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Price PSA, Hunt H, Cox NR, Mitchell NL, Irving AC. Retinopathy in Greyhound dogs: Prevalence, fundoscopic, and histopathological findings. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:298-309. [PMID: 37952127 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of retinal lesions and describe the fundoscopic findings of retinopathy in Greyhound dogs in the Manawatu/Whanganui region of New Zealand. To examine possible associations between sex, age, and racing variables with retinopathy in the study population. To describe retinal histologic findings in seven Greyhounds with retinopathy in New Zealand. METHODS Two hundred Greyhound dogs from the Manawatu/Whanganui region of New Zealand underwent fundoscopy and fundic photography to identify and score the degree of retinopathy. Associations between retinopathy and age, sex, as well as racing variables, were examined. Histologic examination of the retina was undertaken on the eyes of seven Greyhounds from the Manawatu and Canterbury regions previously diagnosed with retinopathy by fundoscopy. RESULTS Fifty dogs (25.1%) were identified with retinopathy of varying degrees of severity. In at least one eye, 7.5% of dogs had mild retinopathy, 11.6% moderate retinopathy, and 6.0% severe retinopathy. Males were more likely to be affected in both eyes and with moderate or severe grades, than females. Increasing age was not associated with increased prevalence of retinopathy, nor increased grade of severity. Retinal histology identified multifocal retinal detachment in 5 of the 7 cases examined and other common lesions included choroidal necrosis and outer to full-thickness retinal atrophy in the absence of significant inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Retinopathy is prevalent in Greyhounds in the Manawatu/Whanganui region of New Zealand, but more research is required to elucidate the etiopathogenesis. Consideration should be made to include mandatory eye health examination in racing Greyhound dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley Hunt
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Artchayasawat A, Boueroy P, Boonmars T, Pumhirunroj B, Sriraj P, Aukkanimart R, Boonjaraspinyo S, Pitaksakulrat O, Ratanasuwan P, Suwannatrai A, Eamudomkarn C, Laummaunwai P, Zhiliang W. Efficacy of Dipterocarpus alatus oil combination with Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarps against canine demodicosis. Vet World 2021; 14:2919-2928. [PMID: 35017839 PMCID: PMC8743773 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2919-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Canine demodicosis is a skin disease that is a major global health problem in dogs. Ivermectin is a drug of choice for treatment, but it may cause toxicity in dogs carrying multidrug resistance mutation-1 gene mutations. Hence, alternative herbal medicines are used instead of the drug, such as Dipterocarpus alatus oil (YN oil), Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf (WC), and Garcinia mangostana pericarps (MG) extracts. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of D. alatus oil, R. nasutus leaf, and G. mangostana pericarp extracts on canine demodicosis in vivo. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five mixed-breed dogs with localized demodicosis were examined. Dogs were diagnosed with demodicosis through deep skin scraping and screened with the inclusion criteria. Five dogs of each group were treated in five treatment groups (ivermectin, YN oil, YN oil+WC, YN oil+MG, and YN oil+WC+MG) for 1 month. The individual dogs were clinically evaluated, and the dermatological lesions were monitored daily for 60 days. Results: Dermatological lesion improvement was predominantly observed in the group of dogs treated with YN oil+WC. This was evidenced by the disappearance of the hyperpigmentation and lichenification on day 28 post-treatment and alopecia on day 56 post-treatment. Moreover, no allergic or clinical signs were observed during treatment. Conclusion: YN oil+WC is an alternative herbal medicine that could be used for the treatment of localized canine demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj
- Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Pranee Sriraj
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Aukkanimart
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panaratana Ratanasuwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiporn Suwannatrai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wu Zhiliang
- Department of Parasitology, Gifu University School of medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Magdy Beshbishy A. Avermectin Derivatives, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic and Toxic Dosages, Mechanism of Action, and Their Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E196. [PMID: 32824399 PMCID: PMC7464486 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omotayo B. Ilesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 561, Nigeria;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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Toxicology of Avermectins and Milbemycins (Macrocyclic Lactones) and the Role of P-Glycoprotein in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:991-1012. [PMID: 30139545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Overdoses of macrocyclic lactones in dogs and cats can result in such signs as tremors, ataxia, seizures, coma, and blindness. Dogs with the ABCB1-1Δ gene defect are predisposed to macrocyclic lactone toxicosis at lower dosages than dogs without the defect. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy has been suggested for treatment of macrocyclic lactone toxicosis but evidence of efficacy is limited. Initial decontamination and supportive care remain the mainstays of therapy for macrocyclic lactone toxicosis.
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Pollio D, Michau TM, Weaver E, Kuebelbeck KL. Electroretinographic changes after intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in a dog and a foal with ivermectin toxicosis. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 21:82-87. [PMID: 27440451 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes ivermectin-induced blindness in a dog and a foal with normal ophthalmic fundic examinations and attenuated electroretinography (ERG). Subsequent recovery in ERG was noted following intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy. A dog and a foal were evaluated for ivermectin-induced blindness. Clinical signs included dull mentation, absent pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), and absent menace on presentation. The animals had normal fundoscopic examinations; however, in both cases ERG was consistent with neurosensory retinal dysfunction. Following ILE therapy for ivermectin toxicosis, return of menace, PLRs, and normal mentation were noted, as was improvement in ERG and serum ivermectin levels. These are the first documented cases of ivermectin-induced blindness in a dog and a foal with normal fundic examinations and attenuated ERG. ERG improved in both animals after ILE therapy. ERG may assist in the diagnosis of ivermectin toxicosis in dogs and horses. ILE therapy may hasten recovery in treatment of ivermectin-induced blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen Weaver
- Brandon Equine Medical Center, Brandon, FL, 33511, USA
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Meekins JM, Guess SC, Rankin AJ. Retinopathy associated with ivermectin toxicosis in five cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:1238-41. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bozzatto V, Oliveira PRD, Bechara GH, Camargo-Mathias MI. Morphological alterations of epidermis of rabbits infested by R. sanguineus ticks and exposed to Selamectin (active principle of Pfizer Revolution(®) acaricide): a confocal microscopy study. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:534-8. [PMID: 24369880 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed, by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, the epidermis of rabbits infested by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to concentrations of 50%, 80% and 100% of a selamectin-based commercial acaricide (Pfizer's Revolution(®)). The results demonstrated that rabbits exposed to concentrations of 80% and 100% of the Revolution acaricide, which contains 12% selamectin, showed thinning of epithelial tissue of the epidermis with associated cellular disorganization. Individuals exposed to a 50% concentration showed lower epidermal tissue disorganization when compared to those exposed to the higher doses of the acaricide (80% and 100%). Whereas selamectin, when used in higher concentrations (80% and 100% Revolution(®)) can alter the morphology of the epidermis, at lower concentrations (50%), even though still able to eliminate ectoparasites, it causes less toxicity damage to the host. Selamectin can be considered a dose-dependent toxic agent, since higher concentrations increase the morphological changes in the epidermis of the host rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlamir Bozzatto
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Av. 24A, n. 1515, CP 199, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gervásio Henrique Bechara
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Bates N, Chatterton J, Robbins C, Wells K, Hughes J, Stone M, Campbell A. Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.101036rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bates
- Veterinary Poisons Information ServiceMedical Toxicology and Information ServicesMary Sheridan HouseLondonSE1 9RYUK
| | - J. Chatterton
- Grove Veterinary Centre2 Hibbert Street, New MillsHigh PeakDerbyshireSK22 3JJUK
| | - C. Robbins
- Castle Vets Pet Healthcare Centre1 Tilehurst RoadReadingRG1 7TWUK
| | - K. Wells
- Kingfisher Veterinary PracticeSouth Road Vet CentreMountfield RoadTauntonSomersetTA1 3BQUK
| | - J. Hughes
- Blake Veterinary GroupShowground RoadBridgwaterSomersetTA6 6AJUK
| | - M. Stone
- RSPCA Bristol & District Branch48 Albert RoadSt PhilipsBristolBS2 0XAUK
| | - A. Campbell
- Veterinary Poisons Information ServiceMedical Toxicology and Information ServicesMary Sheridan HouseLondonSE1 9RYUK
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Bozzatto V, Oliveira PRD, Furquim KCS, Camargo-Mathias MI. The occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre-infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide Pfizer Revolution®). Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1171-6. [PMID: 23983162 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ticks of Rhipicephalus sanguineus species have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. In an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. Although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. For this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was used in order to demonstrate the responses of rabbits' skin tissues pre-infested with R. sanguineus and exposed to different concentrations of selamectin. The obtained results when exposed to 100 and 80% concentrations of selamectin showed a strong mark of acid phosphatase on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and hair follicles, whereas the ones exposed to the 50% concentration had a weak mark on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and moderate staining in hair follicles. It became clear that, when used at high concentrations (100 and 80%), selamectin is capable to induce a large scale occurrence of the autophagic cell death process. On the other hand, the concentration of 50% causes minor morphophysiological changes in the skin of rabbit hosts when evaluated the cell death process. Therefore, the data confirms that selamectin is a powerful dose-dependent toxic agent causes increased activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlamir Bozzatto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Histopathology of the tegument of rabbits infested by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (ACARI: IXODIDAE) ticks and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide Revolution, Pfizer). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2551-60. [PMID: 23613180 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which can transmit several diseases to the host during their feeding process. When ticks mechanically damage the tissue, they eventually induce inflammatory responses on the skin spot where they are fixed. One of the alternatives to control these ectoparasites is the use of chemical substances like selamectin-the active principle of Pfizer's antiparasitic Revolution-a macrocyclic lactone capable of doing neurotoxic damage to the tick and eventually eliminating infestation in dogs and cats. The purpose of this study was to analyze, using histological and histochemical techniques, the occurrence of morphophysiological alterations in the skin of the host rabbits exposed to selamectin and infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). Histologically, the exposed and infested rabbits showed a partial and/or total decrease in the stratum corneum and the epithelium decreased in the number of cell layers, consequently reducing the stratification (thinning) and quite pronounced formations of sub-epidermal edemas with consequent disorganization of collagen fibers in the dermal layer's connective tissue. Histochemical tests showed strong periodic acid-Schiff-positive reaction in the hair follicle and some regions of the dermis, besides resynthesis of collagen fibers detected by Mallory's trichrome technique. The obtained results showed that selamectin acts like a toxicant agent when in contact with the skin of the rabbit infested with ticks, inducing morphophysiological alterations in the acute inflammatory process in the animal's tegument. Selamectin is a chemical substance which has a dose-dependent action since higher concentrations cause greater morphophysiological damage in the skin of rabbits.
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Bates N, Chatterton J, Robbins C, Wells K, Hughes J, Stone M, Campbell A. Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases. Vet Rec 2013; 172:339. [PMID: 23423482 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous administration of lipid is a relatively new treatment in the management of toxicity from lipophilic compounds. It is used in human medicine in the treatment of toxicity from lipophilic local anaesthetics and cardiotoxic drugs and can result in dramatic improvement in clinical status. We present six cases of poisoning in dogs successfully treated with lipid infusion after ingestion of ivermectin (3), moxidectin (2) and baclofen (1). The dogs ranged in age from eight weeks to 14 years, and weighed 4-30 kg. Intravenous lipid therapy was started between six and eight hours and 22 hours after ingestion, and all the dogs responded well. In four dogs, there was clinical improvement within one hour; one had improved within two hours and the other within 4.5 hours of lipid administration. The only adverse effect of lipid infusion reported was mild swelling and pain after extravasation in one case which resolved with conservative management. All the dogs were discharged within 24-52 hours after exposure (7-46 hours after the start of lipid administration), and none developed any apparent sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bates
- Veterinary Poisons Information Service, Medical Toxicology and Information Services, Mary Sheridan House, London SE1 9RY, UK.
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Epstein SE, Hollingsworth SR. Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:58-62. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Epstein
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA
| | - Steven R. Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis; CA
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Merola VM, Eubig PA. Toxicology of avermectins and milbemycins (macrocylic lactones) and the role of P-glycoprotein in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:313-33, vii. [PMID: 22381182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are parasiticides able to kill a wide variety of arthropods and nematodes. They have a high margin of safety for labeled indications, and ivermectin has become the best-selling antiparasitic in the world. Dogs of certain breeds and mixtures of those breeds have a defect in the ABCB1 gene (formerly MDR1 gene) that results in a lack of functional P-glycoprotein, which leads to accumulation of the MLs in the central nervous system and a higher risk of adverse effects when exposed. There is no specific antidote for ML toxicosis so the most important part of treatment is good supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina M Merola
- ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 1717 South Philo Road, Suite 36, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Abstract
The macrocyclic lactone endectocides such as ivermectin, abamectin, selamectin and moxidectin have revolutionized the treatment of parasitic diseases in animals, being active against internal and external parasites. Ivermectin was introduced into veterinary medicine in the 1980s and since that time a number of related compounds have been introduced. In the treatment of internal parasites they complement the use of levamisole and the benzimidazoles, but in recent years they have found utility in treating external insect parasites. These agents show very low levels of toxicity under most circumstances. However, they are neurotoxic particularly in subpopulations of animals with mutations in the MDR1 gene. Toxicity may be also seen during off-label use, possibly because the doses used have been extrapolated from use in other animals. Regardless of these considerations, the macrocyclic lactone endectocides are extremely effective and safe drugs in the treatment of parasitic diseases of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Woodward
- TSGE, Concordia House, St James Business Park, Grimbald Crag Court Knaresborough, North Yorkshire UK.
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Clarke DL, Lee JA, Murphy LA, Reineke EL. Use of intravenous lipid emulsion to treat ivermectin toxicosis in a Border Collie. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1328-33. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.10.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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