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Ma R, Feng L, Wu P, Liu Y, Ren HM, Jin XW, Li SW, Tang L, Zhou XQ, Jiang WD. Dietary copper improves intestinal structural integrity in juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) probably related to its increased intestinal antioxidant capacity and apical junction complex. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:96-106. [PMID: 39056059 PMCID: PMC11269860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This research evaluated the effects of copper (Cu) on intestinal antioxidant capacity and apical junctional complex (AJC) in juvenile grass carp. A total of 1080 healthy juvenile grass carp (11.16 ± 0.01 g) were fed six diets including different dosages of Cu, namely 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/kg (Cu citrate [CuCit] as Cu source) and 3 mg/kg (CuSO4·5H2O as Cu source). The trial lasted for 9 weeks. The findings revealed that dietary optimal Cu supplementation (2.2 to 4.1 mg/kg) promoted intestinal growth, including intestinal length, intestinal length index, intestinal weight, and intestinal somatic index (P < 0.05). Furthermore, optimal Cu boosted the intestinal mucosal barrier in juvenile grass carp. On the one hand, optimal Cu reduced diamine oxidase and D-lactate levels in serum (P < 0.05), reduced levels of the oxidative damage indicators malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), and catalase mRNA levels were elevated (P < 0.05), thus boosting intestinal antioxidant capacity, the binding protein Keap1a/1b/Nrf2 signaling pathway might be involved. Optimal Cu had no impact on glutathione peroxidase 1b (GPx1b) gene expression (P > 0.05). On the other hand, optimal Cu increased intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins (except for claudin 15b) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins (E-cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin, nectin and afadin) mRNA levels (P < 0.05), which could be connected to the signaling pathway formed by the Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Finally, based on serum indicator D-lactate and intestinal oxidative damage index (ROS), Cu requirement (CuCit as Cu source) for juvenile grass carp from initial weight to final weight (from 11 to 173 g) was determined to be 4.14 and 4.12 mg/kg diet, respectively. This work may provide a theoretical foundation for identifying putative Cu regulation pathways on fish intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ren
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Jin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shu-Wei Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd., Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co. Ltd., Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Dias IE, Dias IR, Franchi-Mendes T, Viegas CA, Carvalho PP. A Comprehensive Exploration of Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights from Human and Animal Studies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:735. [PMID: 38672091 PMCID: PMC11048724 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for a group of chronic inflammatory enteropathies which are characterized by intestinal inflammation and persistent or frequent gastrointestinal signs. This disease affects more than 3.5 million humans worldwide and presents some similarities between animal species, in particular, dogs and cats. Although the underlying mechanism that triggers the disease is not yet well understood, the evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology implicating genetic causes, environmental factors, microbiota imbalance, and mucosa immune defects, both in humans and in dogs and cats. Conventional immunomodulatory drug therapies, such as glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants, are related with numerous adverse effects that limit its long-term use, creating the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) emerge as a promising alternative that attenuates intestinal inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines in inflamed tissues, and also due to their pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, regenerative, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial potential. However, this therapeutic approach may have important limitations regarding the lack of studies, namely in veterinary medicine, lack of standardized protocols, and high economic cost. This review summarizes the main differences and similarities between human, canine, and feline IBD, as well as the potential treatment and future prospects of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Esteves Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.E.D.); (I.R.D.)
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ribeiro Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.E.D.); (I.R.D.)
- Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universitário, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Pires Carvalho
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universitário, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Vetherapy—Research and Development in Biotechnology, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
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Prame Kumar K, Ooi JD, Goldberg R. The interplay between the microbiota, diet and T regulatory cells in the preservation of the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1291724. [PMID: 38107848 PMCID: PMC10722198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming more common in the Western world due to changes in diet-related microbial dysbiosis, genetics and lifestyle. Incidences of gut permeability can predate IBD and continued gut barrier disruptions increase the exposure of bacterial antigens to the immune system thereby perpetuating chronic inflammation. Currently, most of the approved IBD therapies target individual pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways. However, they fail in approximately 50% of patients due to their inability to overcome the redundant pro inflammatory immune responses. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions due to their widespread capability to dampen inflammation, promote tolerance of intestinal bacteria, facilitate healing of the mucosal barrier and ability to be engineered for more targeted therapy. Intestinal Treg populations are inherently shaped by dietary molecules and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Thus, understanding how these molecules influence Treg-mediated preservation of the intestinal barrier will provide insights into immune tolerance-mediated mucosal homeostasis. This review comprehensively explores the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and immune system in influencing the intestinal barrier function to attenuate the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Li K, Yang J, Zhou X, Wang H, Ren Y, Huang Y, Liu H, Zhong Z, Peng G, Zheng C, Zhou Z. The Mechanism of Important Components in Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120695. [PMID: 36548856 PMCID: PMC9786814 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential treatment for many intestinal diseases. In dogs, FMT has been shown to have positive regulation effects in treating Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis, acute diarrhea (AD), and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). FMT involves transplanting the functional components of a donor's feces into the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. The effective components of FMT not only include commensal bacteria, but also include viruses, fungi, bacterial metabolites, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) from the donor feces. By affecting microbiota and regulating host immunity, these components can help the recipient to restore their microbial community, improve their intestinal barrier, and induce anti-inflammation in their intestines, thereby affecting the development of diseases. In addition to the above components, mucin proteins and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) may be functional ingredients in FMT as well. In addition to the abovementioned indications, FMT is also thought to be useful in treating some other diseases in dogs. Consequently, when preparing FMT fecal material, it is important to preserve the functional components involved. Meanwhile, appropriate fecal material delivery methods should be chosen according to the mechanisms these components act by in FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Yuxin Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunchuan Huang
- Chengdu Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengli Zheng
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Chengdu 610016, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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Jergens AE, Parvinroo S, Kopper J, Wannemuehler MJ. Rules of Engagement: Epithelial-Microbe Interactions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:669913. [PMID: 34513862 PMCID: PMC8432614 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.669913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Manon‐Jensen T, Sun S, Lindholm M, Domislović V, Giuffrida P, Brinar M, Mazza G, Pinzani M, Krznarić Z, Di Sabatino A, Karsdal MA, Mortensen JH. Elevated ectodomain of type 23 collagen is a novel biomarker of the intestinal epithelium to monitor disease activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:268-278. [PMID: 33351719 PMCID: PMC8259268 DOI: 10.1177/2050640620977371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired intestinal epithelial barrier is highly affected in inflammatory bowel disease. Transmembrane collagens connecting the epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix have an important role in epithelial cell homeostasis. Thus, we sought to determine whether the transmembrane type 23 collagen could serve as a surrogate marker for disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. METHODS We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the ectodomain of type 23 collagen (PRO-C23) in serum, followed by evaluation of its levels in both acute and chronic dextran sulphate sodium colitis models in rats and human inflammatory bowel disease cohorts. Serum from 44 Crohn's disease and 29 ulcerative colitis patients with active and inactive disease was included. RESULTS In the acute and chronic dextran sulphate sodium-induced rat colitis model, the PRO-C23 serum levels were significantly increased after colitis and returned to normal levels after disease remission. Serum levels of PRO-C23 were elevated in Crohn's disease (p < 0.05) and ulcerative colitis (p < 0.001) patients with active disease compared to healthy donors. PRO-C23 differentiated healthy donors from ulcerative colitis (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.81, p = 0.0009) and Crohn's disease (AUC: 0.70, p = 0.0124). PRO-C23 differentiated ulcerative colitis patients with active disease from those in remission (AUC: 0.75, p = 0.0219) and Crohn's disease patients with active disease from those in remission (AUC: 0.68, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION PRO-C23 was elevated in rats with active colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease patients with active disease. Therefore, PRO-C23 may be used as a surrogate marker for monitoring disease activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Manon‐Jensen
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Sun
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Lindholm
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
| | - V. Domislović
- Biomarkers and ResearchNordic BioscienceHerlevDenmark
| | - P. Giuffrida
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyClinical Hospital CentreZagrebCroatia
| | - M. Brinar
- Biomarkers and ResearchNordic BioscienceHerlevDenmark
| | - G. Mazza
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - M. Pinzani
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Z. Krznarić
- Biomarkers and ResearchNordic BioscienceHerlevDenmark
| | - A. Di Sabatino
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyClinical Hospital CentreZagrebCroatia
- First Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - M. A. Karsdal
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
| | - J. H. Mortensen
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College of LondonLondonUK
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Sacoor C, Barros LM, Montezinho L. What are the potential biomarkers that should be considered in diagnosing and managing canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies? Open Vet J 2021; 10:412-430. [PMID: 33614437 PMCID: PMC7830176 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs are characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs that last for more than 3 weeks. Despite unclear etiopathogenesis, it is considered that a genetic predisposition associated with environmental factors, such as dietary antigens and intestinal microbiota, might induce an abnormal immune response in the host. The diagnosis of this condition requires full investigation in order to exclude all other possible causes. Currently, the observation of clinical signs associated with histopathologic evaluation and systematic therapeutic trials is the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathies. Furthermore, diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, and treatment response evaluation can be exhausting, since this whole process is time-consuming, costly, and partially invasive. Therefore, biomarkers appear as non-invasive tools, which can be useful in evaluating gastrointestinal function, identifying the presence of the disease and assessing its natural progression, monitoring gastrointestinal inflammation, predicting response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Over the past decade, several studies were conducted in order to explore the clinical utility of biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the biomarkers considered relevant in the diagnosis and management of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The biomarkers addressed in this study may be serological, present in urine and feces, or even tissue-derived. This study argues that biomarkers, in particular calprotectin and calgranulin C, have great potential to be used in clinical practice in the diagnosis and management of affected dogs. However, a single biomarker cannot assuredly predict disease severity, progression, response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Therefore, in order to achieve greater accuracy, it would be beneficial if these tools are used in conjunction with contemporary ones. Future research is needed with the aim to better determine the usefulness of these tools in chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sacoor
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Meireles Barros
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ogawa M, Osada H, Hasegawa A, Ohno H, Yanuma N, Sasaki K, Shimoda M, Shirai J, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Effect of interleukin-1β on occludin mRNA expression in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1019-1025. [PMID: 29572935 PMCID: PMC5980446 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal imbalance of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) has been reported in the duodenal mucosa of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the imbalance in the colonic mucosa and its role in duodenitis and colitis in IBD of dogs remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To measure the expression of IL-1β and IL-1Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD, and to determine the effect of IL-1β on expression of occludin (ocln) mRNA, a tight junction component, in the duodenal and colonic mucosa of dogs with IBD. ANIMALS Twelve dogs with IBD and 6 healthy dogs. METHODS IL-1β and IL-1 Ra proteins in the colonic mucosa were quantified by ELISA in 7 of the 12 dogs with IBD. Expression of ocln mRNA in the duodenal and colonic mucosa was examined in the 12 dogs by real-time PCR. RESULTS The ratio of IL-1β to IL-1Ra in the colonic mucosa was significantly higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. The ex vivo experiment determined that IL-1β suppressed expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of healthy dogs. Expression of ocln mRNA in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, was significantly lower in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A relative increase in IL-1β may attenuate ocln expression, leading to intestinal barrier dysfunction and promotion of intestinal inflammation in the colonic mucosa, but not in the duodenal mucosa, of dogs with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayana Hasegawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ohno
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Cartwright JA, Gow AG, Milne E, Drummond D, Smith S, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:764-774. [PMID: 29469965 PMCID: PMC5866978 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence linking low blood vitamin D concentration to numerous diseases in people and in dogs. Vitamin D influences cellular function by signaling through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Little is known about which non‐skeletal tissues express the VDR or how inflammation influences its expression in the dog. Objectives To define which non‐skeletal canine tissues express the VDR and to investigate expression in inflamed small intestine. Animals Thirteen non‐skeletal tissues were collected prospectively from 6 control dogs. Thirty‐five dogs diagnosed with a chronic enteropathy (CE) and 24 control dogs were prospectively enrolled and duodenal biopsies were evaluated for VDR expression. Methods Prospective; blinded assessment of canine intestinal VDR. Dogs with CE were included once other identifiable causes of intestinal disease were excluded. Age matched controls were included with no intestinal clinical signs. VDR expression was assessed immunohistochemically in all samples, using a Rat IgG VDR monoclonal antibody. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for duodenal biopsies. Results VDR expression as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was highest in the kidney, duodenum, skin, ileum and spleen, and weak in the colon, heart, lymph node, liver, lung, and ovary. Gastric and testicular tissue did not express the VDR. There was no statistical difference in duodenal VDR expression between the 24 healthy dogs and 34 dogs with CE when quantified by either qPCR (P = 0.87) or IHC (P = 0.099). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The lack of down regulation of VDR expression in inflamed intestine contrasts with previous studies in humans. Our findings support future studies to investigate whether vitamin D and its analogues can be used to modulate intestinal inflammation in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cartwright
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - E Milne
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - D Drummond
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - S Smith
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - I Handel
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Yokoyama N, Ohta H, Kagawa Y, Leela-Arporn R, Dermlim A, Nisa K, Morita T, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Expression of apical junction complex proteins in colorectal mucosa of miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:456-463. [PMID: 28090006 PMCID: PMC5383161 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the expression of tight junction and adherence junction proteins in the colorectal mucosa of miniature dachshunds (MDs) with inflammatory colorectal
polyps (ICRPs). Colorectal mucosa samples were endoscopically obtained from 8 MDs with ICRPs and 8 control dogs for immunoblotting. Paraffin-embedded tissues of
surgically resected inflamed lesions from another 5 MDs with ICRPs and full-thickness colorectal specimens from 5 healthy beagles were obtained for
immunohistochemistry. The expression patterns of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7 and -8, E-cadherin and β-catenin were analyzed in the non-inflamed mucosa and
inflamed mucosa of ICRPs and colorectal mucosa of control dogs by immunoblotting. The localization of these proteins in the inflamed lesions was analyzed by
immunohistochemistry. The expressions of each of claudin, E-cadherin and β-catenin were not significantly different between control dogs and non-inflamed
colonic mucosa from MDs with ICRPs. In contrast, only E-cadherin and β-catenin were detected in the inflamed lesions of MDs with ICRPs. By immunohistochemistry,
claudin-2, -3, -4, -5 and -7, E-cadherin and β-catenin were expressed in the colorectal epithelium within the inflamed mucosa, but not in granulation tissue.
Distributions of claudin-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7, E-cadherin and β-catenin in the colonic epithelium were not different between MDs with ICRPs and control dogs.
These results indicated that no significant alteration was detected in several tight junction or adherence junction proteins expression in the colorectal
epithelium of ICRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Stewart AS, Pratt-Phillips S, Gonzalez LM. Alterations in Intestinal Permeability: The Role of the "Leaky Gut" in Health and Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 52:10-22. [PMID: 31000910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Stieler Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Liara M Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Large Animal Models Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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12
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Ide K, Kato K, Sawa Y, Hayashi A, Takizawa R, Nishifuji K. Comparison of the expression, activity, and fecal concentration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:721-9. [PMID: 27347825 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare expression, activity, and fecal concentration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE). ANIMALS 9 healthy university-owned Beagles and 109 healthy client-owned dogs (controls) and 28 dogs with CE (cases). PROCEDURES Cases were defined as dogs with persistent (> 3 weeks) gastrointestinal signs that failed to respond to antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone or dietary trials, did not have mechanical gastrointestinal abnormalities as determined by abdominal radiography and ultrasonography, and had a diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic enteritis or eosinophilic gastroenteritis on histologic examination of biopsy specimens. Duodenal and colonic mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained from the 9 university-owned Beagles and all cases for histologic examination and determination of IAP expression (by real-time quantitative PCR assay) and activity (by enzyme histochemical analysis). Fecal samples were obtained from all dogs for determination of fecal IAP concentration by a quantitative enzyme reaction assay. RESULTS For dogs evaluated, IAP expression and activity were localized at the luminal side of epithelial cells in the mucosa and intestinal crypts, although both were greater in the duodenum than in the colon. Active IAP was detected in the feces of all dogs. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression and activity were lower for cases than for controls, and fecal IAP concentration for dogs with moderate and severe CE was lower than that for dogs with mild CE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs with CE had impaired IAP expression and activity. Additional research is necessary to elucidate the role of IAP in the pathogenesis of CE.
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Rubio CP, Hernández-Ruiz J, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Arnao MB, Ceron JJ. Validation of three automated assays for total antioxidant capacity determination in canine serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:693-698. [PMID: 27698166 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716664939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed analytical validation of 3 automated assays of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in canine serum and evaluated their use in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. The assays were based on the generation of a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) in aqueous media, which produces a blue-green color. The antioxidants present in the sample remove the chromogen in proportion to their concentrations. The assays differed mainly in the way in which this radical was produced. All 3 assays produced acceptable results in the analytical validation. However, only 2 of the assays were capable of detecting significantly different TAC values in healthy and diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
| | - Marino Bañón Arnao
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
| | - José Joaquín Ceron
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' (Rubio, Martinez-Subiela, Tvarijonaviciute, Ceron), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology (Hernández-Ruiz, Arnao), University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, SpainDepartment of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Tvarijonaviciute)
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Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martinez-Subiela S, Hernández-Ruiz J, Cerón JJ. Validation of an automated assay for the measurement of cupric reducing antioxidant capacity in serum of dogs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:137. [PMID: 27370026 PMCID: PMC4930603 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to optimize and validate an automated method to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum of dogs using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methodology (TACc) with bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt as chelating agent, evaluating also possible variations due to the use of two different automated analyzers. The method is based on the reduction of Cu(2+) into Cu(1+) by the action of the non-enzymatic antioxidants that are present in the sample. RESULTS Imprecision was low in both apparatus utilized, and the results were linear across serial Trolox and canine serum samples dilutions. Lipids did not interfere with the assay; however, hemolysis increased the TACc concentrations. When TACc concentrations were determined in ten healthy (control) dogs and in twelve dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), dogs with IBD had lower TACc concentrations when compared with the healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS The method validated in this paper is precise, simple, and fast and can be easily adapted to automated analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.,Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University Autonoma of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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