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Taylor S, Gruen M, KuKanich K, X Lascelles BD, Monteiro BP, Sampietro LR, Robertson S, Steagall PV. 2024 ISFM and AAFP consensus guidelines on the long-term use of NSAIDs in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241241951. [PMID: 38587872 PMCID: PMC11103309 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241241951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used and are effective for the management of pain in cats. These Guidelines will support veterinarians in decision-making around prescribing NSAIDs in situations of chronic pain, to minimise adverse effects and optimise pain management. Information is provided on mechanism of action, indications for use, screening prior to prescription, use in the presence of comorbidities, monitoring of efficacy, and avoidance and management of adverse effects. CLINICAL CHALLENGES The cat's unique metabolism should be considered when prescribing any medications, including NSAIDs. Chronic pain may be challenging to detect in this species and comorbidities, particularly chronic kidney disease, are common in senior cats. Management of chronic pain may be complicated by prescription of other drugs with the potential for interactions with NSAIDs. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of experts brought together by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) and American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP). Information is based on the available literature, expert opinion and the panel members' experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Taylor
- Panel ChairInternational Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Tisbury, Wi Itshire, UK
| | - Margaret Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory; and Behavioural Medicine Service - Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, KS, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program and Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre (CPREC), North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Beatriz P Monteiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sheilah Robertson
- Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice, Lutz, FL, USA; and Courtesy Lecturer, Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Paulo V Steagall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, SAR China; and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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2
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Yoon P, Murakami K, Athanasiadi I, Rancilio NJ. Palliative radiation therapy as a treatment for feline urinary bladder masses in four cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e655-e660. [PMID: 36350585 PMCID: PMC10812335 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221124127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY Urinary bladder masses in four cats were treated with palliative radiation therapy (RT). Three cats were previously diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD): International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 in two cats and IRIS stage 3 in one cat. One cat had a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and inflammatory bowel disease. Three cats had urinary tract infections diagnosed by urine culture and susceptibility testing prior to or during treatment. All patients had urine cytospin cytology performed; one case showed suspect urothelial carcinoma and three had no cytological evidence of neoplasia. All clients declined further sampling from the bladder masses. Therefore, cytologic/histologic diagnosis in all cases was not available. An abdominal ultrasound was performed in all cats, which revealed urinary bladder mass(es) prior to referral for RT. Three cats had pretreatment thoracic radiographs, which revealed no evidence of pulmonary metastasis. An abdominal CT was performed in all cases and one case had thoracic CT performed for staging. The thoracic CT showed a focal lesion of unknown etiology in the right caudal lung lobe. Palliative RT was performed with four weekly 6 Gy fractions (24 Gy in total). The urinary signs in all cats resolved over the course of RT: after the first RT treatment in two cats and after the second RT treatment in two cats. There were two Veterinary Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 1 gastrointestinal and one grade 2 genitourinary acute RT side effects. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION This is the first report in the literature of a standardized RT protocol as a treatment option for feline urinary bladder masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yoon
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Keiko Murakami
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ilektra Athanasiadi
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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3
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Maeta N, Kutara K, Saeki K, Hoshi F. Modified Toyoda technique for total cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy in a cat. Vet Surg 2022; 51:1280-1286. [PMID: 35877776 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the technique and outcome of a cat treated with a total cystectomy and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy. ANIMALS A 16-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat. STUDY DESIGN Case report. CASE PRESENTATION A cat was referred after a 2-week history of pollakiuria and hematuria. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was suspected based on ultrasonographic, cytologic, and contrast computed tomographic (CT) findings. A total cystectomy was combined with a modified cutaneous ureterostomy: the ureter, incised like a fish-mouth aperture, was anastomosed to the skin after the creation of a rectangular-shaped defect. Complete excision of a TCC was confirmed histologically. RESULTS Ureteral stents were removed 7 days (left) and 28 days (right) postoperatively. The cat's incontinence was managed with an absorbent diaper surrounding the ureteral stomata. The right ureter became obstructed 14 months after surgery, and the cat died at home approximately 16 months after surgery. In spite of the urinary incontinence, the owner was satisfied with the surgery and evaluated the cat's quality of life as satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS The total cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy described here allowed urinary excretion and resulted in long-term survival of a cat with bladder TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Maeta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Kanna Saeki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Fumio Hoshi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
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4
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Rasteiro AM, Sá e Lemos E, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Molecular Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer: Applications for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030107. [PMID: 35324835 PMCID: PMC8950778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. Even so, important advances concerning the identification of tumour markers with clinical applications at the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic levels have recently been made, for example, the identification of pathological BRAF mutations. Those advances are now facilitating the introduction of targeted therapies. The present review will address such advances, focusing on small animal oncology and providing the reader with an update on this field. When appropriate, comparisons will be drawn with bladder cancer in human patients, as well as with experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Rasteiro
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
- Garden Veterinary Group, Chippenham SN15 1NQ, UK
| | - Eva Sá e Lemos
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, University Hospital (HUUFMA), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Spediacci C, Manfredi M, Sala G, Liuti T, Israeliantz N, Zani DD, Di Giancamillo M, Longo M. Fall time may be a reliable discriminator between neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs undergoing contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:609-619. [PMID: 35679465 PMCID: PMC9796640 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide quantitative information on enhancement patterns and perfusion of lesions, based on time-intensity curves (TICs). No published studies have compared CEUS parameters in neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs. The aim of the current prospective, pilot study was to quantitatively characterize the CEUS pattern of neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs, assessing the influence of contrast arrival time (CAT) on the final appearance of the curves. Fourteen dogs with cyto-histopathological diagnoses were included (seven malignant and seven inflammatory lesions). B-mode ultrasound was performed followed by CEUS examination after an intravenous bolus injection of 0.04 mL/kg of contrast medium, and TICs were elaborated by dedicated software. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for each TIC parameter were obtained. Neoplastic lesions had subjectively shorter rise time (RT), time to peak (TTP) and fall time (FT) than inflammatory lesions. Based on ROC curve analyses, fall time ≥ 10.49 s was the most reliable parameter for diagnosing non-neoplastic disease in this small sample of dogs (area under the curve [AUC] 0.75, sensitivity 83.33%, specificity 66.67%). No difference was found between ROCs calculated for each parameter of TICs by adding or removing CAT. Results of the current study provide background for future, larger scale studies evaluating use of a CEUS FT threshold of 10.49 s as a possible discriminator for urinary bladder neoplastic lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spediacci
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Martina Manfredi
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Nicolas Israeliantz
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
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Jones E, Alawneh J, Thompson M, Allavena R. Association between case signalment and disease diagnosis in urinary bladder disease in Australian cats and dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:498-505. [PMID: 33797303 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211004008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder diseases are common in dogs and cats; however, there is little published work on urinary bladder disease in Australian pets. We identified pathology records of Australian dogs and cats with urinary bladder tissue submitted to the University of Queensland Veterinary Laboratory Service during 1994-2016 (n = 320). We described the proportion of bladder diseases in dogs and cats, and applied the less-commonly used logistic regression procedure to quantify associations between signalment variables and disease diagnosis that were evident using descriptive statistics alone. After preliminary analysis, both species were combined because of similar results. Spayed/castrated animals were 74% less likely to be diagnosed with cystitis compared with intact animals. Animals 4-11 y old were also at lower risk of being diagnosed with cystitis compared with younger or older animals. Male animals were at increased risk of neoplasia compared to females, which contrasts with reports from North America and Europe. There was increased risk for developing neoplasia with progressive age, with up to 20 times higher odds in the > 11-y age group. Logistic regression modeling provided unique insight into proportionate morbidity of urinary bladder diseases in Australian dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Alawneh
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Good Clinical Practice Research Group, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Thompson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Histological Characterization of Feline Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2020; 182:9-14. [PMID: 33494910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma (UC) is the most common type of bladder cancer in humans, dogs and cats, although the incidence in cats is comparatively low. This retrospective study details the histopathological features of UC of the urinary bladder in 38 samples from 35 cats. Of the 38 samples, eight had a papillary architecture and in nine the tumour cells formed tubular or acinar structures. Tumour cell invasion of the bladder wall varied from confinement within the lamina propria or submucosa to transmural or extending to the serosa. The tumour stroma varied from sparse to abundant, with a scirrhous, myxomatous or mucinous appearance in eleven cases, three cases and one case, respectively. The degrees of tumour cell necrosis and inflammation were highly variable. We confirm that the histopathological features of bladder UC in cats have many similarities to the corresponding tumours in dogs and humans.
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8
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Griffin S. Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What's normal? What's abnormal? Renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:847-865. [PMID: 32845227 PMCID: PMC11135665 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20941786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract provides important information useful in the investigation of several conditions including ureteral obstruction and cystitis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as lipid droplets in the bladder, and pathological changes can be challenging. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys and perinephric space was discussed in an article published in May 2020. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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Lonc KM, Kaneene JB, Carneiro PAM, Kruger JM. Retrospective analysis of diagnoses and outcomes of 45 cats with micturition disorders presenting as urinary incontinence. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:216-226. [PMID: 31859391 PMCID: PMC6979103 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to dogs, the causes and outcomes of urinary incontinence (UI) in cats are largely unknown. Objectives To determine the causes, identify comorbid conditions, and assess outcomes of cats with micturition disorders presenting as UI. Animals Forty‐five cats with UI. Methods Retrospective study. Medical records of cats presented from January 2006 to December 2017 were searched using 45 keywords related to UI. History, presenting complaint, and physical examination findings were used to confirm a diagnosis. Cases were categorized based on functional and anatomic localizations. Results Forty‐five cats met inclusion criteria. Spinal cord disease was the most common cause of UI (n = 18), followed by urethral (n = 17), bladder (n = 9), and ureteral (n = 1) disorders. Proportions of voiding and storage phase disorders were similar (53% and 47%, respectively). However, voiding‐phase disorders were observed more frequently in males and younger‐aged cats (P < .03). Urinary tract infection was detected in 11 of 28 (39%) cats. Outcomes were available in 38/45 cases; 16 cats (42%) regained continence, 3 (8%) improved with treatment, and 19 (50%) remained incontinent or were euthanized. Multiple variable logistic regressions indicated that spinal cord disease was significantly more likely to be associated with poor outcomes compared to bladder or urethral disorders (P < .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Urinary incontinence in cats was associated with a variety of congenital and acquired disorders that affected both phases of micturition with similar frequency. Incontinent cats with spinal cord disorders were common and warrant a more guarded prognosis than do cats with bladder or urethral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Lonc
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John B Kaneene
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Paulo A M Carneiro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Griffin MA, Culp WTN, Giuffrida MA, Ellis P, Tuohy J, Perry JA, Gedney A, Lux CN, Milovancev M, Wallace ML, Hash J, Mathews K, Liptak JM, Selmic LE, Singh A, Palm CA, Balsa IM, Mayhew PD, Steffey MA, Rebhun RB, Burton JH, Kent MS. Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in cats: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in 118 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:274-282. [PMID: 31721288 PMCID: PMC6979092 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is an important but rarely described disease of cats. Objectives To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of cats with lower urinary tract TCC and to test identified variables for prognostic relevance. Animals One‐hundred eighteen client‐owned cats with lower urinary tract carcinoma. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information regarding clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Recorded variables were analyzed statistically. Results Median age of affected cats was 15 years (range, 5.0‐20.8 years) and median duration of clinical signs was 30 days (range, 0‐730 days). The trigone was the most common tumor location (32/118; 27.1%) as assessed by ultrasound examination, cystoscopy, or both. Treatment was carried out in 73 of 118 (61.9%) cats. Metastatic disease was documented in 25 of 118 (21.2%) cats. Median progression‐free survival and survival time for all cats were 113 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 69‐153) and 155 days (95% CI, 110‐222), respectively. Survival increased significantly (P < .001) when comparing cats across the ordered treatment groups: no treatment, treatment without partial cystectomy, and treatment with partial cystectomy. Partial cystectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17‐0.87) and treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33‐0.93) were significantly associated with longer survival times. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results support treatment using partial cystectomy and NSAIDs in cats with TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - William T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle A Giuffrida
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Peter Ellis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James A Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison Gedney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cassie N Lux
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Hash
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Kyle Mathews
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada-Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Selmic
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ameet Singh
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie A Palm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ingrid M Balsa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Philipp D Mayhew
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michele A Steffey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael S Kent
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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11
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Dorsch R, Teichmann-Knorrn S, Sjetne Lund H. Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A clinical update. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1023-1038. [PMID: 31601143 PMCID: PMC6826873 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19880435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), particularly in female cats older than 10 years of age. In addition to cats with typical clinical signs of FLUTD or upper UTI, many cats have subclinical bacteriuria, but the clinical relevance of this is currently uncertain. UTIs are one of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Adherence to treatment guidelines and confinement to a few first-line antimicrobial agents is imperative to avoid further deterioration of the antimicrobial resistance situation. The decision to treat with antimicrobials should be based on the presence of clinical signs, and/or concurrent diseases, and the results of urine culture and susceptibility testing. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Distinguishing between cats with bacterial cystitis, and those with idiopathic cystitis and concurrent clinical or subclinical bacteriuria, is challenging, as clinical signs and urinalysis results may be identical. Optimal treatment of subclinical bacteriuria requires clarification as there is currently no evidence that demonstrates a beneficial effect of routine treatment. Management of recurrent UTIs remains a challenge as evidence for most alternatives used for prevention in cats is mainly anecdotal, and no preventive treatment modality is currently recommended. EVIDENCE BASE This review draws on an extensive literature base in veterinary and human medicine, including the recently updated guidelines of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Where published evidence is lacking, the authors describe their own approach; notably, for the bacteriuric cat with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Heidi Sjetne Lund
- Small Animal Section, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Long-Term Survival of a Cat with Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Urinary Bladder. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030060. [PMID: 31252551 PMCID: PMC6789653 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bladder leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed in a four-year-old, mixed-breed, spayed female cat that presented with lethargy, stranguria, polyuria, hematuria, urinary incontinence and abdominal sensitivity. On abdominal ultrasound, the urinary bladder was observed to have a preserved anatomical position and a hyperechoic mass. The mass measured approximately 1.5 cm, was irregular, and arose from the mucosa of the bladder wall. Due to the evidence of a primary tumor in the urinary bladder, we conducted a partial cystectomy with a 1.0 cm surgical margin and performed histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The histopathology revealed a poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm, characterized by the proliferation of spindle cells with moderate nuclear pleomorphism, suggestive of leiomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the histopathological diagnosis, showing positive staining for vimentin, desmin and alpha-smooth muscle actin and negative staining for S100, pan-cytokeratin and MyoD1. We also assessed the proliferative index by Ki67 staining and found that 57% of the neoplastic cells were positive for Ki67. We conducted clinical follow-ups every three months in the first year and every six months thereafter. The patient showed no signs of recurrence after 48 months. The surgery was sufficient to treat the leiomyosarcoma, and adjuvant chemotherapy was not necessary in this case.
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Arai S, Rist P, Clancey N, Gilroy C, Stryhn H, Amsellem P. Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and intracavitary masses in dogs and cats using 22- vs 25-gauge needles. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:287-292. [PMID: 31210389 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a common procedure as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. However, it is unclear whether the gauge of the needle affects the quality of cytology. OBJECTIVE This study compared the quality of cytologic samples obtained via FNA using 22- or 25-gauge needles. METHODS Fine-needle aspiration was performed on 50 masses (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intracavitary) obtained from client-owned animals. The size of the needle was randomly assigned using either of the following two sequences: 22-25-22 gauge or 25-22-25 gauge. Samples were evaluated by two board-certified clinical pathologists to assess cellularity, blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, degree of cellular trauma, and the overall ability to make a diagnosis for each sample. RESULTS No significant difference was detected between the 22- and 25-gauge needle samples for cellularity, whereas a significant difference was present for blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, and degree of cellular trauma. The overall ability to make a diagnosis was not significantly affected by the needle gauge. The degree of cellular trauma was significantly increased in intracavitary samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Needle gauge is a contributing factor to FNA sample quality. However, it did not affect the overall ability to make a diagnosis. Samples obtained using 25-gauge needles resulted in less blood contamination yet increased cellular trauma compared to 22-gauge needle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Arai
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Paul Rist
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Noel Clancey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Cornelia Gilroy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Pierre Amsellem
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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14
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Hamlin AN, Chadwick LE, Fox-Alvarez SA, Hostnik ET. Ultrasound characteristics of feline urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma are similar to canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:552-559. [PMID: 31144408 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is a rare neoplasia of cats with an estimated prevalence of 0.18%. Cats with TCC share clinical signs with common pathologies like feline idiopathic cystitis or urinary tract infections. Nonspecific clinical signs include hematuria, pollakiuria, or stranguria. The literature lacks a feline-specific ultrasound description of TCC. The aim of this multicenter retrospective descriptive study was to report ultrasound findings of a collection of feline TCC and then assess if feline TCC and canine TCC have similar ultrasound appearances. It was hypothesized that the ultrasound characteristics would be similar between feline and canine TCC. Ultrasound studies were assessed for tumor shape, number of isolated mural masses, location within the bladder, presence of Doppler signal, echogenicity of urine, mineralization within the mass, extension of the mass into the proximal urethra or ureters, urethral/ureteral obstruction, pyelectasia, and sublumbar lymphadenopathy. Feline studies were compared to 20 cases of confirmed canine TCC. A total of 20 cats with histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of TCC were included. Feline and canine TCC had similarities when viewed using ultrasound. Statistically significant differences were identified for location of the bladder mass (cats were more likely to be mid-body vs trigonal in dogs, P = .011) and urethral extension of the tumor was less likely in cats than dogs (P = .0436). Based on this sample of 20 cats, feline TCC was most commonly a singular, broad-based mass within the mid-body or apex of the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra N Hamlin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura E Chadwick
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Stacey A Fox-Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric T Hostnik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Abstract
Primary renal tumors are an uncommon diagnosis in small animals. Presentation, treatment, and prognosis depend on tumor type. Surgery with or without chemotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the urinary system. Clinical signs include hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. Metastatic disease can develop over time within medial iliac lymph nodes, lungs, and vertebrae. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma centers on chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, vinblastine, or carboplatin. Other agents used with success, include toceranib phosphate and chlorambucil. Interventional surgery, such as stenting and laser ablation, is used in a palliative setting addressing urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Elaine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Carol J DeRegis
- Piper Memorial Veterinary Center, 730 Randolph Road, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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16
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Griffin MA, Culp WTN, Rebhun RB. Lower Urinary Tract Neoplasia. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5040096. [PMID: 30486368 PMCID: PMC6313859 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract neoplasia in companion animals is a debilitating and often life-threatening disease. Tumors of the bladder, urethra, and prostate often occur independently, although extension of these tumors into adjacent regions of the lower urinary tract is documented frequently. The most common lower urinary tract tumor in dogs and cats is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In both dogs and cats, TCC affecting the urinary bladder is generally considered to be highly aggressive with both local and metastatic disease potential, and this disease poses unique treatment challenges. Whereas much literature exists regarding the TCC disease process, treatment options, and prognosis in dogs, relatively few studies on feline TCC have been published due to the lower incidence of TCC in this species. Prostate tumors, most commonly adenocarcinomas, occur less commonly in dogs and cats but serve an important role as a comparative model for prostate neoplasia in humans. This article serves as a review of the current information regarding canine and feline lower urinary tract neoplasia as well as the relevance of these diseases with respect to their human counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Griffin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - William T N Culp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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17
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St Blanc A, Crossland NA, DiGeronimo PM, Cianciolo RE, Pirie GJ, Thiessen AE, Wakamatsu N. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:53-56. [PMID: 29911950 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Scott KE, Frydman G, Fox JG, Bakthavatchalu V. Spontaneous Urinary Bladder Leiomyoma in a Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2018; 68:243-247. [PMID: 29857795 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the case of a urinary bladder leiomyoma in a rhesus macaque. The animal was clinically normal and had a lipoma localized to the stifle. Endovesicular leiomyomas are the most common form of urinary bladder leiomyoma in humans. In contrast, this macaque's tumor exhibited extravesicular localization in the bladder. Urinary bladder leiomyomas account for less than 0.5% of all bladder tumors in humans, with only 250 cases reported in total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Scott
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Frydman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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Liffman R, Courtman N. Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:599-609. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Liffman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - N. Courtman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway; Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
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20
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Greci V, Rocchi PM, Sontuoso AF, Olivero D, Capasso A, Raiano V. Primary fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat: follow-up after incomplete surgical excision. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917714881. [PMID: 28680699 PMCID: PMC5480633 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917714881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary An 11-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with haematuria of 2 months’ duration followed by pollakiuria and stranguria. A firm, non-painful mass in the urinary bladder was palpated. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound were suggestive of a urinary neoplasia. During explorative laparotomy, a partial cystectomy and surgical debulking were performed. Histopathology and immunostaining were consistent with a fibrosarcoma. The cat was discharged 10 days after surgery with a residual mass of about 1.8 cm on ultrasound re-examination. The cat was not given adjuvant therapy. The cat was euthanased 8 months after surgery because of tumour invasion of the urinary trigone and subsequent ureter dilation, hydronephrosis and severe azotaemia. Relevance and novel information Malignant urinary fibrosarcoma in this cat appeared to be only locally invasive. Palliative surgery without adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy in this cat resulted in an 8 month period of good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vera Raiano
- Veterinary Hospital Gregorio VII, Rome, Italy
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21
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Verrilli AM, Hohenhaus AE, Le Roux AB, Donovan TA. What Is Your Diagnosis?: Primary pulmonary neoplasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:493-6. [PMID: 26885590 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Cystoscopy has become an important and widely available component of the diagnostic evaluation of diseases of the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats. In addition, a large number of cystoscopic guided procedures have been described that can be used to treat disease processes that were previously treatable only with invasive surgical procedures. This article reviews the indications and contraindications for cystoscopy, cystoscopy equipment and techniques for male and female dogs and cats, potential complications associated with cystoscopy, and management options for these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Morgan
- Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Marnin Forman
- Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA.
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23
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Capasso A, Raiano V, Sontuoso A, Olivero D, Greci V. Fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915585019. [PMID: 28491352 PMCID: PMC5362888 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915585019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 5-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with haematuria, pollakiuria and stranguria of 2 months’ duration, and a firm non-painful mass in the urinary bladder was palpated. Abdominal radiographs showed thickening and irregular cranial margins of the urinary bladder wall. Abdominal ultrasound showed a vascularised mass of mixed echogenicity almost entirely occupying the urinary bladder lumen. During explorative laparotomy, the mass appeared pedunculated and was totally excised. Histopathology was characterised by infiltration of the mucosal, submucosal and muscular layers by proliferated atypical mesenchymal cells; immunochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma. The cat was discharged with normal urination 5 days after surgery. The owner declined any imaging follow-up but reported the cat to be free of any clinical signs at 16 months after surgery. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of primary fibrosarcoma of the urinary bladder in the cat. Fibrosarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of urinary bladder neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Raiano
- Gregory VII Veterinary Hospital, Rome, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Lower urinary tract neoplasia is uncommon in dogs and cats, though transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common tumor of the lower urinary tract in both species. Clinical signs are not specific for neoplasia, but neoplasia should be considered in patients that are older, have specific risk factors, or have persistent, severe, or relapsing signs. Local disease is often the cause of death or euthanasia; local control is challenging owing to tumor size and location. Systemic therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Prognosis is generally guarded, but therapy can result in improvement in clinical signs and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, 13160 Magisterial Drive, Louisville, KY 40223, USA.
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25
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Arrighi S. The urothelium: anatomy, review of the literature, perspectives for veterinary medicine. Ann Anat 2014; 198:73-82. [PMID: 25533627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arrighi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Laboratory of Anatomy and Confocal Microscopy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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26
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Zhou Z, Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhang F, Wang Y, Shen B, Qin Y, Qiu J. Methylation-mediated silencing of Dlg5 facilitates bladder cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:399-407. [PMID: 25478998 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dlg5 (Discs large homolog 5), a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase adaptor family of scaffolding proteins, has been shown to participate in cancer progression. However, little is known about whether abnormal expression of Dlg5 facilitates bladder cancer metastasis. In the current study we initiated a study analyzing Dlg5 expression and its roles in human bladder cancer metastasis. The expression of Dlg5 is decreased in most bladder cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and Dlg5 expression is further downregulated in patients with muscle-invasive tumors. DNA methylation analysis showed a methylation of Dlg5 gene in bladder cancer cell lines and in bladder cancer tumors, especially in muscle-invasive tumors. Hypermethylation of Dlg5 in bladder tumors is tightly correlated with silencing of Dlg5 expression, which is further functionally validated by demethylation analysis in bladder cancer cell lines. Knockdown of Dlg5 increases cancer cell invasion in vitro and promotes cancer metastasis in vivo. Of clinical significance, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that downregulation of Dlg5 is significantly associated with reduced overall survival in patients with bladder cancer. CONCLUSION These data suggest that inhibition of Dlg5 by DNA hypermethylation contributes to provoke invasive phenotypes in bladder tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Yifeng Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China
| | - Jianxin Qiu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People׳s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200008, China.
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27
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Carney HC, Sadek TP, Curtis TM, Halls V, Heath S, Hutchison P, Mundschenk K, Westropp JL. AAFP and ISFM Guidelines for diagnosing and solving house-soiling behavior in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:579-98. [PMID: 24966283 PMCID: PMC11148882 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14539092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE These Guidelines have been developed by the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) as a resource for veterinary practitioners who want to better understand and manage the important clinical condition of house-soiling in their feline patients. The Guidelines offer straightforward, practical solutions that, in most cases, will help veterinarians and cat owners prevent, manage or entirely remediate feline house-soiling behavior. EVIDENCE BASE The Guidelines include scientifically documented information when it is available. However, because research is often lacking, some recommendations reflect the accumulated clinical experience of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel C Carney
- WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, ID 83617, USA
| | | | - Terry M Curtis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Vicky Halls
- Cat Behaviour Counsellor, PO Box 269, Faversham, Kent ME13 3AZ, UK
| | - Sarah Heath
- Behavioural Referrals Veterinary Practice, Chester, Cheshire CH2 1RE, UK
| | - Pippa Hutchison
- Positive Imprint, Kilcreggan, Argyll & Bute G84 0JS, Scotland
| | | | - Jodi L Westropp
- University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Brace MA, Weisse C, Berent A. Preliminary Experience With Stenting for Management of Non-Urolith Urethral Obstruction in Eight Cats. Vet Surg 2013; 43:199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Brace
- Department of Surgery; VCA Boston Road Animal Hospital; Springfield Massachusetts 01119
| | - Chick Weisse
- Department of Surgery; The Animal Medical Center; New York New York 10065
- Department of Interventional Radiology/Endoscopy; The Animal Medical Center; New York New York 10065
| | - Allyson Berent
- Department of Interventional Radiology/Endoscopy; The Animal Medical Center; New York New York 10065
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29
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Ragionieri L, Botti M, Gazza F, Sorteni C, Chiocchetti R, Clavenzani P, Minelli LB, Panu R. Localization of peripheral autonomic neurons innervating the boar urinary bladder trigone and neurochemical features of the sympathetic component. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e16. [PMID: 23807295 PMCID: PMC3794342 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder trigone (UBT) is a limited area through which the majority of vessels and nerve fibers penetrate into the urinary bladder and where nerve fibers and intramural neurons are more concentrated. We localized the extramural post-ganglionic autonomic neurons supplying the porcine UBT by means of retrograde tracing (Fast Blue, FB). Moreover, we investigated the phenotype of sympathetic trunk ganglia (STG) and caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG) neurons positive to FB (FB+) by coupling retrograde tracing and double-labeling immunofluorescence methods. A mean number of 1845.1±259.3 FB+ neurons were localized bilaterally in the L1-S3 STG, which appeared as small pericarya (465.6±82.7 µm2) mainly localized along an edge of the ganglion. A large number (4287.5±1450.6) of small (476.1±103.9 µm2) FB+ neurons were localized mainly along a border of both CMG. The largest number (4793.3±1990.8) of FB+ neurons was observed in the pelvic plexus (PP), where labeled neurons were often clustered within different microganglia and had smaller soma cross-sectional area (374.9±85.4 µm2). STG and CMG FB+ neurons were immunoreactive (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (66±10.1% and 52.7±8.2%, respectively), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH) (62±6.2% and 52±6.2%, respectively), neuropeptide Y (NPY) (59±8.2% and 65.8±7.3%, respectively), calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) (24.1±3.3% and 22.1±3.3%, respectively), substance P (SP) (21.6±2.4% and 37.7±7.5%, respectively), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (18.9±2.3% and 35.4±4.4%, respectively), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) (15.3±2% and 32.9±7.7%, respectively), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) (15±2% and 34.7±4.5%, respectively), leuenkephalin (LENK) (14.3±7.1% and 25.9±8.9%, respectively), and somatostatin (SOM) (12.4±3% and 31.8±7.3%, respectively). UBT-projecting neurons were also surrounded by VAChT-, CGRP-, LENK-, and nNOSIR fibers. The possible role of these neurons and fibers in the neural pathways of the UBT is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ragionieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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30
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Russo D, Clavenzani P, Sorteni C, Bo Minelli L, Botti M, Gazza F, Panu R, Ragionieri L, Chiocchetti R. Neurochemical features of boar lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and characterization of sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder trigone. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:342-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Bommer NX, Hayes AM, Scase TJ, Gunn-Moore DA. Clinical features, survival times and COX-1 and COX-2 expression in cats with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated with meloxicam. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:527-33. [PMID: 22408147 PMCID: PMC11104191 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12442041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Records of 11 cats with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, which had been treated with meloxicam, were reviewed for signalment, duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis, results of diagnostic imaging, whether or not concurrent surgery was performed and survival. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) was assessed in the tumours of seven cats. Tumour location varied greatly. The cats had a mean age of 13 years. Three cats had a previous diagnosis of feline idiopathic cystitis of up to 2008 days duration. Ten of the cats showed clinical improvement (reduction of haematuria and/or dysuria), with a mean survival time (MST) of 311 days (range 10-1064); 1-year survival of 50%. All seven bladders assessed for COX staining were COX-1 positive and five were COX-2 positive. The MST for the COX-2-positive cats was 123 days, the MST for the COX-2-negative cases was 375 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas X Bommer
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | | | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Christensen NI, Culvenor J, Langova V. Fluoroscopic stent placement for the relief of malignant urethral obstruction in a cat. Aust Vet J 2011; 88:478-82. [PMID: 21091459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical features and interventional therapy in the case of a female cat with urinary tract obstruction secondary to neoplasia are presented. This form of neoplasia in cats is rare and therapeutic intervention to relieve urinary tract obstruction caused by malignancy has been described only once. This is the first report of a self-expandable metallic stent placed in a feline urethra to relieve obstruction caused by malignancy and the first report of the use of a unique composite metallic stent (Platinol™) in a cat. In conclusion, the palliative stenting of the feline urethra may be a valid therapeutic intervention for malignancies. Further studies are required to determine the optimal size and type of stent that will provide the greatest benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Christensen
- Veterinary Specialist Centre, 14-20 Dehli Rd, North Ryde, Sydney 2113, New South Wales, Australia.
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Bulman-Fleming JC, Turner TR, Rosenberg MP. Evaluation of adverse events in cats receiving long-term piroxicam therapy for various neoplasms. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:262-8. [PMID: 20363461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PG) in carcinogenesis has been documented in many species. Piroxicam has shown efficacy against several neoplasms and is frequently prescribed for chronic use. There are no studies investigating chronic piroxicam administration in cats and the chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in this species has long been cautioned against. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate adverse effects in cats receiving long-term daily piroxicam. Seventy-three cats received daily piroxicam at doses of 0.13-0.41mg/kg. Treatment duration ranged from 1 to 38 months. Treatment with piroxicam was found to significantly increase frequency of vomiting during the first month of therapy, though this was most significant for cats receiving concurrent chemotherapy. Piroxicam administration was not significantly associated with hematologic, renal or hepatic toxicities. Adverse events were not correlated with dosage. Adverse events were reported in 29% of cats, and were generally mild and transient. Eight percent discontinued piroxicam due to adverse reaction, and 4% due to difficult administration. This study indicates that long-term daily piroxicam is generally well tolerated in cats at conventional doses.
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