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Tham HL, Davis JL. Pharmacology of drugs used in autoimmune dermatopathies in cats and dogs: A narrative review. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:453-476. [PMID: 38708551 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs are the mainstay of treatment for many feline and canine autoimmune skin diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. Treatment with these drugs is often lifelong and may have long-term consequences on the affected animal's overall quality-of-life. Clinicians need to understand the pharmacology of immunosuppressants in planning and executing the treatment regimen for the best possible clinical outcome, as well as reducing the risk of adverse effects. This review paper will focus on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs used to treat autoimmune dermatoses in cats and dogs. These include glucocorticoids, ciclosporin A, azathioprine, chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, oclacitinib and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng L Tham
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Maldonado-Contreras A, Ferrer L, Cawley C, Crain S, Bhattarai S, Toscano J, Ward DV, Hoffman A. Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785246. [PMID: 32730134 PMCID: PMC7524328 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition caused by the loss of mucosal tolerance toward the commensal microbiota. On average, 29.5% and 42.7% CD patients experience perianal complications at 10 and 20 y after diagnosis, respectively. Perianal CD (pCD) result in high disease burden, diminished quality of life, and elevated health-care costs. Overall pCD are predictors of poor long-term outcomes. Animal models of gut inflammation have failed to fully recapitulate the human manifestations of fistulizing CD. Here, we evaluated dogs with spontaneous canine anal furunculosis (CAF), a disease with clinical similarities to pCD, as a surrogate model for understanding the microbial contribution of human pCD pathophysiology. By comparing the gut microbiomes between dogs suffering from CAF (CAF dogs) and healthy dogs, we show CAF-dog microbiomes are either very dissimilar (dysbiotic) or similar (healthy-like), yet unique, to healthy dog's microbiomes. Compared to healthy or healthy-like CAF microbiomes, dysbiotic CAF microbiomes showed an increased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli and a decreased abundance of Megamonas species and Prevotella copri. Our results mirror what have been reported in previous microbiome studies of patients with CD; particularly, CAF dogs exhibited two distinct microbiome composition: dysbiotic and healthy-like, with determinant bacterial taxa such as E. coli and P. copri that overlap what it has been found on their human counterpart. Thus, our results support the use of CAF dogs as a surrogate model to advance our understanding of microbial dynamics in pCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maldonado-Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Ana Maldonado-Contreras Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cawley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Crain
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Shakti Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Juan Toscano
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Marchegiani A, Tambella AM, Fruganti A, Spaterna A, Cerquetella M, Paterson S. Management of canine perianal fistula with fluorescence light energy: preliminary findings. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:460-e122. [PMID: 32914496 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine perianal fistula (CPF) is a severe, painful, debilitating skin condition affecting the perianal skin. It often interferes with the quality of life of both dog and owner. Conventional medical treatment involves the use of immunosuppressive therapy; however, the successful resolution of lesions can be limited by poor owner compliance, adverse drug effects and dependence on costly therapies. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the potential benefits of fluorescent light energy (FLE) on cases of CPF. ANIMALS Four dogs with active perianal fistulas METHODS AND MATERIALS: FLE was applied as sole management therapy once a week with two consecutive applications in the same session for each dog until clinical signs had significantly improved, with weekly assessments for a six week period. Dogs were assessed by measuring the size of lesions at the start of the study and then weekly for six weeks, using planimetry software. Owners recorded vocalization and straining frequency scores during their pet's defaecation, and perianal licking frequency on a 0-5 point scale to assess the response to therapy. RESULTS All dogs improved with FLE, achieving a significant reduction in vocalization, straining and licking after two weeks (P = 0.002). After five weeks of FLE therapy, lesional areas had significantly decreased (P = 0.04). Only one dog required more than seven applications. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE FLE may be a promising alternative therapy for CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Marche, I-62024, Italy
| | - Adolfo M Tambella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Marche, I-62024, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fruganti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Marche, I-62024, Italy
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Marche, I-62024, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Circonvallazione 93/95, Matelica, Marche, I-62024, Italy
| | - Susan Paterson
- Virtual Vet Derms Ltd., Lakeview, 3 High Birkrigg Park, Stainton, Kendal, LA8 0DY, UK
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Ferrer L, Kimbrel EA, Lam A, Falk EB, Zewe C, Juopperi T, Lanza R, Hoffman A. Treatment of perianal fistulas with human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Regen Med 2016; 11:33-43. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional injection of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in canine anal furunculosis dogs. Materials & methods: Dogs naturally develop an immune-mediated disease called canine anal furunculosis, which shares many features with human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Results: The hESC-MSCs were well tolerated and 1 month postinjection, accompanied by reduced serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6, two inflammatory cytokines associated with Crohn's disease. All six dogs were found to be completely free of fistulas at 3 months postinjection. However, at 6 months, two dogs had some fistula relapse. Conclusion: Results of this study provide the first evidence of the safety and therapeutic potential of hESC-MSCs in a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Erin A Kimbrel
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Andrea Lam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Falk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Christine Zewe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Tarja Juopperi
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Robert Lanza
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Genetics of canine anal furunculosis in the German shepherd dog. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:311-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Treatment of immune-mediated disease in dogs and cats continues to evolve as new therapies are introduced or adapted from human medicine. Glucocorticoids remain the first-line therapy for many of the immune-mediated or inflammatory diseases of cats and dogs. The focus of this article is to provide an update on some of the common immunosuppressive therapies used in small animal veterinary medicine. The goals of therapy are to induce disease remission through the inhibition of inflammation and the modulation of lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Whitley NT, Day MJ. Immunomodulatory drugs and their application to the management of canine immune-mediated disease. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:70-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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