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Miller AK, Regier PJ, Vilaplana Grosso FR, Daly EJ, Carroll BN, Colee JC. Cooled feline intestine and fresh intestine did not differ in enterotomy leak pressure testing or in gross wall thickness measurement. Vet Surg 2024; 53:926-935. [PMID: 38747077 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report gross anatomical gastrointestinal measurements and compare enterotomy leak pressures between fresh and cooled feline cadavers. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo, randomized study. ANIMALS Fresh feline cadavers (n = 20). METHODS Jejunal segments (8 cm) were harvested on the same day as euthanasia. From each cadaver, one segment was randomly assigned to control (C), fresh enterotomy (FE), and cooled enterotomy (CE) groups. Enterotomy construction and leak testing were performed within 12 h of euthanasia for the C and FE groups and after 17-29 h of cooling for the CE group. Initial leak pressure (ILP) and maximum intraluminal pressure (MIP) were compared. Gastrointestinal wall thickness and intraluminal diameter were measured on harvested applicable gastrointestinal divisions at up to three time points: day 1 fresh, day 2 cooled, and day 3 cooled. RESULTS The mean (± SD) ILPs for the C, FE, and CE constructs were 600 (± 0.0), 200.3 (± 114.7), and 131.3 (± 92.6) mmHg, respectively. The C ILP was higher (p < .001) than the FE and CE ILP. The ILP (p = .11) and the MIP (p = .21) did not differ between the FE and CE constructs. Wall thickness (measured in mm) did not differ between duodenum day 1 fresh and day 2 cooled groups (p = .18) or between any jejunum day groups (p = .86). The intraluminal diameters (mean ± SD) for the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were 5.7 (± 0.7), 5.8 (± 0.8), and 7.2 (± 2.2) mm, respectively. CONCLUSION No difference was appreciated between FE and CE ILP and MIP. Wall thickness measurements did not differ between days for duodenum or jejunum. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cadaveric feline intestine cooled for up to 29 h may be used for determining intestinal leak pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annellie K Miller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Penny J Regier
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Edward J Daly
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bailey N Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James C Colee
- Institute of Farm and Agricultural Sciences, Statistics Consulting Unit, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Colella A, Buonfrate D, Lo Tempio F, Digiaro S, Recchia A, Greco B, Paradies P. Clinical insights to address canine strongyloidosis in daily practice. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100845. [PMID: 38184143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Canine strongyloidosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic disease emerging in Europe, which represents both a veterinary clinical issue and a public health challenge because of the zoonotic potential. The disease, not yet frequent in Europe, could induce severe clinical signs in dogs; thus, an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are desirable. The aim of the present work is to retrospectively investigate the clinical and paraclinical findings in sick dogs naturally infected by S. stercoralis, with particular attention to ultrasound (US) changes at the gastrointestinal level. Twelve dogs were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by means of larval morphological identification on faecal samples and PCR. Most dogs presented with gastrointestinal signs; diarrhea and weight loss were the most common presenting complaint. Only one dog showed respiratory signs, associated to a parasitic cutaneous nodule. Hypoproteinaemia, anaemia, leucocytosis and an increase in alpha2-globulin fraction at serum protein electrophoresis were common (>50%) but not constant findings. The most reported US picture was a fluid-filled, distended, atonic small intestine mostly associated with altered wall layering, while the wall thickness commonly associated with chronic enteritis was only rarely reported. These changes, associated with other clinical and paraclinical alterations, could increase the suspicion of canine strongyloidosis and may direct clinicians to include strongyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of dogs with diarrhea. The histological examination at the intestinal level, available in five dogs, revealed the presence of parasites from the full-thickness biopsy, but not from the endoscopic biopsy. The critical points of diagnosis in clinical practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Colella
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Tempio
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Serena Digiaro
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Beatrice Greco
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy.
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Hamlin AN, Locker S, Huguet E, Berry CR, Cole R, Iv JFG, Gremillion C, Hecht S, Vilaplana Grosso FR. Computed tomographic characteristics of confirmed and presumed noncutaneous pythiosis in 25 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:87-98. [PMID: 38192159 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete that causes granulomatous infection in dogs, most commonly cutaneous and gastrointestinal. Ultrasonographic characteristics of gastrointestinal pythiosis have been described; occasionally, CT is utilized in the clinical setting, and CT features of pythiosis have not been published. The purpose of this retrospective, multicenter, descriptive study is to describe CT characteristics of noncutaneous canine pythiosis. The following CT parameters were recorded: lesion anatomic location, number, shape, margination, size, attenuation pre- and postcontrast, enhancement pattern, lymph nodes affected, other lesions identified, and presence of peritoneal effusion or steatitis. Descriptive statistics demonstrating the frequency of lesion appearances were performed. Twenty-five dogs with noncutaneous pythiosis lesions that underwent CT were included; 19 had primarily gastrointestinal infections, four primarily arterial infections, one intrathoracic and intra-abdominal infection, and one primary pulmonary infection. In dogs with primary gastrointestinal infection, lesions were most common at the ileocolic junction and were most frequently focal, well-defined, moderate to marked circumferential wall thickening that was homogeneous and smoothly marginated precontrast, with moderate heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Most dogs had involvement of multiple gastrointestinal regions. Of four dogs with primary arterial involvement, three had large aneurysmal dilatations of the cranial mesenteric artery with severe mural thickening. All dogs had regional lymphadenopathy, which was variable but generally mild. Nine dogs had peritoneal effusion; six dogs had steatitis. CT features of pythiosis can overlap with neoplasia, but pythiosis should be considered as a differential, especially in young dogs. Findings supported using CT as an adjunct imaging test for increasing clinical suspicion of noncutaneous pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra N Hamlin
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth Locker
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elodie Huguet
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clifford R Berry
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - John F Griffin Iv
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Christine Gremillion
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Federico R Vilaplana Grosso
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Remmel P, Gros L, Mortier J, Freiche V. Congenital Partial Colonic Agenesis in Dogs and Cats: Clinical, Biological, Diagnostic Imaging, Endoscopic and Histopathologic Characterization, a Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:577. [PMID: 37756099 PMCID: PMC10536647 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diseases of the large intestine of dogs and cats have scarcely been reported and mostly include fistula, atresia or colonic duplication. Cases of partial colonic agenesis have rarely been described. The purpose of this study was to report a cohort of dogs and cats diagnosed with partial colonic agenesis. The colon was measured during colonoscopy or contrast-radiography and compared to the average length described in the literature. Six dogs and 17 cats were retrospectively included. Depending on the case, partial colonic agenesis could represent an incidental finding or the likeliest cause of clinical signs. Diarrhea was reported in most cases, and no specific clinical or biological abnormality was observed. Median age of presentation was variable and long asymptomatic periods were common. Abdominal ultrasound was useful and identified a short colon in 14/17 cats but only in one dog. Endoscopy was useful to confirm the diagnosis and to identify associated lesions and complications. Among others, colonic stenosis was reported in 8/9 cases that had lifelong clinical signs and the shortest colon length. This anatomical abnormality could promote chronic inflammation that might generate fibrosis and ultimately stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Remmel
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d’Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Lucile Gros
- Service d’imagerie Médicale, Département d’Élevage et Pathologie des Équidés et Carnivores (DEPEC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d’Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jérémy Mortier
- Service d’imagerie Médicale, Département d’Élevage et Pathologie des Équidés et Carnivores (DEPEC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d’Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Valérie Freiche
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d’Alfort (CHUVA), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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5
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De Magistris AV, Linta N, Specchi S, Procoli F, Sabattini S, Diana A, Donato PD. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis in 10 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:973-981. [PMID: 37366587 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis (ILL) is a granulomatous inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of the intestinal wall and mesentery characterized by lipogranulomas. The purpose of this retrospective, multi-center, case series study is to report the ultrasonographic features of canine ILL. Ten dogs with a histologically confirmed ILL undergoing preoperative abdominal ultrasound were retrospectively included. Additional CT was available in two cases. Lesion distribution was focal in eight dogs and multifocal in two. All dogs presented with intestinal wall thickening and two had a concomitant mesenteric mass adjacent to the intestinal lesion. All lesions were in the small intestine. Ultrasonographic features were altered wall layering with predominantly muscular and to a lesser extent submucosal layer thickening. Other findings included hyperechoic nodular tissue within the muscular, serosa/subserosal, and mucosal layers, hyperechoic perilesional mesentery, enlarged submucosal blood/lymphatic vessels, mild peritoneal effusion, intestinal corrugation, and mild lymphadenomegaly. The two intestinal to mesenteric masses presented heterogeneous echostructure, predominantly hyperechoic with multiple hypo/anechoic cavitations filled with mixed fluid and fat attenuation content on CT. Histopathological findings included lymphangiectasia, granulomatous inflammation, and structured lipogranulomas affecting mainly submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The intestinal to mesenteric cavitary masses revealed severe granulomatous peritonitis with steatonecrosis. In conclusion, ILL should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with this combination of ultrasonographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela V De Magistris
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Anicura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Swan Specchi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Anicura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Procoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Anicura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Pamela Di Donato
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Anicura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Hyeong S, Lee J, Kim S, Lee D, Suh GH, Choi J. Application of endoscopic ultrasound to the descending colon and rectum in normal dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 36876648 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a medical procedure in which endoscopy is combined with ultrasonography (US) to compensate for problems associated with the transabdominal US such as large penetration depths, presence of intestinal gas, and acoustic shadowing. This prospective, method comparison, pilot study was performed to assess the feasibility of applying EUS in the colorectal region and to describe the typical EUS features of the descending colon and rectum in healthy dogs. Transabdominal US and EUS with or without the hydrosonography were applied to the descending colon and rectum in 10 clinically healthy Beagle dogs and wall thickness, visibility of the wall layers, and conspicuity of the mucosal and serosal surfaces of the intestinal wall were assessed. Endoscopic ultrasound enabled circumferential evaluation of the colorectal wall and provided better visibility of the wall layers and conspicuity of the mucosal and serosal surfaces without degradation of the image, even in the far-field portion of the colorectal wall, compared to US. Moreover, EUS provided the adequate image quality of the rectum, which was difficult to evaluate with US due to deep scan depth and acoustic shadowing by the pelvis. Meanwhile, the application of hydrosonography to EUS deteriorated the visibility of the wall layers and conspicuity of the intestinal wall. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of EUS to assess the colorectal region and its potential application for the evaluation of rectal masses or intrapelvic lesions that are inaccessible by the transabdominal US in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjae Hyeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Juryeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongjae Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guk-Hyun Suh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Collins-Webb AG, Chong DLA, Cooley SD. Ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening in dogs with histologically confirmed inflammatory bowel disease: 13 cases (2010-2021). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:345-350. [PMID: 36307900 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening has not been described as an imaging feature of canine inflammatory bowel disease. In this retrospective case series, patients were identified by searching sonographic reports for "muscularis" and/or "muscular layer." Patients were included if small intestinal muscularis thickening was reported, and sonographic images and histopathological samples of the small intestine were available for review. Cases with small intestines nodules, masses, or complete loss of wall layering were excluded. Sonographic images were retrospectively evaluated for jejunal muscularis layer thickness, and ratios of intestinal layer measurements were performed. Histological samples were retrospectively reviewed. Thirteen dogs met inclusion criteria: all dogs had sonographic intestinal muscularis thickening relative to the submucosa (>1.0, range of 1.3-2.5), and most dogs had muscular layer thickness above normal published ranges (11/13; all 13/13 above the weight-specific mean). More than half of the patients had overall normal wall thickness (11/13) and several had normal mucosal echogenicity (6/13). Therefore, in some dogs, the only sonographic abnormality in the small intestine was muscularis thickening. No dogs had lymphadenomegaly. Endoscopic partial-thickness (n = 11, duodenum and/or ileum) or surgical full-thickness (n = 2) samples confirmed inflammatory bowel disease. Direct comparison between jejunum sonographic characteristics and histology features was limited due to both partial thickness biopsies and lack of direct comparison between anatomical locations of ultrasonographic assessment and biopsy site. However, no cases that met the inclusion criteria had normal small intestinal histology. Comparable to cats, dogs with ultrasonographic intestinal muscularis thickening may have inflammatory bowel disease, and further workup for enteropathy is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah LA Chong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stacy D Cooley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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8
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De Magistris AV, Rossi F, Valenti P, Anson A, Penninck DG, Agut A, Specchi S. CT features of gastrointestinal spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors in 41 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:271-282. [PMID: 36382620 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is sparse published information on computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of canine gastrointestinal tumors. The purposes of this multi-center, retrospective, descriptive study were to describe the CT features of histologically-confirmed canine gastrointestinal spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors and, when available, describe the corresponding ultrasound findings. The inclusion criteria were as follows: availability of pre-and post-contrast CT study, and a histopathological diagnosis of the lesions. Recorded parameters were tumor size, location, gastrointestinal wall layers involvement, lesion's growth and enhancement patterns, tumor margination, presence of stenosis, mineralization, ulcerations, lymphadenopathy, or other lesions in the abdomen/thorax. When available, ultrasound images were evaluated. Forty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria and had the following histological diagnoses: 21/41 (51%) spindle cells (7 leiomyomas, 14 leiomyosarcomas/gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)), 13/41 (32%) epithelial (adenocarcinoma), and 7/41 (17%) round cell (lymphoma) tumors. The growth pattern was concentric, eccentric, and mixed in epithelial, spindle cell, and round cell tumors, respectively. Spindle cell tumors had the largest main volume and involved the outer gastrointestinal layer with an unaffected inner layer. Leiomyosarcomas/GISTs showed irregular margins compared to leiomyomas. Only lymphomas showed multifocal gastrointestinal involvement. Nine carcinomas and six spindle cell tumors caused partial stenosis with secondary sub-obstruction. Mineralizations were more frequent in spindle cell tumors (10/21) and absent in lymphomas. Lymphadenomegaly was widespread in lymphomas, regional in leiomyosarcomas-GISTs and adenocarcinomas, and absent in leiomyomas. The reported CT features may be useful in prioritizing the differential diagnosis between spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors, similar to those reported on ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V De Magistris
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio Anicura Italy, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - P Valenti
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy.,Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa Anicura Italy, Samarate, Italy
| | - A Anson
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D G Penninck
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Agut
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Specchi
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy
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Seiler GS, Cohen EB, d'Anjou MA, French J, Gaschen L, Knapp S, Salwei RM, Saunders HM. ACVR and ECVDI Consensus Statement for the Standardization of the Abdominal Ultrasound Examination. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:661-674. [PMID: 36189784 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement is designed to provide a standard of care document and describes the ACVR and ECVDI definition for performing a standard abdominal ultrasound examination in dogs and cats. The ACVR and ECVDI define a standard abdominal ultrasonographic examination as a complete exam of the abdominal organs which is appropriately documented. The consensus statement intends to provide guidance to veterinary sonographers and veterinarians for the performance and documentation of high-quality diagnostic ultrasound examination. The document may also serve as a teaching aid for veterinary students, veterinarians, and residents in diagnostic imaging who seek proficiency in diagnostic ultrasound. Finally, it may serve an additional role in educating the public as to what a high-quality abdominal ultrasound examination should entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Seiler
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John French
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephanie Knapp
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners of North Carolina, Cary, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - H Mark Saunders
- Lynks Group, PLC Veterinary Imaging, Shelburne, Vermont, USA
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Paulin MV, Cosford K, Sato‐Takada K, Koo ST, Carr A. Successful medical management of an acute life‐threatening haemorrhagic crisis related to acquired colonic vascular ectasia in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Victor Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Kevin Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | | | - Siu To Koo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Anthony Carr
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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11
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Hardwick JJ, Reeve EJ, Hezzell MJ, Reeve JA. Prevalence of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study (2012-2020). J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:947-956. [PMID: 35318742 PMCID: PMC9151481 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP) are not well characterized in the literature. No detailed studies have described their prevalence, characteristics, distribution, or clinical relevance. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe the prevalence of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in a population of dogs with AP and evaluate for associations between the presence of gastrointestinal wall changes and clinical or clinicopathological variables. Animals Referral population of 66 client‐owned dogs with AP. Methods Retrospective search of clinical records to identify dogs with AP. Clinical variables, clinicopathological variables and ultrasonographic findings were reported using descriptive statistics. A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate for associations between the presence of gastrointestinal wall changes and clinical or clinicopathological variables. Results Sixty‐six dogs were included. Forty‐seven percent of dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.0%‐59.0%; n = 31) with AP had ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes. Gastrointestinal wall changes were most common in the duodenum and identified in 71% (n = 22) of affected dogs. Of dogs with gastrointestinal wall changes, 74.2% (n = 23) had wall thickening, 61.3% (n = 19) had abnormal wall layering, and 35.5% (n = 11) had wall corrugation. In the multivariable model, only heart rate remained an independent predictor of ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes (P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes in this population of dogs with AP were common. Increased heart rate was the only independent predictor of gastrointestinal wall changes, which might imply more severe disease. Additional studies are required to elucidate whether ultrasonographic gastrointestinal wall changes reflect disease severity in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Hardwick
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom.,Langford Vets, Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Melanie J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A Reeve
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom
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12
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Diana A, Freccero F, Giancola F, Linta N, Pietra M, Luca V, Salamanca G, Cipone M, Chiocchetti R. Ex vivo ultrasonographic and histological morphometry of small intestinal wall layers in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:353-363. [PMID: 35171532 PMCID: PMC9306625 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonographic morphometry of wall layers is commonly used in veterinary patients with suspected small intestinal disease, however published studies comparing this method with histopathology in horses are limited. This prospective, methods comparison study compared the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of small intestinal wall layers using ex vivo high‐frequency ultrasound versus histopathology in a sample of 16 horses. Transverse section images of duodenum, distal jejunum, and ileum were acquired with a high‐frequency linear transducer (7–15 MHz). Transverse histological cryosections were obtained at the same level. Appearance and measurements of the intestinal wall layers were assessed on the ultrasonographic and histological images. High‐frequency scanning with the probe in close contact with the serosal surface of the equine intestinal wall allowed a clear and detailed definition of wall layers. A hyperechoic line was consistently detected within the tunica muscularis in all the intestinal tracts, corresponding histologically to the interface between its longitudinal and circular muscle layers. The overall trend of the values for wall layers thickness was comparable between ex vivo ultrasonography and histology. However, a poor agreement was found between the two methods for all layers. The ultrasonographic measurements were thicker compared to histological measurements, with the exception of the total wall and the muscular layer thicknesses. These layers were thinner on ultrasonography in the duodenum and in all the intestinal segments, respectively. Findings from the current study can be used as background for future ultrasonographic investigations of small intestinal diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Valeria Luca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Culbertson TF, Smeak DD, Rao S. Volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution required to reach maximum peristaltic pressure in cadaveric intact jejunal specimens from dogs of various sizes. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:988-995. [PMID: 34714768 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution required to reach a maximum intraluminal peristaltic pressure of 25 mm Hg in dogs of various sizes. SAMPLES 25 grossly normal jejunal segments from 6 canine cadavers < 20 kg (small dogs) and 25 segments from 5 cadavers ≥ 20 kg (large dogs). PROCEDURES Jejunal specimens were obtained within 1.5 hours after euthanasia. Harvested tissue was transected into 12-cm-long segments, mesentery was trimmed, and each segment was measured from the antimesenteric to mesenteric serosal edges. A 10-cm segment was isolated with Doyen forceps, securing a pressure sleeve within the lumen. Intraluminal saline was infused, and the volume was recorded when a pressure of > 25 mm Hg was achieved. Data were analyzed only from specimens in which the pressure remained between 24 and 26 mm Hg for > 5 seconds. RESULTS Mean ± SD intestinal measurement for large dogs (17.82 ± 1.44 mm) was greater than that for small dogs (12.38 ± 1.38 mm) as was the volume of saline solution infused (17.56 ± 7.17 mL vs 3.28 ± 1.41 mL, respectively). The volume infused increased by 1.31 mL (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.18) for every 1-mm increase in intestinal measurement and by 1.06 mL (95% CI, 1.052 to 1.068) for every 1-kg increase in body weight. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The volume of saline solution used for intestinal leak testing should be determined on the basis of patient intestinal measurement or body weight. In vivo studies are necessary to establish the optimal volume for intestinal leak testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia F Culbertson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Daniel D Smeak
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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14
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Imaging techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Part I: Radiography and Ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol Open 2021; 8:100382. [PMID: 34712745 PMCID: PMC8529508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2021.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Veterinary Medicine all the Imaging techniques are used and described but, due to organizational, managerial and, mostly, economical reasons, Radiography and Ultrasonography are the most used. Veterinary Radiology teaching has a relatively small number of educational credits in the degree courses but, nowday, educational opportunities are remarkably increased thanks to a number of post-degree courses and masters, organized both by the universities and private veterinary associations. The relevance of Diagnostic Imaging is particularly true in Veterinary Medicine, in which Radiology could be considered “indispensable” for diagnosis, prognosis and follow up. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that the diagnostic image represents a “document” and, has a relevant role in legal medical debats. In this first part, Radiography and Ultrasonography are described.
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Linta N, Pey P, Baron Toaldo M, Pietra M, Felici M, Bettini G, Cipone M, Diana A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2167-2176. [PMID: 34432324 PMCID: PMC8478066 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is used to evaluate vascularity of the gastrointestinal wall in neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Objective To assess the feasibility of CEUS for the evaluation of duodenal perfusion in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animals Forty‐two dogs with IBD and 20 clinically healthy dogs. Methods All CEUS studies of the duodenum were analyzed to obtain time‐intensity curves and perfusion parameters. The procedure was repeated in 12 IBD dogs 2 months after a standardized treatment. Results On CEUS, the duodenal wall showed a typical perfusion pattern characterized by a radial and simultaneous enhancement of the wall in all dogs. On qualitative assessment, no differences were observed in contrast medium distribution between healthy and affected dogs, or between dogs with IBD before and after treatment. Peak intensity (PI) and area under the curve (AUC) significantly differed between healthy (PI = 3.58 arbitrary units [au; 1.86‐4.93 au] and AUC = 47.63 au seconds [aus, 22.68‐62.15]) and affected dogs (PI = 5.10 au [0.63‐15.16 au] and AUC = 63.62 aus [5.31‐212.20 aus]; P = .03 and .03, respectively). No significant differences were found for the perfusion parameters before and after treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We showed that CEUS allows discrimination between IBD affected dogs and healthy dogs by evaluation of time‐intensity curves, but did not provide useful information for monitoring therapeutic response. The qualitative assessment identified no significant differences between healthy and affected dogs, or between dogs before and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuel Felici
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Park S, Jung JW, Jang S, Choi BK, Lee E, Lee S, Choi J. Efficacy of a phospholipid-stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microsphere contrast agent and water for hydrosonography of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:712-721. [PMID: 34432515 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.9.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of a phospholipid-stabilized sulfur hexafluoride microsphere (SHM) contrast agent and water for hydrosonography of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, each dog was anesthetized and underwent noncontrast ultrasonography then hydrosonography following administration of tap water (30 mL/kg) without (water method) or with SHM (0.1 mL; SHM method) via an orogastric tube. There were at least 3 days between hydrosonographic procedures. Wall thickness, wall layer definition, conspicuity of the mucosal-luminal interface, and image quality were evaluated separately in the near and far fields for the gastric cardia, body, and pylorus and descending duodenum and compared among the 3 scanning methods. RESULTS Mean wall thickness measurements did not differ significantly between the water and SHM methods at any location except the far-field gastric cardia where the mean wall thickness for the SHM method was less than that for the water method. In general, the SHM method improved wall layer definition and conspicuity of the mucosal-luminal interface of structures in the near field, compared with noncontrast method. The water and SHM methods both resulted in superior image quality relative to the noncontrast method for the near-field gastric cardia, far-field gastric cardia, and far-field duodenum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, for dogs, gastrointestinal hydrosonography by use of the SHM method improved wall layer definition and mucosal conspicuity, particularly in near-field images of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Keiner M, Balzhäuser L, Güssow A, Moritz A. [Granulomatous colitis in a French Bulldog puppy]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:212-218. [PMID: 34157763 DOI: 10.1055/a-1396-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month-old French bulldog was presented due to chronic large intestinal diarrhea of 4 months duration. The diagnostic procedures initiated by the referring veterinarian had resulted in a tentative diagnosis of chronic enteropathy, however treatment consisting of elimination diet as well as antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medication had been unsuccessful. By means of endoscopy and histological examination, pronounced erosions and ulcerations of the colonic mucosa were detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled the identification of invasive Escherichia coli within the colonic mucosa and colonic macrophages, allowing for the diagnosis of granulomatous colitis. The dog showed complete remission of clinical signs following 8 weeks of treatment with enrofloxacin. This case report describes the first successful treatment of granulomatous colitis with enrofloxacin in a French bulldog puppy in Germany and is intended to sensitize the reader to this disease in (young) dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Keiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleintiere, Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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18
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Chávez-Peón Berle E, KuKanich K, Biller D. Ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:108-115. [PMID: 33146920 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis, a mycotic infection caused by Histoplasma spp, can infect the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Clinical signs of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis can include diarrhea, profound weight loss, anorexia, and vomiting. Rectal scrape for cytology can provide a quick diagnosis, but if negative abdominal ultrasound is often pursued. Ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with gastrointestinal histoplasmosis have rarely been reported. This retrospective, single-center case series aimed to describe the ultrasonographic features of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in dogs. Nineteen cases with a diagnosis of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis confirmed with gastrointestinal cytology or histopathology (N = 15) or gastrointestinal lymph node cytology (N = 4) that had undergone an abdominal ultrasound examination from 2005 to 2020 were included. Ultrasound images were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR)-certified veterinary radiologist and diagnostic imaging resident. Eighteen cases had sonographic abnormalities within the gastrointestinal tract. The colon was the most affected organ. Colonic thickening and abnormal wall layering were the most frequent findings (N = 16 dogs); thickening ranged from 0.36 to 1.2 cm. Diffuse, multifocal, and focal thickening patterns were seen. Sixteen patients had abnormal wall layering of the colon (complete loss of layering or altered with partial loss of layering). Other frequent findings included lymphadenopathy, small intestinal thickening with abnormal wall layering and peritoneal effusion. Based on the authors' review of the literature, this is the first description of ultrasonographic findings of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in a group of dogs. Although abnormal gastrointestinal wall layering seen sonographically is most frequently associated with neoplasia, this is not pathognomonic. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis due to the similarities and overlap of ultrasonographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Chávez-Peón Berle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David Biller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Ibrahim HMM, El-Ashker MR. Reference Values and Repeatability of Transabdominal Ultrasonographic Gastrointestinal Tract Thickness and Motility in Healthy Donkeys (Equus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103153. [PMID: 32797781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide reference ranges for the wall thickness and motility pattern of the gastrointestinal tract from a sample of donkeys (Equus asinus) population using B-mode ultrasonography. In the present study, 30 clinically healthy donkeys (Equus asinus) (15 males and 15 females), aged 2-20 year old and weighed 100-280 kg were randomly selected for B-mode ultrasonographic scanning of the abdomen. The wall thickness of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum was assessed. Moreover, the motility pattern of the duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum was evaluated over a period of 3 minutes. Abdominal ultrasonographic scanning of the gastrointestinal tract of healthy donkeys explored that the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum could be visualized easily. The wall thickness of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum was 7.0 ± 0.9 mm, 3.3 ± 1.0 mm, 5.4 ± 0.6 mm, 5.1 ± 0.5 mm, 5.4 ± 0.5 mm, and 5.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. The thickest part of the gastrointestinal tract is the stomach, whereas the thinnest part is the duodenum. The motility pattern of the duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum was 7.7 ± 1.3 contractions/3 minutes, 6.9 ± 1.1 contractions/3 minutes, 4.1 ± 1.2 contractions/3 minutes, 5.5 ± 1.3 contractions/3 minutes, and 4.0 ± 0.8 contractions/3 minutes, respectively. Both the duodenum and jejunum contractions were significantly higher than that of the left colon, right colon, and cecum. This is the first study reporting the reference values for both the wall thickness and motility pattern of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt. Good knowledge of these standard and reference values of the wall thickness and motility pattern of gastrointestinal tract structures represents a step in the early diagnosis of the gastrointestinal disorders, including colic in such animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam M M Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Maged R El-Ashker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Carroll KA, Wallace ML, Hill TL, Bartges JW, Ruby JL, Mulder AT, Helmick JI. Pyloric outflow obstruction secondary to sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog. Aust Vet J 2019; 98:11-16. [PMID: 31667833 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old, male neutered mixed breed dog was presented emergently with a three-week history of hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhoea and weight loss. Upon examination, the patient was dull, had generalised muscle atrophy, moderate abdominal pain and a mild amount of peritoneal effusion. A fluid-filled, distended, corrugated small bowel with marked gastroparesis and moderate peritoneal effusion was noted on abdominal ultrasonography. Endoscopy revealed hyperaemic and friable mucosa and a subjectively narrowed pylorus. Emergency exploratory celiotomy was performed due to worsening patient condition and revealed thick, diffuse, fibrous adhesions of the abdominal cavity. Based on these findings, sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) was suspected. A large mass of omentum adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach had caused a pyloric outflow obstruction. Adhesiolysis was attempted but was unsuccessful due to the friability of the small intestines. The dog was humanely euthanased under anaesthesia. A diagnosis of SEP was confirmed via necropsy. No underlying cause was identified. This is the first known case of a pyloric outflow obstruction secondary to SEP in a dog. Although rare, this condition should be considered as a differential for dogs with signs of a pyloric outflow obstruction with concurrent ascites and abdominal pain, hyporexia, vomiting and diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - M L Wallace
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - T L Hill
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - J W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - J L Ruby
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - A T Mulder
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
| | - J I Helmick
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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21
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Martinez M, Pallares F, Soler M, Agut A. Relationship between ultrasonographic and histopathological measurements of small intestinal wall layers in fresh cat cadavers. Vet J 2018; 237:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Heng HG, Lim CK, Steinbach S, Broman MM, Miller MA. Clinical and histopathologic findings in dogs with the ultrasonographic appearance of gastric muscularis unorganized hyperechoic striations. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:11. [PMID: 29426352 PMCID: PMC5807825 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonographic appearance of unorganized hyperechoic striations (UHS) has been observed in the canine gastric muscularis layer. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence, sonographic and postmortem histologic features, and to determine the clinical significance of canine gastric muscularis UHS. In the prospective study, 72 dogs were included. The presence of gastric muscularis UHS were reviewed to determine its distribution and location. In the retrospective study, 167 dogs that had both abdominal ultrasonography and necropsy were included. Results The prevalence of gastric muscularis UHS in dogs was 37.5% in the prospective and 5.4% in the retrospective studies respectively. The higher prevalence in prospective study was due to greater anticipation by the radiologists in search for gastric muscularis UHS. In the ventral gastric wall, the muscularis UHS were better defined when the gastric lumen was empty or non-distended, and were mostly parallel with the serosa when the gastric wall was distended (with gas or fluid). Visualization of the dorsal gastric wall was often obscured by gas shadowing from luminal gas. Histopathology was performed on eight dogs with gastric muscularis UHS, three of which had fibrous tissue observed with Masson’s trichrome stain. Conclusion Presence of gastric muscularis UHS in dogs may have been attributable to presence of incomplete interfaces between the inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal layers of the gastric tunica muscularis or due to presence of fibrous tissue within the gastric muscularis layer. The clinical significance of canine gastric muscularis UHS is uncertain.
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Mapletoft EK, Allenspach K, Lamb CR. How useful is abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea? J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:32-37. [PMID: 29105088 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnostic work-up of dogs with diarrhoea. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study based on a referral population of dogs with diarrhoea. Associations between the clinical signs, use of abdominal ultrasonography, results of abdominal ultrasonography and subsequent work-up were examined. The utility of abdominal ultrasonography was scored as high, moderate, none or counterproductive based on review of medical records. RESULTS Medical records of 269 dogs were reviewed, of which 149 (55%) had abdominal ultrasonography. The most frequent result was no ultrasonographic abnormalities affecting the intestine in 65 (44%) dogs. Ultrasonography results were associated with subsequent work-up as follows: (1) no detected abnormalities and dietary trial; (2) focal thickening of the intestinal wall, loss of intestinal wall layers or enlarged abdominal lymph nodes and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates; (3) diffuse thickening of the intestinal wall or hyperechoic striations in the small intestinal mucosa and endoscopy; and (4) small intestinal foreign body and coeliotomy. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered to be diagnostic without further testing in only four (3%) dogs: two had a portosystemic shunt identified ultrasonographically, one had a linear foreign body and one had a perforated pyloric ulcer. Abdominal ultrasonography had moderate utility in 56 (38%) dogs and no utility in 79 (53%) dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography was considered counterproductive in 10 (7%) dogs because results were either falsely negative or falsely positive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results should prompt clinicians to reconsider routine use of abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Mapletoft
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Allenspach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - C R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Banzato T, Milani C, Zambello E, Zotti A. Normal ultrasonographic reference values for the gastrointestinal tract in developing puppies. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:371-373. [PMID: 28711694 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thickness of the individual layers of the wall of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon was assessed by means of ultrasonography in developing puppies at 4, 8 and 16weeks of age. Reference intervals for the thickness of individual ultrasonographic layers of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon at different ages are reported. An increase in wall thickness of all the examined gastro-intestinal tracts in relation to age was recorded. The effect of body-weight was stronger on duodenal and jejunal thickness whereas it resulted lesser on stomach and colon. Correlation between duodenal and jejunal mucosal layer thickness and body weight was strong, while correlation between body weight and the other intestinal wall layers of the duodenum, jejunum and colon ranged from moderate to weak. No effects of gender were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Milani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Zambello
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zotti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy.
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Fitzgerald E, Lam R, Drees R. IMPROVING CONSPICUITY OF THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL USING DUAL PHASE CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: A RETROSPECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:151-162. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Fitzgerald
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Richard Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
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Le Roux AB, Granger LA, Wakamatsu N, Kearney MT, Gaschen L. EX VIVO CORRELATION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC SMALL INTESTINAL WALL LAYERING WITH HISTOLOGY IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:534-45. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B. Le Roux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences - Section of Diagnostic Imaging (Le Roux, Granger, Gaschen)
| | - L. Abbigail Granger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences - Section of Diagnostic Imaging (Le Roux, Granger, Gaschen)
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences - Section of Pathology (Wakamatsu)
| | - Michael T. Kearney
- Statistical Services Unit (Kearney); School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences - Section of Diagnostic Imaging (Le Roux, Granger, Gaschen)
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Harris AN, Armentano RA, Torres AR, Gallagher AE. Use of endoscopic-assisted argon plasma coagulation for the treatment of colonic vascular ectasia (angiodysplasia) in an adult dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:526-31. [PMID: 26885595 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.5.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 10-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was evaluated for a 5-year history of intermittent hematochezia and chronic anemia that were unresponsive to medical treatment. CLINICAL FINDINGS Colonoscopy revealed multifocal areas of coalescing tortuous mucosal blood vessels throughout the colon and rectum. Colonic vascular ectasia (angiodysplasia) was diagnosed on the basis of the endoscopic appearance of the lesions. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The dog failed to respond to traditional medical treatments for colonic vascular ectasia and required multiple plasma and blood transfusions. The dog received 4 endoscopic-assisted argon plasma coagulation treatments, which resulted in long-term resolution of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Colonic perforation occurred during the third argon plasma coagulation treatment. The perforation was surgically repaired. The dog remained free from clinical signs of colonic vascular ectasia for > 1 year after the third argon plasma coagulation treatment and was euthanized because of clinical deterioration associated with progressive heart disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Endoscopic-assisted argon plasma coagulation treatment is a novel treatment for dogs with colonic vascular ectasia and provided long-term resolution of clinical signs for the dog of this report. In human patients, complications associated with endoscopic-assisted argon plasma coagulation treatment include colonic perforation, which also occurred in the dog of this report.
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Heng HG, Lim CK, Miller MA, Broman MM. PREVALENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC COLONIC MUSCULARIS HYPERECHOIC BAND PARALLELING THE SEROSAL LAYER IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:666-9. [PMID: 26180007 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscularis layer of the canine colon has been reported to appear homogeneously hypoechoic on ultrasonography. A hyperechoic band in the muscularis layer paralleling the serosal surface has been observed by authors in routine canine abdominal ultrasound examinations. The purpose of this prospective and retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of this lesion, characterize its ultrasonographic and postmortem histologic features, and correlate its presence with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. In the prospective study, all dogs that underwent routine abdominal ultrasonography by one of two observers during a 4-week period were included without any exclusion criteria. One observer reviewed ultrasound images and recorded the presence or absence of this lesion and its distribution, e.g. focal (< 2 cm long) or diffuse (> 2 cm long). In the retrospective study, all dogs that had both abdominal ultrasonography and necropsy from January 2011 to December 2013 were included without any exclusion criteria. Histologic examinations were performed by two observers and Masson's trichrome stain was used to identify fibrous collagen. Prevalence for the hyperechoic band was 32% in the prospective and 4.8% in the retrospective sample populations, respectively. The hyperechoic band appeared as diffuse, focal, or a combination of both. Histologic sections were available for six dogs. In a few cases, the lesion corresponded to the presence of fibrous tissue in the myenteric plexus or in the tunica muscularis. None of the dogs had a history of diarrhea. Findings supported the hypothesis that a colonic muscularis hyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs could be a normal variant rather than a marker of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Margaret A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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