclusions The activity of total ADA and its different isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of dogs, horses, pigs and cows by a simple and fast procedure described in this report. When measured in saliva, these analytes correlated with other biomarkers of inflammation and it could potentially be used as a biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation in the species of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ingrida Monkeviciene
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. De la Universidad s/n, 10005, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Guillermo González-Arostegui
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Benitez OJ, Roberts JN, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Takeshima SN, Watanuki S, Aida Y, Grooms DL. Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1335-1340. [PMID: 31067187 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.11.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in beef bulls; evaluate the presence of BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples; and analyze whether blood BLV proviral load was associated with differential blood cell counts. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 121 beef bulls ≥ 2 years old from 39 Michigan herds. PROCEDURES Blood, smegma, and semen samples were collected from each bull during a routine breeding soundness examination. An ELISA was used to detect serum anti-BLV antibodies. A coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay was used to detect BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples. Bulls with positive results on both the BLV serum ELISA and coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay were considered infected with BLV. RESULTS 19 of 39 (48.7%) herds and 54 of 121 (44.6%) bulls were infected with BLV. Provirus DNA was detected in the blood of all 54 and in smegma of 4 BLV-infected bulls but was not detected in any semen sample. Lymphocyte count was significantly greater in BLV-infected bulls than in uninfected bulls. The proportion of BLV-infected bulls with lymphocytosis (16/54 [29.6%]) was greater than the proportion of uninfected bulls with lymphocytosis (6/67 [9%]). Lymphocyte count was positively associated with BLV proviral load in BLV-infected bulls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that almost half of beef bulls and herds were infected with BLV, and BLV provirus DNA was detected in the smegma of some BLV-infected bulls. Bulls may have an important role in BLV transmission in beef herds.
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17
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Chen YC, Chang CC, Hsu WL, Chuang ST. Dairy cattle with bovine leukaemia virus RNA show significantly increased leukocyte counts. Vet J 2020; 257:105449. [PMID: 32546356 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a retrovirus, causes dysfunction of the immune system and can have a marked economic impact on dairy industries due to decreased milk production and reduced lifespan in affected dairy cattle. The presence of proviral DNA has been the major diagnostic indicator of BLV infection. However in the course of BLV infection, the viral genome can be dormant, without detectable gene expression, resulting in limited impact on infected animals. At present, there is limited knowledge regarding haematological indices in dairy cattle that could indicate activation of the BLV genome and suggest reactivated BLV infection. In this study, BLV infection and BLV genome reactivation were evaluated based on the presence of BLV DNA and BLV env gene transcripts, respectively. BLV RNA transcription was confirmed. Among 93 whole blood samples obtained from asymptomatic dairy cattle, the prevalence of BLV proviral DNA and transcripts was 93.5% (n = 87/93) and 83.9% (n = 78/93), respectively. Between groups with and without BLV, the mean counts of white blood cells and lymphocytes in whole blood were significantly associated with the presence of BLV RNA (P < 0.05), but not with BLV proviral DNA. These results shed light on the activation status of the BLV genome and should be taken into account when evaluating the possible impact of BLV on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - C C Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - W L Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - S T Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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18
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Cerón Téllez F, González Méndez AS, Tórtora Pérez JL, Loza-Rubio E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Lack of association between amino acid sequences of the bovine leukemia virus envelope and varying stages of infection in dairy cattle. Virus Res 2020; 278:197866. [PMID: 31968223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We collected 724 blood samples from dairy cattle from six Mexican states, and tested them for the presence of antibodies against BLV using a commercial ELISA test. Our study groups consisted of 32 samples: 12 asymptomatic cows, 12 cows with lymphocytosis and 8 samples of tumor tissue of the abomasum and heart of cattle with lymphoma. We designed three pairs of primers to amplify the complete BLV env gene, and obtained a fragment of 1548 nucleotides in length with the sequenced products. According to the phylogenetic tree we constructed to identify the viral genotype, 96.87 % of the sequences grouped into genotype 1, while a single sample from a cow with lymphocytosis (3.13 %) was associated with genotype 3 sequences. The similarity between the Mexican BLV sequences ranged from 0.985-1.00. In addition, the proportion of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations indicated negative selection. We did not identify any conserved residues in the viral protein sequences that could be related to BLV infection stage in cattle. Proviral quantification was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and we used Mood´s median test as statistical analysis. We found no significant association between proviral load and phase of infection. The sequences showed high similarity without any association between BLV surface glycoprotein and the different infection stages, nor differences in the proviral load. BLV genotype 1 was identified as prevalent in the studied samples, and for the first time in Mexico, we identified BLV genotype 3 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cerón Téllez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Ana Silvia González Méndez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Luis Tórtora Pérez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- National Center of Research in Animal Microbiology and Innocuity, INIFAP, CP. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
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Gulyukin A, Kuzmin V, Fogel L, Tsyganov A. Epizootic situation with bovine leukemia in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2012–2016. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a chronic infectious viral disease of a tumor nature. The disease is widespread in different countries of the world and is relevant for most regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to study the epizootic situation of leukemia in cattle in livestock farms of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. A complex epizootological method and evidence-based epizootology methods were used in the work. Objects of research are dysfunctional points, sick cattle. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the epizootic situation for the period 2012–2016. In the analyzed period, a total of 470 dysfunctional points for leukemia were identified, which amounted to 29.59 % of the total number of dysfunctional points in the Russian Federation and 62908 animals with leukemia were registered, which amounted to 36.90 % of the total number of diseased animals in Russia. Despite the decrease in the number of cattle infected with leukemia in five subjects, and the absence of animals that died from leukemia in all 18 subjects of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation during 2012–2016, the epizootic situation of leukemia in the whole region remains quite tense, which is explained by the failure to comply with the basic requirements of the state veterinary service regarding sanitary anti-leukemia measures, according to the “Rules for the Prevention and Control of Leukemia of Large R gatogo cattle “ (1999.).
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20
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Hsieh JC, Li CY, Hsu WL, Chuang ST. Molecular Epidemiological and Serological Studies of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Taiwan Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:427. [PMID: 31867344 PMCID: PMC6908947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection results in a decrease in milk yield and quality, a compromise in immunity, and shortening in the longevity of cows. The current status of BLV infection of dairy cattle in Taiwan remains unclear. To evaluate BLV infection, anti-BLV gp51 antibody and proviral DNA were detected. Surprisingly, the seroprevalence of BLV at the animal and herd level was as high as 81.8% (540/660 cattle) and 99.1% (109/110 herds), respectively. Among 152 blood samples analyzed, 132 (86.8%) were detected as positive for BLV-proviral DNA. When the complete blood count (CBC) was taken into account, the white blood cell (WBC) number appears to be the factor with the highest predicted potential for BLV infection. Moreover, based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity are 72.0 and 75.0%, respectively, when the cut-off value of the WBC was set at 10.215 K/μL. Despite the co-circulation of genotype 1 and 3 in Taiwan, genotype 1 was much more prevalent (29/30). Taken together, due to the high prevalence of BLV, the identification of risk factors for interrupting the routes of transmission of BLV are critical for the control and prevention of further BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Te Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Uchiyama J, Murakami H, Sato R, Mizukami K, Suzuki T, Shima A, Ishihara G, Sogawa K, Sakaguchi M. Examination of the fecal microbiota in dairy cows infected with bovine leukemia virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108547. [PMID: 31902503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cattle by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes significant economic losses in terms of milk and meat production in many countries. Because the gut microbiota may be altered by immunomodulation resulting from viral infections, we hypothesized that latent BLV infection would change the gut (i.e., rumen and hindgut) microbiota of infected cattle. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota of 22 uninfected and 29 BLV-infected Holstein-Friesian cows kept on the same farm, by 16S rRNA amplicon sequence analysis of fecal samples. First, we found that the fecal microbial diversity of BLV-infected cows differed slightly from that of uninfected cows. According to differential abundance analysis, some bacterial taxa associated with ruminal fermentation, such as Lachnospiraceae and Veillonellaceae families, were enriched in the fecal microbiota of uninfected cows. Second, the virus propagation ability of BLV strains was examined in vitro, and the correlation of the fecal microbiota with this virus propagation ability was analyzed. Higher virus propagation was shown to lead to less diversity in the microbiota. Differential abundance analysis showed that one bacterial taxon of genus Sanguibacteroides was negatively correlated with the virus propagation ability of BLV strains. Considering these results, BLV infection was speculated to decrease energy production efficiency in the cows via modification of rumen and hindgut microbiota, which partly relies on the virus propagation ability of BLV strains. This may explain the secondary negative effects of BLV infections such as increased susceptibility to other infections and decreased lifetime milk production and reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Uchiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehito Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shima
- Anicom Insurance, Inc., 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 171-0033, Japan
| | - Genki Ishihara
- Anicom Insurance, Inc., 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 171-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sogawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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WATANABE A, MURAKAMI H, KAKINUMA S, MURAO K, OHMAE K, ISOBE N, AKAMATSU H, SETO T, HASHIMURA S, KONDA K, SHINOZUKA Y, KAWAI K. Association between bovine leukemia virus proviral load and severity of clinical mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1431-1437. [PMID: 31406037 PMCID: PMC6863728 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection on natural immunity in the bovine mammary gland and on the severity of clinical mastitis. We classified milk samples from clinical mastitic cows into BLV-positive (n=76) and BLV-negative (n=12). BLV-positive cows were further divided into cows with High BLV proviral load (H-PVL) (n=23) and Low BLV proviral load (L-PVL) (n=53). Severity of clinical mastitis was classified as MILD, MODERATE, or SEVERE. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the host factors and environmental factors with severity of clinical mastitis as the objective variable. BLV proviral load (PVL) and season at onset of mastitis showed significant correlation with the severity of clinical mastitis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed on natural immunity factors lactoferrin and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentration in milk, with PVL as the objective variable. Of these natural immunity factors, LAP concentration in milk showed significant correlation with PVL. The results of the present study suggested that PVL and season are associated with severity of clinical mastitis, and that the immune function in the mammary gland is decreased in cows with H-PVL compared to that in cows with L-PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko WATANABE
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Hironobu MURAKAMI
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Seiichi KAKINUMA
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Koki MURAO
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Kaori OHMAE
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Naoki ISOBE
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University,
Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hirohisa AKAMATSU
- Akamatsu Farm Clinic, 857-11, Miyahara, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka
418-0005, Japan
| | - Takahiro SETO
- Shizuoka Prefecture Livestock Research Institute, 1945,
Inokashira, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka 418-0108, Japan
| | - Shinji HASHIMURA
- Kanagawa Prefectural Livestock Industry Technology Center,
3750, Hongo, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0417, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi KONDA
- Kanagawa Prefectural Livestock Industry Technology Center,
3750, Hongo, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0417, Japan
| | - Yasunori SHINOZUKA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro KAWAI
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with a wide distribution in nature among the living things. They play a key role both in normal signaling pathways and in pathological ones. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus of Deltaretrovirus genus causing persistent infection in its natural hosts - cattle, zebu and water buffalo with diverse clinical manifestations through the defeat of B-lymphocytes (B-cells). Ten BLV encoded miRNAs (further miRs-B) transcribed from five different pre-miRNA (further pre-miR-B) genes are abundantly detected in BLV infected B-cells. Here we report about several alleles of each of pre-miRs-B' genes, some of which have a highly significant association with an increase or a decrease of the number of leukocytes (WBCs - white blood cells) in BLV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Zyrianova
- a Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnologies , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - S N Koval'chuk
- a Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnologies , Moscow , Russian Federation
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24
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Murakami H, Todaka H, Uchiyama J, Sato R, Sogawa K, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. A point mutation to the long terminal repeat of bovine leukemia virus related to viral productivity and transmissibility. Virology 2019; 537:45-52. [PMID: 31445323 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to establish the molecular basis of the high transmissibility of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to develop new methods of preventing viral transmission. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether some strains had transmission advantages. First, we determined the whole BLV genome sequences of all 34 BLV-infected cows from one farm. Phylogenetic analysis divided strains into 26 major and 8 minor strains. The major strains dominantly spread independent of host factor, bovine leucocyte antigen. Further analysis, with molecular clones, associated transmissibility with viral productivity in vitro. In addition, the two groups could be classified by group-specific mutations. The reverse genetic approach demonstrated that a spontaneous mutation at nucleotide 175 of the BLV genome, which is located in the viral promoter region, could alter viral productivity by changing viral transactivation, suggesting that BLV transmissibility is affected by a spontaneous mutation associated with viral productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Haruna Todaka
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sogawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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25
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Akagami M, Oya S, Kashima Y, Seki S, Ouchi Y, Hayama Y. A hematologic key for bovine leukemia virus screening in Japanese black cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:568-571. [PMID: 31046652 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719848449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Community's leukosis key (EC key) is a well-known hematologic method for detecting bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle. The key identifies infected cattle with persistent lymphocytosis via a combination of lymphocyte count (LC) and age. Using the EC key to identify BLV-infected Japanese black (JB) cattle is problematic, however, given the inherently lower LCs of JB cattle compared to dairy cattle. We analyzed the LC in BLV-positive and -negative JB cattle and estimated LC cutoff values by age using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Among the 716 JB blood samples collected, 452 (63%) JB cattle were confirmed as BLV-positive by an antibody ELISA for ≥1-y-old cattle and by real-time PCR for <1-y-old cattle. The cutoff values for the LC in each age group were calculated as 6.3 × 109/L for <1 y, 5.9 × 109/L for 1 to <2 y, 5.5 × 109/L for 2 to <3 y, 4.5 × 109/L for 3 to <6 y, 4.3 × 109/L for 6 to ≤10 y, and 3.7 × 109/L for >10 y. The sensitivity and specificity of the estimated cutoff values were 0.49 (95% confidence interval: 0.44-0.53) and 0.81 (0.75-0.85), whereas those of the EC key were 0.20 (0.16-0.24) and 0.99 (0.97-1.00). Our LC cutoff values for screening JB cattle for BLV infection appear to be preferable to those of the EC key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Akagami
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
| | - Shoko Oya
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
| | - Yuki Kashima
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
| | - Satoko Seki
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
| | - Yoshinao Ouchi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan (Akagami, Oya, Kashima, Seki, Ouchi).,Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Hayama)
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26
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Choi Y, Rim J, Lee H, Kwon H, Na Y, Lee S. Effect of fermented spent instant coffee grounds on milk productivity and blood profiles of lactating dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1007-1014. [PMID: 31011000 PMCID: PMC6601071 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics under low mesophilic temperature of spent instant coffee ground (SICG) and to estimate the effect of fermented SICG (FSICG) as alternative feed ingredient on milk productivity of dairy cows. Methods In the fermentation trial, fermentation of SICG was performed to investigate changes in characteristics using the microbial mixture (Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis = 1:1:1) for 21 days at 20°C under anaerobic conditions. Molasses was added at 5% of dry mass. In the animal trial, eighteen Holstein Friesian cows were used to evaluate the nutritive value of the FSICG which was fermented for 14 days under the same condition as the fermentation trial. Results In the fermentation trial, the dry matter (DM) and organic matter content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p<0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). The acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content linearly decreased with fermentation time (p = 0.037). The microorganism counts linearly increased for Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis across fermentation time (p<0.001). In the animal trial, the DM intake of the control and FSICG treatment were not significantly different, as were milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk, fat-protein corrected milk, and feed to milk conversion content. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts were also not significantly different in milk composition between treatments. Conclusion FSICG should be considered a sufficient substitute for cottonseed as a feed component, and 5% DM of a dietary FSICG level was appropriate for dairy cow diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jongsu Rim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Honggu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyunchul Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngjun Na
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sangrak Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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27
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Porta NG, Alvarez I, Suarez Archilla G, Ruiz V, Abdala A, Trono K. Experimental infection of sheep with Bovine leukemia virus (BLV): Minimum dose of BLV-FLK cells and cell-free BLV and neutralization activity of natural antibodies. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:316-323. [PMID: 31023494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an important cattle pathogen that causes major economic losses worldwide, especially in dairy farms. The use of animal models provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of viral infections. Experimental infections of sheep have been conducted using blood from BLV-infected cattle, infectious BLV molecular clones or tumor-derived cells. The Fetal Lamb Kidney cell line, persistently infected with BLV (FLK-BLV), is one of the most commonly used long-term culture available for the permanent production of virus. FLK-BLV cells or the viral particles obtained from the cell-free culture supernatant could be used as a source of provirus or virus to experimentally infect sheep. In this report, we aimed to determine the minimum amount of FLK-BLV cells or cell-free supernatant containing BLV needed to produce infection in sheep. We also evaluated the amount of antibodies obtained from a naturally-infected cow required to neutralize this infection. We observed that both sheep experimentally inoculated with 5000 FLK-BLV cells became infected, as well as one of the sheep receiving 500 FLK-BLV cells. None of the animals inoculated with 50 FLK-BLV cells showed evidence of infection. The cell-free FLK-BLV supernatant proved to be infective in sheep up to a 1:1000 dilution. Specific BLV antibodies showed neutralizing activity as none of the sheep became infected. Conversely, the animals receiving a BLV-negative serum showed signs of BLV infection. These results contribute to the optimization of a sheep bioassay which could be useful to further characterize BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gabriela Porta
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Suarez Archilla
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Abdala
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227 (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n (1686), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina
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28
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Nakada S, Kohara J, Makita K. Estimation of circulating bovine leukemia virus levels using conventional blood cell counts. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11229-11236. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Carignano HA, Roldan DL, Beribe MJ, Raschia MA, Amadio A, Nani JP, Gutierrez G, Alvarez I, Trono K, Poli MA, Miretti MM. Genome-wide scan for commons SNPs affecting bovine leukemia virus infection level in dairy cattle. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:142. [PMID: 29439661 PMCID: PMC5812220 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is omnipresent in dairy herds causing direct economic losses due to trade restrictions and lymphosarcoma-related deaths. Milk production drops and increase in the culling rate are also relevant and usually neglected. The BLV provirus persists throughout a lifetime and an inter-individual variation is observed in the level of infection (LI) in vivo. High LI is strongly correlated with disease progression and BLV transmission among herd mates. In a context of high prevalence, classical control strategies are economically prohibitive. Alternatively, host genomics studies aiming to dissect loci associated with LI are potentially useful tools for genetic selection programs tending to abrogate the viral spreading. The LI was measured through the proviral load (PVL) set-point and white blood cells (WBC) counts. The goals of this work were to gain insight into the contribution of SNPs (bovine 50KSNP panel) on LI variability and to identify genomics regions underlying this trait. RESULTS We quantified anti-p24 response and total leukocytes count in peripheral blood from 1800 cows and used these to select 800 individuals with extreme phenotypes in WBCs and PVL. Two case-control genomic association studies using linear mixed models (LMMs) considering population stratification were performed. The proportion of the variance captured by all QC-passed SNPs represented 0.63 (SE ± 0.14) of the phenotypic variance for PVL and 0.56 (SE ± 0.15) for WBCs. Overall, significant associations (Bonferroni's corrected -log10p > 5.94) were shared for both phenotypes by 24 SNPs within the Bovine MHC. Founder haplotypes were used to measure the linkage disequilibrium (LD) extent (r2 = 0.22 ± 0.27 at inter-SNP distance of 25-50 kb). The SNPs and LD blocks indicated genes potentially associated with LI in infected cows: i.e. relevant immune response related genes (DQA1, DRB3, BOLA-A, LTA, LTB, TNF, IER3, GRP111, CRISP1), several genes involved in cell cytoskeletal reorganization (CD2AP, PKHD1, FLOT1, TUBB5) and modelling of the extracellular matrix (TRAM2, TNXB). Host transcription factors (TFs) were also highlighted (TFAP2D; ABT1, GCM1, PRRC2A). CONCLUSIONS Data obtained represent a step forward to understand the biology of BLV-bovine interaction, and provide genetic information potentially applicable to selective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Carignano
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Dana L. Roldan
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - María J. Beribe
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino, B2700 Pergamino, Argentina
| | - María A. Raschia
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Ariel Amadio
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, S2300, Rafaela, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Nani
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, S2300, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Gerónimo Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Virología, B686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Mario A. Poli
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA). Instituto de Genética, B1686 Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Marcos M. Miretti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1033AAJ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (GIGA - IBS), Universidad Nacional de Misiones, N3300 Posadas, Argentina
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30
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Batista CF, Azevedo LFF, Sanchez EMR, Diniz SA, Silva MX, Haddad JP, Della Libera AMMP. Immunological implications of bovine leukemia virus infection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:109-116. [PMID: 28365518 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined neutrophil and monocyte functions and the blood lymphocyte profile of naturally BLV-infected cows with or without persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The percentage of neutrophils and monocytes that phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus was lower in BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL. The relative percentage of CD44+ monocytes and neutrophils and CD11b expression by neutrophils was also lower in BLV-infected dairy cows with PL. A correlation between the percentage of CD11b+ neutrophils and that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found. Furthermore, the percentage of CD44+ monocytes was positively correlated with the percentage of monocytes that phagocytosed S. aureus and the same phenomenon was observed for neutrophils. In BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL, inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis was observed. Additionally, the percentage of neutrophils producing ROS was lower in BLV-infected cows with PL, in contrast to higher intensity of intracellular production of ROS by monocytes. The result from the lymphocyte immunophenotyping of BLV-infected cows with PL was an increase in B cells, mainly B CD5+ CD11b+, due to the apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for cattle, which can include the dysfunction of blood monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - C F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - L F F Azevedo
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - E M R Sanchez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - J P Haddad
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Brym P, Kamiński S. Microarray analysis of differential gene expression profiles in blood cells of naturally BLV-infected and uninfected Holstein-Friesian cows. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 44:109-127. [PMID: 27812893 PMCID: PMC5310575 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine gene expression changes in response to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, in an effort to determine genes that take a part in molecular events leading to persistent lymphocytosis (PL), and to better define genes involved in host response to BLV infection. Using bovine 70-mer oligonucleotide spotted microarrays (BLOPlus) and qRT-PCR validation, we studied global gene expression profiles in blood cells in vivo of 12 naturally BLV-infected Polish Holstein cows, and 12 BLV non-infected controls of the same breed and reared in herds with high BLV seroprevalence. With an arbitrary cut-off value of 1.5-fold change in gene expression, we identified the down-regulation of 212 genes (M value ≤-0.585) and the up-regulation of 158 genes (M value of ≥0.585) at 1% false discovery rate in BLV-positive animals in comparison to the BLV-negative group. The gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed (DE) genes could be classified to diverse biological processes, including immune response of host blood cells. Interestingly, our data indicated the potential involvement of the innate immunity, including complement system activation, NK-cell cytotoxicity and TREM-1 signaling, during the BLV-induced pathogenesis. We showed the occurrence of numerous regulatory processes that are targeted by BLV-infection. We also suggest that a complex network of interrelated pathways is disturbed, causing the interruption of the control of B-cell proliferation and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brym
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - S Kamiński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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Bovine Leukemia Virus Small Noncoding RNAs Are Functional Elements That Regulate Replication and Contribute to Oncogenesis In Vivo. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005588. [PMID: 27123579 PMCID: PMC4849745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are not expected to encode miRNAs because of the potential problem of self-cleavage of their genomic RNAs. This assumption has recently been challenged by experiments showing that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) encodes miRNAs from intragenomic Pol III promoters. The BLV miRNAs are abundantly expressed in B-cell tumors in the absence of significant levels of genomic and subgenomic viral RNAs. Using deep RNA sequencing and functional reporter assays, we show that miRNAs mediate the expression of genes involved in cell signaling, cancer and immunity. We further demonstrate that BLV miRNAs are essential to induce B-cell tumors in an experimental model and to promote efficient viral replication in the natural host.
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Nishiike M, Haoka M, Doi T, Kohda T, Mukamoto M. Development of a preliminary diagnostic measure for bovine leukosis in dairy cows using peripheral white blood cell and lymphocyte counts. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1145-51. [PMID: 27064146 PMCID: PMC4976270 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the association between antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV), BLV
proviral load, and white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts was performed with 774
dairy cows. The average age, WBC counts and lymphoid cell counts tended to be higher in
BLV antibody-positive cows than in antibody-negative cows. There was a similar trend in
levels of proviral DNA. We analyzed age, WBC counts and lymphocyte counts by principal
component analyses to create a distribution chart of the principle component scores. Using
the chart, we categorized cows into four quadrants based on additional information, such
as the presence of antibody and the levels of proviral DNA. Antibody-positive cows and
cows with high BLV proviral load were found mostly in one quadrant of the chart,
indicating that it is possible to predict the risk of infection without any knowledge on
antibody status by using information, such as WBC counts as a biomarker. When only
antibody-positive cows were included in the analysis, a characteristic distribution of
different levels of proviral DNA was seen in the quadrants, suggesting that it is possible
to estimate the extent of bovine leukosis infection by using this analysis. For this
analysis and categorization of the cows into quadrants, we computed a mathematical
formulation using discriminant analysis based on age and WBC and lymphocyte counts. This
mathematical formulation for the hematological preliminary diagnosis of the disease is
recommended as a screening tool to monitor bovine leukosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nishiike
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Association of TNF-α gene promoter region polymorphisms in bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cattle with different proviral loads. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2001-7. [PMID: 26051703 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the immune response against viral and other infections. Its expression levels are affected by a polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene. Bovine leukemia virus is a retrovirus that infects cattle and develops two different infection profiles in the host. One profile is characterized by a high number of proviral copies integrated into the host genome and a strong immune response against the virus, while the most relevant property of the other profile is that the number of copies integrated into the host genome is almost undetectable and the immune response is very weak. We selected a population of cattle sufficiently large for statistical analysis and classified them according to whether they had a high or low proviral load (HPL or LPL). Polymorphisms in the promoter region were identified by PCR-RFLP. The results indicated that, in the HPL group, the three possible genotypes were normally distributed and that, in the LPL group, there was a significant association between the proviral load and a low frequency of the G/G genotype at position -824.
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Della Libera AMMP, de Souza FN, Batista CF, Santos BP, de Azevedo LFF, Sanchez EMR, Diniz SA, Silva MX, Haddad JP, Blagitz MG. Effects of bovine leukemia virus infection on milk neutrophil function and the milk lymphocyte profile. Vet Res 2015; 46:2. [PMID: 25595200 PMCID: PMC4297435 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) on the immune response have been extensively investigated; however, its effects on mammary gland immunity are only speculative. Although BLV has a tropism for B cells, it can affect both adaptive and innate immunities because these systems share many effector mechanisms. This scenario is the basis of this investigation of the effects of BLV on mammary gland immunity, which is largely dependent upon neutrophilic functions. Thus, the present study sought to examine neutrophilic functions and the lymphocyte profile in the milk of naturally BLV-infected cows. The viability of the milk neutrophils and the percentage of milk neutrophils that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) or phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus were similar between BLV-infected and BLV-uninfected dairy cows. Furthermore, the expression of CD62L and CD11b by the milk neutrophils and the percentage of milk neutrophils (CH138+ cells) that were obtained from the udder quarters of the BLV-infected cows were not altered. Conversely, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) representing intracellular ROS production and the phagocytosis of S. aureus, the expression of CD44 by the milk neutrophils and the percentage of apoptotic B cells were lower in the milk cells from BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those from animals with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The lymphocyte subsets were not different among the groups, with the exception of the percentage of CD5−/CD11b− B cells, which was higher in the milk cells from BLV-infected cows, particularly those with PL. Thus, the present study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for mammary gland immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maria Melville Paiva Della Libera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av, Prof, Dr, Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
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Gutiérrez G, Alvarez I, Merlini R, Rondelli F, Trono K. Dynamics of perinatal bovine leukemia virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:82. [PMID: 24708791 PMCID: PMC3986441 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is highly endemic in many countries, including Argentina. As prevention of the spread from infected animals is of primary importance in breaking the cycle of BLV transmission, it is important to know the pathophysiology of BLV infection in young animals, as they are the main source of animal movement. In this work, we determined the proviral load and antibody titers of infected newborn calves from birth to first parturition (36 months). Results All calves under study were born to infected dams with high proviral load (PVL) in blood and high antibody titers and detectable provirus in the colostrum. The PVL for five out of seven calves was low at birth. All animals reached PVLs of more than 1% infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), three at 3 months, one at 6 months, and one at 12 months. High PVLs persisted until the end of the study, and, in two animals, exceeded one BLV copy per cell. Two other calves maintained a high PVL from birth until the end of the study. Antibody titers were 32 or higher in the first sample from six out of seven calves. These decayed at 3–6 months to 16 or lower, and then increased again after this point. Conclusions Calves infected during the first week of life could play an active role in early propagation of BLV to susceptible animals, since their PVL raised up during the first 12 months and persist as high for years. Early elimination could help to prevent transmission to young susceptible animals and to their own offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the kinetics of BLV proviral load and antibody titers in newborn infected calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerónimo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA, CC 1712, Castelar, Argentina.
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