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Warwick C, Pilny A, Steedman C, Howell T, Martínez-Silvestre A, Cadenas V, Grant R. Mobile Zoos and Other Itinerant Animal Handling Events: Current Status and Recommendations for Future Policies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020214. [PMID: 36670754 PMCID: PMC9854913 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile zoos are events in which non-domesticated (exotic) and domesticated species are transported to venues such as schools, hospitals, parties, and community centres, for the purposes of education, entertainment, or social and therapeutic assistance. We conducted literature searches and surveyed related government agencies regarding existing provisions within laws and policies, number of mobile zoos, and formal guidance issued concerning operation of such events in 74 countries or regions. We also examined governmental and non-governmental guidance standards for mobile zoos, as well as websites for mobile zoo operations, assessed promotional or educational materials for scientific accuracy, and recorded the diversity of species in use. We used the EMODE (Easy, Moderate, Difficult, or Extreme) algorithm, to evaluate identified species associated with mobile zoos for their suitability for keeping. We recorded 14 areas of concern regarding animal biology and public health and safety, and 8 areas of false and misleading content in promotional or educational materials. We identified at least 341 species used for mobile zoos. Mobile zoos are largely unregulated, unmonitored, and uncontrolled, and appear to be increasing. Issues regarding poor animal welfare, public health and safety, and education raise several serious concerns. Using the precautionary principle when empirical evidence was not available, we advise that exotic species should not be used for mobile zoos and similar itinerant events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Warwick
- Emergent Disease Foundation, 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony Pilny
- Arizona Exotic Animal Hospital, 2340 E Beardsley Road Ste 100, Phoenix, AZ 85024, USA
| | - Catrina Steedman
- Emergent Disease Foundation, 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
| | - Tiffani Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Cadenas
- Animal Protection Biodiversity & Environment Section, Government of Catalonia, 43004 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rachel Grant
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Rd, London SE1 0AA, UK
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Corrales NU, Giraldo KV, Garcés CMS, Giraldo ALN. Improving the knowledge of high school students about zoonotic diseases from pets in Medellín-Colombia. Vet World 2021; 14:3091-3098. [PMID: 35153397 PMCID: PMC8829406 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3091-3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The "One Health" concept is a global strategy that recognizes that public health is related to animal health and the environment; however, the role of domestic animals and their involvement in the transmission of zoonoses is often underestimated. The aim of the study was to evaluate and improve the knowledge about zoonotic diseases of domestic animals in high school students from Medellín, Colombia.
Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental intra-subject study was carried out. This study was conducted with 11th-grade students from four schools in Medellín, Colombia. A structured multiple-choice questionnaire was used from March 2021 to May 2021. The research had two phases, first, "naive" knowledge and learning. Then, descriptive, association, and comparative analysis were carried out using absolute and relative frequencies, Pearson's Chi-square test, and MacNemar's test with a value of p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: A research poll from 315 students of four private schools found that feeding their pets with raw food and leftovers cooked for human consumption were common practices; the results also show a lack of knowledge of their pets' immunization deworming status. It was understood that when the students were able to identify at least two symptoms of zoonoses, one route of its' transmission and two preventive measures, we found that only 12.49% of the polled students had proper knowledge of the disease in domestic animals. After conducting an educational strategy, the findings show a general increase in knowledge, leading us to accept that the academic approach was adequate to statistically increase the recognition of symptoms, routes of transmission and preventive measures (p=0.00).
Conclusion: The use of the theoretical lecture is effective to improve the understanding of the concept of transmission of diseases from animals to humans; in addition, the results show an increase of knowledge in high school students of the related symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures of zoonoses diseases in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Uribe Corrales
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lasallian University Corporation (Unilasallista), Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Karen Velásquez Giraldo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lasallian University Corporation (Unilasallista), Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Catalina María Saldarriaga Garcés
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lasallian University Corporation (Unilasallista), Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Angie Lorena Navarro Giraldo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lasallian University Corporation (Unilasallista), Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
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Kiebler CA, Bottichio L, Simmons L, Basler C, Klos R, Gurfield N, Roberts E, Kimura A, Lewis LS, Bird K, Stiles F, Schlater LK, Lantz K, Edling T, Barton Behravesh C. Outbreak of human infections with uncommon Salmonella serotypes linked to pet bearded dragons, 2012-2014. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:425-434. [PMID: 32304287 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reptiles are one of the fastest growing sectors in the United States pet industry. Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) continues to be an important public health problem, especially among children. We investigated an outbreak of human Salmonella infections resulting from serotypes Cotham and Kisarawe, predominately occurring among children. An outbreak of illnesses was identified in persons with exposure to pet bearded dragon lizards. Human and animal health officials, in cooperation with the pet industry, conducted epidemiologic, traceback and laboratory investigations. Onsite sampling was conducted at two US breeding facilities, one foreign breeding facility, and a large pet retail chain. A total of 166 patients in 36 states were identified with illness onset dates from 02/2012-06/2014. The median patient age was 3 years (range, <1-79 years), 57% were aged ≤5 years, and 37% were aged ≤1 year. Forty-four patients (37%) were hospitalized, predominantly children. Sampling at breeding facilities and a national pet store chain resulted in isolation of outbreak serotypes at each facility; isolation proportions ranged from 2%-24% of samples collected at each facility.Epidemiologic, microbiologic and traceback evidence linked an outbreak of uncommon Salmonella serotypes to contact with pet bearded dragons. The high proportion of infants involved in this outbreak highlights the need to educate owners about the risk of RAS in children and the potential for household contamination by pet reptiles or their habitats. Strategies should be developed to improve breeding practices, biosecurity and monitoring protocols to reduce Salmonella in the pet reptile trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Kiebler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Latoya Simmons
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin Basler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Klos
- Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nikos Gurfield
- San Diego County Department of Environmental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Akiko Kimura
- California State Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linda K Schlater
- United States Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
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Dog-Assisted Therapy and Dental Anxiety: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080512. [PMID: 31370328 PMCID: PMC6720307 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The participation of animals, specifically dogs, in therapeutic activities has been demonstrated to improve individuals’ physical and mental health. However, few investigations have been carried out in the area of dentistry. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy for individuals with a history of anxiety related to dental visits. During preventative dental procedures (cleaning), a therapy dog accompanied the participant. After this intervention, people reported lower perceived discomfort at dental visits. The participation of therapy dogs in this area of health could help improve people’s experiences in dental offices. Abstract Animal-assisted therapy aimed at improving individuals’ mental or physical health has been widely reported. However, the data on how a therapy dog could help control anxiety during dental procedures is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy on people with a history of dental anxiety while receiving preventive dental treatment. Twelve adults participated (women: n = 11 (91.7%) and men: n = 1 (8.3%), mean age = 31.25 years, D.E. = 5.78). The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale was applied, the patient’s mood was assessed with a Likert scale before and after receiving the dental treatment, and their blood pressure was recorded for each of the three stages of treatment. A therapy dog accompanied the participants during the dental procedure. The main results indicated that a decrease in discomfort was perceived during the intervention, and there was also an improvement in the patient’s evaluation of the experience. The results are based on the decrease in patients’ blood pressure when taken in the middle of the dental treatment.
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Ximenes E, Ku S, Hoagland L, Ladisch MR. Accelerated Sample Preparation for Fast Salmonella Detection in Poultry Products. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1918:3-20. [PMID: 30580395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is the most burdensome foodborne pathogen in the USA and a major causal agent of foodborne outbreaks. Detection of a pathogen such as Salmonella can be achieved within a few hours using commercially available rapid methods, but the sample preparation is time consuming and may require multiple days. We have developed and successfully tested an accelerated sample preparation method based on microfiltration, in some cases preceded by a short enrichment step, for the rapid detection of selected pathogens. The time-frame of the overall process, from sample preparation (i.e., food rinse or homogenate preparation, microbial enrichment, and filtration steps) to detection is 8 h or less. While microfiltration has been practiced for 70 years, the complex interactions between food substances and filter membrane surfaces have shown that food pretreatment methods need to be developed on a case by case basis for the recovery of bacteria from food homogenates and/or rinses. We have also demonstrated that addition of protease to treat homogenates of different poultry products prior to microfiltration avoids the rapid decrease in flux that otherwise occurs during microfiltration. This protease treatment minimizes filter clogging, so that the microbial concentration, recovery and detection of 1 to 10 CFU/g of Salmonella in poultry products is possible in less than 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ximenes
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Lori Hoagland
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Daly RF, House J, Stanek D, Stobierski MG. Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:1268-1292. [PMID: 29154705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zoonotic Fecal Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Canadian Petting Zoos. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030070. [PMID: 30012975 PMCID: PMC6164440 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand the potential public health risk associated with zoonotic pathogens in agricultural fairs and petting zoos in Canada. Prevalence of Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7, and top six non-O157 STEC serogroups in feces (n = 88), hide/feather (n = 36), and hand rail samples (n = 46) was assessed, as well as distributions of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) broad and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pig nasal swabs (n = 4), and Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in feces was also assessed. Neither Salmonella nor MRSA were detected. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 32% of fecal samples. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 2% and 15% of fecal samples, respectively. Only one fecal sample was positive for STEC O157, whereas 22% were positive for non-O157 STEC. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antibiotics classified as critically and highly important in human medicine was proportionally greatest in E. coli from cattle feces. The β-lactamase-producing E. coli from pig, horse/donkey feces, and hand rail samples, as well as the STEC E. coli from handrail swabs were MDR. The diversity and prevalence of zoonotic pathogens and AMR bacteria detected within agricultural fairs and petting zoos emphasize the importance of hygienic practices and sanitization with respect to reducing associated zoonotic risks.
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Schlager S, Lepuschitz S, Ruppitsch W, Ableitner O, Pietzka A, Neubauer S, Stöger A, Lassnig H, Mikula C, Springer B, Allerberger F. Petting zoos as sources of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:927-932. [PMID: 30257809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their general low incidence, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) infections are considered an important public health issue due to the severity of illness that can develop, particularly in young children. We report on two Austrian petting zoos, one in Tyrol (2015) and one in Vorarlberg (2016), which were identified as highly likely infection sources of STEC infections. The petting zoo related cases involved a case of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) due to STEC O157:HNM in 2015 and an outbreak of STEC O157:H7 infections affecting five young children and two adults in 2016. The HUS case accounted for 2.8% of the 36 STEC O157:HNM/H7 infections notified in Austria in 2015 (5,9% of 17 HUS cases). The seven cases described for 2016 accounted for 4.0% of the 177 human STEC infections documented for Austria in 2016, and for 19.4% of the 36 STEC O157:HNM/H7 infections notified that year. The evaluation of the STEC infections described here clearly underlines the potential of sequence-based typing methods to offer suitable resolutions for public health applications. Furthermore, we give a state-of-the-art mini-review on the risks of petting zoos concerning exposure to the zoonotic hazard STEC and on proper measures of risk-prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schlager
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oksana Ableitner
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ariane Pietzka
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Neubauer
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Stöger
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Lassnig
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Mikula
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Burkhard Springer
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Allerberger
- National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli including Verotoxin producing E. coli, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Curran KG, Heiman Marshall KE, Singh T, Doobovsky Z, Hensley J, Melius B, Whitlock L, Stevenson L, Leinbach J, Oltean H, Glover WA, Kunesh T, Lindquist S, Williams I, Nichols M. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections following a dairy education school field trip in Washington state, 2015. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:442-449. [PMID: 29271327 PMCID: PMC9134535 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
On 27 April 2015, Washington health authorities identified Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with dairy education school field trips held in a barn 20-24 April. Investigation objectives were to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, identify the source of infection, prevent secondary illness transmission and develop recommendations to prevent future outbreaks. Case-finding, hypothesis generating interviews, environmental site visits and a case-control study were conducted. Parents and children were interviewed regarding event activities. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. Environmental testing was conducted in the barn; isolates were compared to patient isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Sixty people were ill, 11 (18%) were hospitalised and six (10%) developed haemolytic uremic syndrome. Ill people ranged in age from <1 year to 47 years (median: 7), and 20 (33%) were female. Twenty-seven case-patients and 88 controls were enrolled in the case-control study. Among first-grade students, handwashing (i.e. soap and water, or hand sanitiser) before lunch was protective (adjusted OR 0.13; 95% CI 0.02-0.88, P = 0.04). Barn samples yielded E. coli O157:H7 with PFGE patterns indistinguishable from patient isolates. This investigation provided epidemiological, laboratory and environmental evidence for a large outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections from exposure to a contaminated barn. The investigation highlights the often overlooked risk of infection through exposure to animal environments as well as the importance of handwashing for disease prevention. Increased education and encouragement of infection prevention measures, such as handwashing, can prevent illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Curran
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - T. Singh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Z. Doobovsky
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J. Hensley
- Whatcom County Health Department, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - B. Melius
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - L. Whitlock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Stevenson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - J. Leinbach
- Whatcom County Health Department, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - H. Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - W. A. Glover
- Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - T. Kunesh
- Whatcom County Health Department, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - S. Lindquist
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - I. Williams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. Nichols
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Petting zoo venues encourage or permit public contact with animals which provide opportunities for education and entertainment. These venues vary but are common at county or state fairs, zoos, and aquariums. In addition to these common petting zoo settings, animals are present in many other venues where the public is permitted to contact them and their environment. Thus, humans may have contact with animals in a wide range of settings, and transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans may occur at any of these venues, creating perils associated with petting zoos.There are many considerations when evaluating perils associated with the wide range of venues where animal contact can occur. First, many venues or events draw large numbers of people; some operate during a short time frame, while others, such as zoos and aquariums, operate year round. Second, petting zoos and other animal contact venues are particularly popular with children, who compared with adults, commonly have less stringent hygienic practices and are more susceptible to severe disease outcomes. Finally, there is remarkable variability in the physical layout of venues that permit animal contact and in the types of animals that may be contacted. Animal contact areas range from well-designed permanent exhibits targeting risk reduction to various temporary or seasonal exhibits established without detailed planning. Many petting zoos house only small ruminant species such as sheep and goats, but other venues house a wide variety of mammalian species, exotic animals, poultry and other avian species, reptiles and amphibians, and aquatic animals.
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Abstract
Enhanced efforts are needed to minimize the risk of human salmonellosis acquired
from small pet turtles. During 2006–2014, a total of 15 multistate outbreaks of turtle-associated
salmonellosis in humans were reported in the United States. Exposure to small
pet turtles has long been recognized as a source of human salmonellosis. The
risk to public health has persisted and may be increasing. Turtles are a popular
reptilian pet among children, and numerous risky behaviors for the zoonotic
transmission of Salmonella bacteria to children have been
reported in recent outbreaks. Despite a long-standing federal ban against the
sale and distribution of turtles <4 in (<10.16 cm) long, these small
reptiles can be readily acquired through multiple venues and continue to be the
main source of turtle-associated salmonellosis in children. Enhanced efforts are
needed to minimize the disease risk associated with small turtle exposure.
Prevention will require novel partnerships and a comprehensive One Health
approach involving human, animal, and environmental health.
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Tuxbury KA, Young SA, Bradway DS, Marola JL, Salfinger M, Garner MM. Acute disseminated mycobacteriosis in captive Atlantic guitarfish (Rhinobatos lentiginosus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:935-938. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717721731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female captive-born Atlantic guitarfish ( Rhinobatos lentiginosus) was found acutely moribund on exhibit and died soon after presentation. Abnormalities on autopsy were focal cutaneous erythema on the tail, a small liver, many variably sized friable ovarian follicles, and coelomic effusion. Histologic examination revealed systemic bacterial embolization, and yolk coelomitis with minimal associated inflammation and some mineralization. Bacterial culture of blood and coelomic effusion grew a rapidly growing Mycobacterium species that was further identified as Mycobacterium chelonae by PCR amplification and sequencing of the RNA polymerase subunit beta ( rpoB) gene of isolated genomic DNA. Concurrent reproductive disease may have caused immunosuppression, thus predisposing to the mycobacterial infection. At another institution, an adult male wild-caught Atlantic guitarfish was found dead on exhibit with no premonitory signs. Abnormalities on autopsy were a thin body condition, small liver, and coelomic effusion. Histologic examination revealed acute mycobacterial septicemia. M. chelonae was also identified in this fish by PCR amplification and sequencing. Mycobacteriosis has rarely been reported in captive elasmobranchs. Guitarfish may have greater susceptibility to mycobacteriosis than other elasmobranchs, and acute and chronic manifestations of the disease may exist in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Tuxbury
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Samuel A. Young
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Daniel S. Bradway
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Jamie L. Marola
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Max Salfinger
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
| | - Michael M. Garner
- Animal Health Department, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA (Tuxbury)
- Greensboro Science Center, Greensboro, NC (Young)
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA (Bradway)
- National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories, Denver, CO (Marola, Salfinger)
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA (Garner)
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Stull JW, Kasten JI, Evason MD, Sherding RG, Hoet AE, O'Quin J, Burkhard MJ, Weese JS. Risk reduction and management strategies to prevent transmission of infectious disease among dogs at dog shows, sporting events, and other canine group settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:612-27. [PMID: 27585099 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.6.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Six C, Aboukais S, Giron S, D'Oliveira JC, Peloux-Petiot F, Franke F, Terrien H, Dassonville F, Deniau J, Ambert-Balay K, Chesnot T, Ruimy R, Pélandakis M, Basset P, Munoz Rivero M, Malfait P. Outbreak of diarrhoeal illness in participants in an obstacle adventure race, Alpes-Maritimes, France, June 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30253. [PMID: 27311488 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.23.30253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An acute gastroenteritis (AG) outbreak occurred among participants in an obstacle race in France in the summer of 2015. An investigation in two phases was conducted to identify the source of infection and document the extent of the outbreak. First, a message on a social media website asked racers to report any symptoms by email to the Regional Health Agency of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Second, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted through an interactive questionnaire for all participants, followed by an analytical study of potential risks factors. Of 8,229 persons registered, 1,264 adults reported AG resolved within 48 hours. Of adults who reported AG, 866 met the case definition. Age group, departure time and ingestion of mud were associated with AG. Twenty stool specimens tested negative for bacteria. All four stool samples tested for viruses were positive for norovirus genogroup I and genotype 2. No indicator bacteria for faecal contamination were found in drinking water but muddy water of ponds tested positive. The outbreak was possibly caused by human-to-human transmission of a norovirus introduced by one or more persons and transmitted through contaminated mud. Risks related to similar races should be assessed and recommendations be proposed to raise awareness among health authorities and organisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Six
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Regional unit (Cire Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica), Marseilles, France
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15
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Conrad CC, Stanford K, Narvaez-Bravo C, Callaway T, McAllister T. Farm Fairs and Petting Zoos: A Review of Animal Contact as a Source of Zoonotic Enteric Disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:59-73. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne C. Conrad
- Lethbridge Agricultural Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Canadian Association of Fairs and Exhibitions, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Todd Callaway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Hoss A, Basler C, Stevenson L, Gambino-Shirley K, Robyn MP, Nichols M. State Laws Requiring Hand Sanitation Stations at Animal Contact Exhibits-United States, March-April 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:16-18. [PMID: 28081063 PMCID: PMC5687266 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6601a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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17
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Laughlin M, Gambino-Shirley K, Gacek P, Phan Q, Stevenson L, Mercante A, Mullins J, Burnworth L, Blackstock A, Razeq JH, Cartter M, Nichols M. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 Infections Associated with Goat Dairy Farm Visits - Connecticut, 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:1453-1454. [PMID: 28033314 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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18
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Anderson TC, Marsden-Haug N, Morris JF, Culpepper W, Bessette N, Adams JK, Bidol S, Meyer S, Schmitz J, Erdman MM, Gomez TM, Barton Behravesh C. Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Pet Hedgehogs - United States, 2011-2013. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:290-298. [PMID: 27734610 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic Salmonella infections cause approximately 130 000 illnesses annually in the United States. Of 72.9 million US households owning at least one pet, five million own small mammals; 3000 hedgehogs were documented by USDA in USDA-licensed breeding facilities and pet stores in 2012. State health department collaborators and PulseNet, the national bacterial subtyping network, identified human infections of a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak strain, which were investigated by CDC, USDA-APHIS and state public and animal health officials. A case was defined as an illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain identified between 1 December 2011 and 3 June 2013. Investigators collected information on patient exposures, cultured animal and environmental specimens for Salmonella, and conducted traceback investigations of USDA-licensed hedgehog facilities. There were 26 cases in 12 states. Illness onset dates ranged from 26 December 2011 to 8 April 2013. The median patient age was 15 years (range = <1-91 years); 58% were female. Among 23 persons with available information, 8 (35%) were hospitalized and one outbreak strain-associated death was reported. Of 25 patients with available information, 20 (80%) reported pet hedgehog contact in the week before illness onset. The outbreak strain was isolated from animal and environmental samples collected from three ill persons' homes in three states. Hedgehogs were purchased in geographically distant states from USDA-licensed breeders (10/17, 59%); a USDA-licensed pet store (1/17, 6%); unlicensed or unknown status breeders (3/17, 18%); and private individuals (3/17, 18%). Traceback investigations of USDA-licensed facilities did not reveal a single source of infection. Public and animal health collaboration linked pet hedgehog contact to human infections of Salmonella Typhimurium, highlighting the importance of a One Health investigative approach to zoonotic salmonellosis outbreaks. More efforts are needed to increase awareness among multiple stakeholders on the risk of illness associated with pet hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Anderson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Marsden-Haug
- Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - J F Morris
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Culpepper
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Bessette
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J K Adams
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S Bidol
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (Michigan Department of Community Health prior to May 2015), Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S Meyer
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention, and Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Schmitz
- Animal Care, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, USA
| | - M M Erdman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - T M Gomez
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Barton Behravesh
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Anderson TC, Nguyen TA, Adams JK, Garrett NM, Bopp CA, Baker JB, McNeil C, Torres P, Ettestad PJ, Erdman MM, Brinson DL, Gomez TM, Barton Behravesh C. Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to live poultry from agricultural feed stores and mail-order hatcheries, United States 2013. One Health 2016; 2:144-149. [PMID: 28616489 PMCID: PMC5441317 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Live poultry-associated salmonellosis is an emerging public health issue in the United States. Public and animal health officials collaborated to investigate one of the largest (356 cases, 39 states) of these outbreaks reported to date. A case was defined as illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium with illness onset between 1 March and 22 October 2013. The median patient age was seven years (range: < 1–87 years); 58% of ill persons were children ≤ 10 years, 51% were female, 25% were hospitalized; 189 (76%) of 250 patients reported live poultry exposure in the week before illness; and 149 (95%) of 157 reported purchasing live poultry from agricultural feed stores. Traceback investigations identified 18 live poultry sources, including 16 mail-order hatcheries. Environmental sampling was conducted at two mail-order hatcheries. One (2.5%) of 40 duplicate samples collected at one hatchery yielded the outbreak strain. Live poultry are an important source of human salmonellosis, particularly among children, highlighting the need for educational campaigns and comprehensive interventions at the mail-order hatchery and agricultural feed store levels. Prevention and control efforts depend on a One Health approach, involving cooperation between public and animal health officials, industry, health professionals, and consumers. Live poultry-associated salmonellosis is an emerging public health issue. We summarize one of the largest of these outbreaks reported to date (356 cases). Prevention and control efforts depend on a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Anderson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thai-An Nguyen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Adams
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nancy M Garrett
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl A Bopp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joe B Baker
- New Mexico Livestock Board, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Carrie McNeil
- New Mexico Department of Health, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Paul Torres
- New Mexico Department of Health, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Erdman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Denise L Brinson
- National Poultry Improvement Plan, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Conyers, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M Gomez
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, Sidwa TJ, Sorhage FE. Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2016. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:505-17. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peña A, Abarca K, Weitzel T, Gallegos J, Cerda J, García P, López J. One Health in Practice: A Pilot Project for Integrated Care of Zoonotic Infections in Immunocompromised Children and Their Pets in Chile. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:403-9. [PMID: 26684576 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although pets provide physiological and psychological benefits to their owners, they are a potential source of zoonotic infections, especially for vulnerable individuals such as immunocompromised patients. During 1 year, we therefore performed a pilot project, which included 32 immunocompromised Chilean children and their family pets (35 dogs and 9 cats) with the aim of detecting, treating and preventing zoonotic infections. Children were examined by Infectious Diseases paediatricians and demographical and clinical information related to zoonotic infections were recorded. Pets were examined and sampled by veterinarians, who also administered missing routine vaccines and anti-parasitics. During family visits, all members were informed and educated about zoonoses and a satisfaction survey was performed. Visits also included vector control and indoor residual spraying with pyrethroids. Children were re-examined and re-tested according to the findings of their pets, and all detected zoonotic infections were treated both in children and pets. Physical examination revealed abnormalities in 18 dogs (51.4%) and three cats (33.3%). Twenty-eight (63.6%) of the pets were diagnosed with a zoonotic pathogen, and seven (15.9%) with a facultative pathogen. Most zoonotic agents were isolated from the pet's external ear and intestine. Bacteria with the highest pathogenic potential were Campylobacter jejuni and Brucella canis. In two children and their respective pets, the same zoonotic diseases were diagnosed (toxocariasis and giardiasis). Arthropods serving as potential vectors of zoonotic infections were found in 49% of dogs and 44% of cats. The pilot project was positively evaluated by the participating families. Our pilot project confirmed that pets are reservoir for various zoonotic agents in Chile and that the implementation of an integrated multidisciplinary programme was a valuable tool to prevent, diagnose and treat such zoonotic infections in vulnerable patients such as immunocompromised children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peña
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Abarca
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Weitzel
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - J Cerda
- División de Salud Pública y Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P García
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J López
- Hospital Veterinario Puente Alto, Santiago, Chile
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Curran K, Heiman KE, Singh T, Doobovsky Z, Hensley J, Melius B, Burnworth L, Williams I, Nichols M. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Dairy Education Event Attendance - Whatcom County, Washington, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1202-3. [PMID: 26513638 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6442a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On April 27, 2015, the Whatcom County Health Department (WCHD) in Bellingham, Washington, was notified by a local laboratory regarding three children with presumptive Escherichia coli O157 infection. WCHD interviewed the parents, who indicated that all three children had attended a dairy education event held in a barn April 20–24, 2015, during a school field trip. WCHD, the Washington State Department of Health, and CDC investigated to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, identify risk factors and potential environmental sources of infection, and develop recommendations. A total of 60 cases (25 confirmed and 35 probable) were identified, and 11 patients were hospitalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Stull
- The Ohio State University (Stull), College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Brophy), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses (Weese); Department of Pathobiology (Weese), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.
| | - Jason Brophy
- The Ohio State University (Stull), College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Brophy), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses (Weese); Department of Pathobiology (Weese), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont
| | - J S Weese
- The Ohio State University (Stull), College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (Brophy), Ottawa, Ont.; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses (Weese); Department of Pathobiology (Weese), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont
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24
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Stull JW, Stevenson KB. Zoonotic disease risks for immunocompromised and other high-risk clients and staff: promoting safe pet ownership and contact. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 45:377-92, vii. [PMID: 25534535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pets can be a source of disease (zoonoses) for humans. The disease risks associated with pet contact are highest among young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunocompromised hosts. These individuals and household members display limited knowledge of pet-associated disease, rarely recall receipt of pet-associated disease information, and report pet ownership practices that are often at odds with established disease prevention recommendations. Veterinary staff are in a key position to promote safe pet ownership and contact practices. Encouraging and safeguarding client disclosure of immunocompromising health conditions and promoting veterinarian-physician communications are critical for effectively providing this service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Kurt B Stevenson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Behravesh CB, Brinson D, Hopkins BA, Gomez TM. Backyard poultry flocks and salmonellosis: a recurring, yet preventable public health challenge. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1432-8. [PMID: 24501387 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry are well recognized as possible carriers of Salmonella species. As part of the local foods movement, backyard poultry flocks have increased in popularity in recent years. Between 1996 and 2012, 45 outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry from mail-order hatcheries were documented. This review examines the history of live poultry-associated salmonellosis in humans in the United States, the current status of the issue, and what can be done to help prevent these illnesses. An integrated One Health approach involving the mail-order hatchery industry, feed stores, healthcare providers, veterinarians, and backyard flock owners is needed to help prevent live poultry-associated salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Barton Behravesh
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
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