1
|
Pe'er O, Ofri R, Sebbag L. Schirmer tear test-1 with open or closed eyelids: An evaluation in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38654458 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed. METHODS Thirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT-1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT-1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community. RESULTS STT-1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT-1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT-1 performed with "closed eyelids" (38.5%), "open eyelids" (26.9%), or "never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open" (34.6%). CONCLUSIONS Eyelids status (closed or open) during STT-1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT-1 in a canine patient. STT-1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee SJ, Han MG, Yang SJ, Choi YS, Kim JY. A novel method of evaluating the non-invasive tear film break-up time and progression of corneal opacification in dogs using imaging video. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1298467. [PMID: 38650850 PMCID: PMC11033512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1298467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the correlation of the parameters that indicate the status of the ocular surface with the prognosis of corneal opacification. Fifty dogs (96 eyes) were examined using a grid-line illuminator (non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT)). Thirty dogs (54 eyes) were included in the final analysis based on the criteria. The NIBUT and tear film break-up time (TFBUT) results of the eyes included in the study were divided into three groups: Group 1 (< 5 s), Group 2 (5 to <10 s), and Group 3 (≥ 10 s). The Schirmer's tear Test 1 (STT-1) results of the included patients were also divided into three groups: Group 1 (< 5 mm/min), Group 2 (5 to <10 mm/min), and Group 3 (≥ 10 mm/min). The corneal opacity grades are divided into four scores, ranging from 0 to 3. The corneal opacity grade score (COS) of 0 indicates a completely clear cornea or only a trace of opacity. COS of 1, 2, 3 indicate the presence of a prominent corneal opacity that does not interfere with the visualization of the fine iris details, the opacity obscures the visibility of the iris and lens details and severe obstruction of the intraocular structure visibility, respectively. The mean difference in COS during the follow-ups for each group of NIBUT were 0.61 ± 0.92 (n = 28), 0.10 ± 0.32 (n = 10), 0.19 ± 0.40 (n = 16). The NIBUT groups were significantly correlated with COS (p-value = 0.073) at a 10% level of significance. Post-hoc test at a 10% level of significance revealed significant correlations between Groups 1 and 2 (p-value = 0.041) and between Groups 1 and 3 (p-value 0.104). Although the TFBUT and STT-1 groups did not show any significant correlation with COS. Eyes with NIBUT of <5 s were found to have a significantly higher chance of increased COS compared with eyes with NIBUT of >5 s in the grid-line illumination plate NIBUT test. Among NIBUT, STT-1, and TFBUT, NIBUT was the only test that showed significant associations with the changes in COS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jun Lee
- Division of Business Administration, College of Business, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Gyun Han
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soo Choi
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Kim
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Donat Almagro L, Moutinho I, Mendes de Oliveira V, Ferreira Gonçalves G. Impact of stress on the tear production of healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241233116. [PMID: 38546181 PMCID: PMC10983608 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241233116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the impact of acute stress on tear production in companion cats to provide a basis for minimizing stress-inducing stimuli during ophthalmic evaluations. METHODS A total of 24 healthy owned cats (12 males, 12 females) of mixed breed, aged 8 months to 7 years, with no history of ocular diseases, were selected for the study. The cats were housed in individual cages under controlled conditions for 6 days. The Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) was performed in the morning (between 9:00 am and 11:00 am) using test strips from the same batch. The first test (without stress) was conducted on the fifth day of acclimation, and the second test (with stress) on the sixth day. The stress stimulus consisted of recordings of barking dogs, cats fighting and the murmuring of people. For both tests, the heart rate was assessed with a stethoscope before, during and after the tests, and the environmental stress level was also evaluated. Results are presented as mean ± SD and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The study found that STT-1 values were significantly higher (P = 0.009) with stress (22.2 ± 6.0 mm/min [95% CI 19.9-24.6]) than without stress (17.5 ± 6.9 mm/min [95% CI 14.8-20.2]). Similarly, the heart rate was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in stress vs non-stress conditions (213.4 ± 37.5 beats per minute [bpm] [95% CI 198.7-228.1] vs 171.5 ± 28.6 bpm [95% CI 160.3-182.7], respectively), and the environmental stress score was significantly higher (P <0.001) in stress vs non-stress conditions (3.3 ± 0.5 [95% CI 3.1-3.5] vs 1.2 ± 0.4 [95% CI 1.1-1.4], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Stress increased tear production in cats. Although the mean STT-1 value obtained under stress conditions was within the normal range, stress can influence the test results. The use of cat friendly handling techniques facilitates execution of the STT-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Donat Almagro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Izabelle Moutinho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vitor RC, de Carvalho Teixeira JB, Dos Santos KC, Oliveira GMSD, Guedes PEB, da Paixão Sevá A, Gomes Junior DC, Veloso JF, Carlos RSA. Shih-Tzu dogs show alterations in ocular surface homeostasis despite adequate aqueous tear production. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:3. [PMID: 38229091 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shih-Tzu dogs are frequently affected by ocular surface disorders such as corneal ulceration and dry eye disease (DED). The aim of this study was to evaluate ocular surface homeostasis in Shih-Tzu dogs that have adequate aqueous production. Twenty-eight dogs were subjected to eyelid blink counting, Schirmer tear test (STT-1), ophthalmic evaluation, tear film break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein test and Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. RESULTS Of the 28 animals evaluated, the median value of incomplete eyelid blinks/min (median = 15.0 blinks/min; Interquartil interval - IQR = 8.7 blinks/min - 19.5 blinks/min) was higher than the complete blinks/min (median = 2.5 blinks/min; IQR = 1.6 blinks/min - 4.3 blinks/min), with statistically significant difference. The Schirmer tear test had a median value of 25.0 mm/min (IQR = 22.7 mm/min - 27.5 mm/min), considered within the normal range for the species. On ophthalmic examination, all dogs had trichiasis of the caruncle and medial lower eyelid entropion. Lagophthalmos was the third most common alteration observed (71.4%; 20/28). The median of TBUT was 4.0 s; (IQR = 3.0 - 6.0 s). All the animals were negative to the fluorescein test and the TFT indicated that the majority of the eyes (51.8%; 29/56) were classified in abnormal grades 3 and 4 according to the Masmali tear ferning (TF) grading scale. CONCLUSIONS Although the Shith-Tzu dogs had STT-1 values within the normal range for the species there was high prevalence of abnormal TFT grades and low TBUT in all dogs, showing that despite adequate aqueous production, these dogs have poor precorneal tear film quality. In addition, the dogs showed few complete eyelid blinks and ophthalmic alterations, promoting poor tear film diffusion. All these findings, isolated or together, can result in DED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Costa Vitor
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Katharine Costa Dos Santos
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Fontes Veloso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB), Barra-Bahia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shiraishi H, Vernau KM, Kim S, Good KL, Hollingsworth SR, Sebbag L, Montgomery E, Surmick JD, Freeman KS, Choi E, Casanova MI, Maggs DJ. Symblepharon in kittens: a retrospective study of 40 kittens and 54 eyes (2002-2022). J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X221150160. [PMID: 36745097 PMCID: PMC10812067 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221150160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the signalment, treatment, surgical technique and outcomes for feline symblepharon. METHODS A retrospective medical record review and standardized grading of clinical descriptions and photographs was undertaken. RESULTS Forty kittens (54 eyes) aged 3-46 weeks had symblepharon of five types in various combinations: eyelid deformation (24 kittens; 32 eyes); ankyloblepharon (four kittens; four eyes); conjunctiva-to-conjunctiva (11 kittens; 12 eyes); third eyelid-to-conjunctiva (24 kittens; 29 eyes); and corneoconjunctival adhesions (14 kittens; 16 eyes). At initial presentation, 23 (43%) eyes were affected by one type of symblepharon, 25 (46%) eyes by two types and six (11%) eyes by three types; 11 (20%) corneas were ulcerated. Twenty-four (44%) eyes of 18 (45%) kittens were managed medically. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia/sedation (30 occasions) or topical anesthesia (21 occasions) on 30 (56%) eyes of 22 kittens; 12 eyes (40%) underwent multiple surgeries. Four techniques were commonly employed: separation of conjunctival-to-conjunctival adhesions ± eyelid margins (14 eyes); resection of third eyelid adhesions ± temporary tacking of the third eyelid (modified Arlt's pterygium technique; 18 eyes); en bloc resection of the third eyelid (two eyes); and separation of corneoconjunctival adhesions (14 eyes). Median duration of follow-up was 55 days (range 1-1051). Median symblepharon grade in kittens treated surgically improved for all types except corneoconjunctival symblepharon. Median symblepharon grade in kittens receiving medical management remained the same or improved. Corneoconjunctival symblepharon opacity decreased for eyes treated surgically but increased for eyes treated medically. Three eyes were enucleated due to complications of corneoconjunctival symblepharon. At final presentation, symblepharon persisted in 46 (85%) eyes; however, menace response was evident in 13/16 eyes and dazzle reflex in 23/23 eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Symblepharon is a heterogeneous group of conditions with diverse anatomic involvement, clinical appearance and impact, optimal treatment and prognosis for vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Shiraishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Vernau
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Lionel Sebbag
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Surmick
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunju Choi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Isabel Casanova
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madruga GM, Ribeiro AP, Martins LR. Effect of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate on tear film breakup time in healthy anesthetized cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:46-52. [PMID: 36227708 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) on tear film breakup time (TFBT) in healthy anesthetized cats. PROCEDURES Forty cats undergoing elective surgery were enrolled. TFBT was assessed before anesthesia to obtain baseline values. As a preanesthetic medication, cats received midazolam, tramadol, and cetamine combined in the same syringe. For anesthetic induction and maintenance, propofol and isoflurane were used. After a 15 min stabilization period to achieve the surgical anesthetic plane, one eye was treated with one drop of SH, while the other eye received saline and served as a control. TFBT was measured at the end of the general anesthesia (T40) and 35 (T75) and 80 min (T120) after the termination of the anesthesia. TFBT values were compared between the control and SH-treated eyes; both values were also compared with the baseline values (p < .05). RESULTS In the control eyes, TFBT significantly decreased from baseline at all time points (p < .001), while in SH-treated eyes, TFBT significantly increased from baseline only at T40 (p < .0001). In SH-treated eyes, TFBT was significantly higher than that in the control eyes at all time points (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS In healthy cats, TFBT decreases significantly after 40 min of general anesthesia, and one drop of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate was able to maintain the stability of the tear film for up to 75 min in treated eyes. However, the isolated effect of each drug used in our anesthetic protocol on TFBT should be executed in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Letícia Ramos Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iwashita H, Sebbag L, Leonard BC, Saito A. A review of diagnostic tests for qualitative and quantitative tear film deficiency in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:5-15. [PMID: 36575128 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial condition caused by loss of ocular surface homeostasis from quantitative and/or qualitative tear film deficiency. Schirmer tear test (STT) is often the only diagnostic test used to assess for DED in veterinary practice. STT is invaluable in the diagnosis and monitoring of quantitative tear film deficiency (i.e., keratoconjunctivitis sicca); however, it is not sufficient to optimize therapy and fully recognize other contributing factors for the disturbance in ocular surface homeostasis. The present work reviews diagnostic tests for assessing aqueous tear production in veterinary medicine, as well as the quality of tears, corneal epithelial barrier integrity, and the lacrimal functional unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oksa‐Minaļto J, Maggs DJ, Akimova J, Ilgaža A, Sebbag L. Ocular surface physiology and aqueous tear secretion in cats of diverse cephalic conformations. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:109-118. [PMID: 36519689 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe normative ocular surface and aqueous tear testing data for cats of various cephalic conformation. ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty-three healthy adult cats (11 British Shorthair, 11 Burmese, 10 Devon Rex, 10 Scottish Fold, and 11 Sphynx). PROCEDURES Blink rate, corneal tactile sensation (CTS), and Schirmer tear test with or without topical anesthesia (STT-1, STT-2) and with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1, NL-STT2) were assessed. Palpebral fissure length (PFL) and skull morphology were measured, and cephalic index (CI) and craniofacial ratio (CFR) calculated. RESULTS Mean ± SD test results were as follows: blink rate (5.0 ± 2.3 blinks/min), CTS (3.2 ± 0.7 cm), STT-1 (11.2 ± 4.3 mm/min), STT-2 (6.7 ± 3.6 mm/min), NL-STT1 (13.4 ± 5.7 mm/min), NL-STT2 (13.5 ± 5.2 mm/min), and PFL (2.0 ± 0.2 cm). Corneal sensitivity did not differ significantly among breeds (p = .152) but was negatively correlated with body weight (r = -.32, p = .019). STT-1 significantly differed among breeds (p < .001) and was lowest in Sphynx cats (8.7 ± 4.3 mm/min). A positive correlation was detected between STT-1 values at 30 and 60 s (r = .98; p < .001). The nasolacrimal reflex significantly increased STT in anesthetized and unanesthetized eyes (approximately +100% and +20%, respectively; p ≤ .002). STT-1 tended to be higher in intact versus neutered cats (p = .062). Age did not impact any test result (p ≥ .085). CONCLUSIONS Normative data described here serve as a baseline for future studies assessing ocular surface disease in multiple feline breeds. Unlike dogs, brachycephalic cats did not have lower CTS or STT-1 than non-brachycephalic cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | | | - Aija Ilgaža
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Preclinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies Jelgava Latvia
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wolfran L, Debiage RR, Lopes DM, Fukushima FB. Ophthalmic effects of dexmedetomidine, methadone and dexmedetomidine-methadone in healthy cats and their reversal with atipamezole. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1253-1259. [PMID: 35616047 PMCID: PMC10812348 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221077023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the effects that dexmedetomidine and methadone, either alone or in combination, have on the ocular variables of healthy adult cats when administered intramuscularly, as well as their reversal with atipamezole. METHODS A randomized crossover blinded study of 10 healthy cats was used to assess the effect of 0.2 mg/kg methadone (MET), 7.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (D7), 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (D10), 7.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM7) and 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 0.2 mg/kg methadone (DM10) on intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production and pupil diameter (PD). The animals were evaluated for 30 mins. Afterwards, atipamezole was administered and ocular variables were evaluated for 30 mins. RESULTS D10, DM7 and DM10 significantly decreased mean IOP but MET or D7 did not. Tear production decreased significantly in all treatments, corresponding to 18%, 59%, 63%, 86% and 98% in MET, D7, D10, DM7 and DM10, respectively. PD increased in all treatments, but MET showed the highest PD. Thirty minutes after atipamezole (RT30), IOP returned to baseline with no difference between groups, and there was a significant increase in tear production, but the means were still different from baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine decreases IOP and tear production but increases PD in healthy cats. Atipamezole can partly reverse those alterations. Low-dose dexmedetomidine (7.5 µg/kg) promotes sedation without changing the IOP. All protocols significantly decrease tear production, and Schirmer tear test after sedation is not representative of non-sedated values. Methadone induces quick onset mydriasis without changing the IOP.
Collapse
|
10
|
Casanova MI, Young LJ, Park S, Kim S, Roszak K, Leonard BC, Blandino A, Motta MJ, Yiu G, Li JY, Moshiri A, Thomasy SM. Normal Corneal Thickness and Endothelial Cell Density in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:23. [PMID: 36156731 PMCID: PMC9526363 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define the normal range of central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and the effects of age, body weight, sex, and intraocular pressure (IOP) on these parameters. Methods Ophthalmic examinations were performed on 144 rhesus macaques without anterior segment pathology. The CCT was measured via ultrasound pachymetry (USP) and specular microscopy, and the ECD was semiautomatically and manually counted using specular microscopy. Rebound tonometry was used to measure IOP. Linear regression and mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate the effects of age, body weight, sex, and IOP on CCT and ECD. Results We included 98 females and 46 males with an age range of 0.2 to 29.4 years. The mean CCT by USP and specular microscopy were 483 ± 39 and 463 ± 33 µm, respectively, and were statistically different (P < 0.001). The ECDs were 2717 ± 423 and 2747 ± 438 cells/mm2 by semiautomated and manual analysis, respectively. Corneal endothelial degeneration was identified in one aged rhesus macaque. Conclusions The mean USP and specular microscopy CCT values differed significantly, whereas the semiautomatic and manual ECD did not. The CCT was associated with the IOP and sex, whereas the ECD was associated with body weight and age (P < 0.05). As in humans, corneal disease in rhesus macaques is uncommon. Translational Relevance Establishing reference values is fundamental to use rhesus macaques as a model for corneal disease or to identify toxicity in studies of ocular drugs or devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura J. Young
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karolina Roszak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Blandino
- Department of Statistics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monica J. Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y. Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faghihi H, Rajaei SM. Tear film breakup time and Schirmer tear test in normal dogs: Effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct patency. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:72-80. [PMID: 36039507 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine the effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct (NLD) patency on tear production and tear film breakup time (TBUT) in normal dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED The ophthalmic data of 82 healthy adult dogs were evaluated in this study. PROCEDURES Age, sex, breed, and reproductive status were recorded. Schirmer tear test (STT) and TBUT were assessed in all dogs, and interferometry was available for the selected dogs. The Jones test was used to evaluate NLD patency. The cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each dog (skull width/skull length ×100). RESULTS Mean (SD) values for the STT results for the right (OD) and left (OS) eyes were 20.6 (2.7) and 20.2 (2.7) mm/min, respectively. Mean (SD) TBUT values for OD and OS were 6.5 (2.5) and 6.1 (2.3) mm/min in all dogs, respectively. Sex and reproductive status had no significant effect on STT and TBUT (P[OU] > 0.05). Skull type significantly affected TBUT in both eyes (P(OD) = 0.01, P(OS) = 0.003), but had no effect on STT (P[OU] > 0.3). Age had no correlation with STT and TBUT in either eye (P[OU] > 0.05). STT and TBUT had no correlation in either eye (P[OU] > 0.2). NLD patency had no significant effect on STT or TBUT (P[OU] > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed lower TBUT values in brachycephalic breeds than in non-brachycephalic breeds. A compensatory increase in STT values was observed in dogs with low TBUT values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houman Faghihi
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brito FLDC, Voitena JN, Marinho TOC, Moore BA, Montiani-Ferreira F. Assessment of tear film osmolarity using the IPen ® Vet osmometer in Pug and Shih-Tzu dogs with and without keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:219-224. [PMID: 34929058 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish tear film osmolarity (TFO) values in Pugs and Shih-Tzus, with and without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 82 adult dogs were evaluated. PROCEDURE The inclusion criteria for the healthy group was a Schirmer tear test (STT-1) ≥15 mm/min with no clinical signs of KCS, whereas those with KCS had clinical signs and a STT-1 ≤10 mm/min. All animals underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation prior to STT-1 and TFO. Student's t tests were used to compare STT-1 and TFO in KCS and healthy eyes as well as possible differences in TFO between breeds. In addition, a linear regression to model the relationship between the two variables (STT-1 and TFO) was performed. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS STT-1 results were significantly lower (p = 0.0001) in the KCS group (4.46 ± 1.74) compared with the control group (18.80 ± 2.02). Mean TFO results were significantly higher in the KCS group (353.02 ± 16.58 mOsm/L) (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group (315.27 ± 6.15 mOsm/L). The formula Y = 365.059-2.625 * X significantly predicts (p < 0.001) the value of the variable Y (TFO mOsm/L) as a function of the variable X (STT-1 mm/min), with a coefficient of determination of 0.71. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed differences in TFO and STT-1 between KCS and healthy dogs. Additionally, STT-1 and TFO values were correlated with the aim to use STT-1 values to predict TFO values in brachycephalic breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica N Voitena
- Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pós-graduadas em Oftalmologia Veterinária e Microcirurgia Ocular, Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane O C Marinho
- Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pós-graduadas em Oftalmologia Veterinária e Microcirurgia Ocular, Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bret A Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brito F, Kuner A, Voitena J, Marinho T. Oral mucosa transplantation may improve tear film osmolarity in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca - a preliminary study. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cyclosporine 1% alone or associated with oral mucosa transplantation (OMT) in dogs with dry keratoconjunctivitis (KCS). Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1) and Tear Film Osmolarity (TFO) were measured in both eyes of 30 adult dogs (before and 45 days after treatment. The animals were divided into three groups (10 dogs for group): control (normal dogs), group I (GI, treated with 1% cyclosporine alone), and group II (GII, treated with 1% cyclosporine and OMT). All STT-1 and TFO values were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and all were normally distributed. STT-1 and TFO values before and after treatment were subjected to the T-Student Test. The STT‐1 and TFO values of the right eye were subjected to Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Test for comparison between groups I and II. Means with a value of p≤0.05 were considered significant. There was a decreased osmolarity in both groups after treatment. Mean osmolarity in GII (322.60±16.56 mOsm/L) was significantly lower than GI (336.40±5.66 mOsm/L). The OMT associated with cyclosporine 1% improved the osmolarity of the tear film in dogs with KCS with a seeming synergism between the clinical and surgical treatments.
Collapse
|
14
|
Seyer LD, Wills RW, Betbeze CM. Investigation of fluorescein stain-based tear film breakup time test reliability in dogs in a clinical setting. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:1019-1025. [PMID: 34727069 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.01.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intra- and interobserver reliability of a fluorescein stain-based tear film breakup time (TFBUT) test as performed in a clinical environment with and without administration of a topical anesthetic. ANIMALS 21 privately owned dogs. PROCEDURES A randomized study design was used. Two independent observers that commonly perform the TFBUT test in clinical practice read the same description of TFBUT. Observers performed TFBUT testing for each dog before and after topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine solution in 4 testing periods with a 1-hour interval between periods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis was used to assess inter- and intraobserver test reliability. Linear mixed models were used to assess the main effects of testing period, observer, eye, and presence of ophthalmic disorders and their interactions on TFBUT. RESULTS Mean TFBUT measurements performed by observer 1 and observer 2 were 5.9 seconds and 8.6 seconds, respectively, when adjusted for other effects in the model. Intraobserver ICC was poor for one observer and moderate for the other. Interobserver ICC was poor without use of topical anesthetic and slightly lower when anesthetic was used. Observer and testing period were each significantly associated with TFBUT; the measurements decreased and were more variable after multiple applications of fluorescein stain and proparacaine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested tear film stability is negatively affected by topical administration of 0.5% proparacaine solution and repeated applications of fluorescein stain. The TFBUT test as performed in this study had poor to moderate reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Seyer
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
| | - Robert W Wills
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
| | - Caroline M Betbeze
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences (Seyer, Betbeze) and Comparative Biomedical Sciences (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39763
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Palmer S, Ramos RV, Rodriguez Galarza RM. Clinical comparison of tear film breakup time measurements in normal dogs using three different methods of fluorescein solution administration. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:503-508. [PMID: 34553819 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the method of fluorescein administration affects the results of tear film breakup time (TFBUT) measurement in normal dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-seven client and hospital staff owned dogs over 1 year of age with no known comorbidities or administration of systemic or topical ophthalmic medications. PROCEDURES A prospective randomized three-way crossover study was conducted. All dogs received an abbreviated ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular surface disease. Using a 30-min washout interval period, each dog's right eye was received: (a) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with one drop of sterile eyewash, (b) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with two drops of sterile eyewash, or (c) application of one drop from a premade fluorescein solution (dilution of one strip in 0.3 mL sterile eyewash). Eyes were assessed using the cobalt blue filter of a slit lamp biomicroscope. TFBUT measurements were summarized as means ± standard deviation. The methods were compared using mixed model analysis of variance. All analyses were performed using sas version 9.4. RESULTS Thirty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria. Mean TFBUT ± standard deviation (SD) for the three described methods were: (a) 16.58s ± 6.9, (b) 15.98s ± 7.1, and (c) 16.43s ± 8.1. No differences between fluorescein stain application techniques were observed (p = .92). CONCLUSION The technique of fluorescein solution administration did not affect TFBUT measurement in this population of healthy dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Palmer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Renata V Ramos
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Roxanne M Rodriguez Galarza
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ray M, Carney HC, Boynton B, Quimby J, Robertson S, St Denis K, Tuzio H, Wright B. 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:613-638. [PMID: 34167339 PMCID: PMC10812122 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The '2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines' are authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine and serve as an update and extension of those published in 2009. They emphasize the individual patient evaluation and the process of aging, with references to other feline practice guidelines for a more complete discussion of specific diseases. Focusing on each cat encourages and empowers the owner to become a part of the cat's care every step of the way. A comprehensive discussion during the physical examination and history taking allows for tailoring the approach to both the cat and the family involved in the care. Videos and analysis of serial historical measurements are brought into the assessment of each patient. These Guidelines introduce the emerging concept of frailty, with a description and methods of its incorporation into the senior cat assessment. Minimum database diagnostics are discussed, along with recommendations for additional investigative considerations. For example, blood pressure assessment is included as a minimum diagnostic procedure in both apparently healthy and ill cats. Cats age at a much faster rate than humans, so practical timelines for testing frequency are included and suggest an increased frequency of diagnostics with advancing age. The importance of nutrition, as well as senior cat nutritional needs and deficiencies, is considered. Pain is highlighted as its own syndrome, with an emphasis on consideration in every senior cat. The Task Force discusses anesthesia, along with strategies to allow aging cats to be safely anesthetized well into their senior years. The medical concept of quality of life is addressed with the latest information available in veterinary medicine. This includes end of life considerations like palliative and hospice care, as well as recommendations on the establishment of 'budgets of care', which greatly influence what can be done for the individual cat. Acknowledgement is given that each cat owner will be different in this regard; and establishing what is reasonable and practical for the individual owner is important. A discussion on euthanasia offers some recommendations to help the owner make a decision that reflects the best interests of the individual cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel C Carney
- WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, ID, USA
| | - Beth Boynton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Quimby
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sheilah Robertson
- Senior Medical Director, Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice, Lutz, FL, USA
| | | | - Helen Tuzio
- Forest Hills Cat Hospital, Middle Village, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Romaneck AK, Sebbag L. Case Report: Clinical Remission in a Cat With Severe Bilateral Eosinophilic Keratitis Receiving Combined Immunosuppressive Therapy (Triamcinolone Acetonide and Tacrolimus). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:580396. [PMID: 33996955 PMCID: PMC8121169 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.580396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old domestic shorthair cat was examined for severe keratitis of 10 months duration, non-responsive to 0.1% dexamethasone q8-12h. Patient and owner compliance were poor given ocular discomfort and hiding behavior. On presentation, both eyes (OU) had severe ulcerative keratitis that masked examination of deeper structures and resulted in absent menace response OU. Corneal cytology was consistent with eosinophilic keratitis (EK) OU. Initial therapy included subcutaneous triamcinolone acetonide injection (0.2 mg/kg), 0.3% ciprofloxacin OU q12h, and two compounded drugs started 5 days later upon receipt: 0.5% tacrolimus OU q6h, 0.5% cidofovir OU q12h. Visual behavior and ocular comfort were reportedly much improved within 24 h. At the first recheck (Day 11), patient and owner compliance were reported to be excellent, menace response was positive OU, and keratitis was dramatically reduced OU with absent fluorescein uptake. Subcutaneous triamcinolone acetonide was repeated (0.2 mg/kg), ciprofloxacin was discontinued, cidofovir was continued q12h, and tacrolimus was slowly tapered (q8h × 3 weeks then q12h). Keratitis was nearly 100% resolved at the second recheck (Day 38); cidofovir was discontinued and tacrolimus was slowly tapered (q12h × 1 week, q24h × 4 weeks, q48h × 4 weeks) then discontinued. A third recheck (Day 101) confirmed clinical remission OU, and disease did not reoccur within a 1 year follow up period (photographic documentation by owner). In sum, adjunct use of triamcinolone acetonide greatly improved therapeutic compliance and helped control severe EK in a rapid and effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Romaneck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garcia-Queiruga J, Pena-Verdeal H, Giraldez MJ, Garcia-Resua C, Yebra-Pimentel E. Inter-week variation of meibometry and tear break-up time in healthy subjects. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:691-697. [PMID: 33689665 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1878815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Variation with time in the tear film parameters should be considered by the clinician since the time when measurements are made can influence proper diagnosis. BACKGROUND A hallmark of dry eye is an unstable tear film associated with variability in objective daily measures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the inter-week repeatability of meibometry, break-up time (BUT) and maximum blink interval (MBI) in healthy subjects. METHODS Forty healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Meibometry, BUT and MBI were performed twice in two sessions, one-week apart. Meibum from the lower eyelid was collected and quantified with the Meibometer MB550. Five meibomian curves were generated by tape and each peak value was averaged as a mean value per session. BUT and MBI were determined three times after fluorescein instillation and recorded by a DV-3 camera attached to the slit lamp. BUT and MBI videos were analysed by a second masked observer. Both BUT and MBI values were calculated by averaging the two most similar measurements of the three evaluated. RESULTS No statistical difference between inter-week sessions was obtained for the meibometry (p > 0.340; Wilcoxon test), BUT (p > 0.326; Wilcoxon test) and MBI values (p ≥ 0.248; Wilcoxon test). Inter-week differences were low for BUT and MBI when time intervals were no longer than 15 seconds (both p ≥ 0.586; Wilcoxon test). A correlation between BUT and MBI was found (r ≥ 0.668, p < 0.001; Spearman Rho), while a no statistical correlation was obtained between meibometry results and BUT or MBI (all p ≥ 0.194; Spearman Rho). CONCLUSION Meibum secretion and the tear film stability present good intersession repeatability, and are stable along with sessions in healthy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Section), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Hugo Pena-Verdeal
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Section), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Giraldez
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Section), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Resua
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Section), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eva Yebra-Pimentel
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Section), University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sebbag L, Thomasy SM, Leland A, Mukai M, Kim S, Maggs DJ. Altered Corneal Innervation and Ocular Surface Homeostasis in FHV-1-Exposed Cats: A Preliminary Study Suggesting Metaherpetic Disease. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:580414. [PMID: 33575276 PMCID: PMC7870478 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaherpetic disease is recognized in humans affected by herpes simplex virus-1 but is not reported in cats affected by feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) despite the high prevalence of herpetic disease in this species and strong similarities in viral biology between alphaherpesviruses of humans and cats. This preliminary work evaluated cats naïve to FHV-1 (n = 9 cats, 18 eyes; control population) and cats naturally exposed to FHV-1 (n = 4 cats, 7 eyes), as confirmed by serologic testing and review of medical records. Antemortem assessment included clinical scoring, blink rate, corneal aesthesiometry, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) with or without the nasolacrimal reflex. Post-mortem assessment involved confocal microscopy of the corneas and evaluation of corneal nerves with ImageJ. Groups were compared with Student's t-tests and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Compared to control, herpetic cats had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.010) clinical scores (0.2 ± 0.4 vs. 4.6 ± 2.8) and response to nasolacrimal stimulation (7.8 ± 10.8% vs. 104.8 ± 151.1%), significantly lower (P < 0.001) corneal sensitivity (2.9 ± 0.6 cm vs. 1.4 ± 0.9 cm), STT-1 (20.8 ± 2.6 mm/min vs. 10.6 ± 6.0 mm/min), TFBUT (12.1 ± 2.0 s vs. 7.1 ± 2.9 s), and non-significantly lower blink rate (3.0 ± 1.5 blinks/min vs. 2.7 ± 0.5 blinks/min; P = 0.751). All parameters evaluated for corneal nerves (e.g., nerve fiber length, branching, occupancy) were notably but not significantly lower in herpetic vs. control cats (P ≥ 0.268). In sum, cats exposed to FHV-1 had signs suggestive of corneal hypoesthesia and quantitative/qualitative tear film deficiencies when compared to cats naïve to the virus. It is possible these are signs of metaherpetic disease as reported in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Adriana Leland
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Madison Mukai
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
THE EYE OF CRAB-EATING FOX ( CERDOCYON THOUS): ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NORMATIVE VALUES OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, MORPHOMETRY OF CORNEAL TISSUE, AND ARRANGEMENTS OF CORNEAL STROMAL COLLAGEN FIBERS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:280-289. [PMID: 32549556 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ophthalmic parameters, morphometric features of corneal tissue, and arrangements of corneal stromal collagen fibers in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), a species of neotropical wild canid. We conducted the study on six juvenile crab-eating foxes (12 eyes), whilst 16 eyes were obtained post mortem from eight adult crab-eating foxes. The research was divided into two stages. In the first stage, eye anatomical characteristics, tear production (Schirmer 1 tear test, STT1), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular echobiometry, and specular microscopy parameters related to morphology of corneal endothelium were studied in juvenile animals. In the second stage, morphometric features of corneal tissue (central corneal thickness [CCT] and corneal epithelium thickness) and arrangements of stromal collagen fibers were studied using eyes from adult animals. The main findings were that crab-eating fox eyes have vertical-slit pupils, holangiotic retina, and reference values (mean ± SD) of 13.37 ± 3.79 mm/min for STT1 and of 10.43 ± 3.84 mmHg for IOP. The ocular echobiometric features observed in crab-eating foxes are different from those reported for domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Conversely, the corneal endothelial parameters are similar to those of domestic dogs. The CCT measured by tissue morphometry was 0.54 ± 0.06 mm, and the corneal epithelium thickness was 60.13 ± 8.71 µm. Mean coherency related to alignment of collagen fibers was 0.66 ± 0.12. The crab-eating fox cornea had predominantly thick collagen fibers. Crab-eating fox eyes have morphofunctional peculiarities. They resemble the eyes of domestic dogs in some aspects, but diverge in others.
Collapse
|
21
|
Terhaar HM, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Serum albumin and total protein concentration in the tear film of horses with healthy or diseased eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:20-27. [PMID: 32920954 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine total protein content (TPC) and serum albumin levels in the tears of horses with healthy or diseased eyes. ANIMALS STUDIED Forty-two horses with healthy eyes and 11 horses with unilateral (n = 10) or bilateral (n = 1) ocular disease. PROCEDURE Each eye underwent an ophthalmic examination including detailed conjunctivitis scoring and tear collection with Schirmer strips. TPC and serum albumin levels were quantified in tear samples and compared among healthy eyes, affected eyes, and contralateral unaffected eyes. The impact of the following variables on lacrimal protein levels were assessed: age, breed, and sex (healthy eyes), as well as conjunctivitis score (diseased eyes). RESULTS Lacrimal TPC ranged from 7.0 to 19.5 mg/mL in healthy eyes, while serum albumin ranged from 71.1 to 711.3 µg/mL (~1.6% of TPC) and was higher in tears of aged and female horses (P ≤ .033). Eyes with ocular disease had significantly greater (P ≤ .001) serum albumin in tears (median 679.6 µg/mL) compared to contralateral unaffected eyes (130.0 µg/mL) and eyes of the reference population (200.7 µg/mL). However, lacrimal TPC did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Scoring of palpebral conjunctival hyperemia trended toward a positive association with serum albumin in tears (r = 0.49, P = .062). CONCLUSIONS The protein profile in equine tears differs in health and disease. Serum albumin in tears increases with ocular disease and, similar to other species, might serve as a biomarker for ocular insult in horses. Future studies could investigate the protein levels in horses with specific ocular conditions and help determine the biological importance of albumin on the equine ocular surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Terhaar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sebbag L, Uhl LK, Schneider B, Hayes B, Olds J, Mochel JP. Investigation of Schirmer tear test-1 for measurement of tear production in cats in various environmental settings and with different test durations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:681-686. [PMID: 32125244 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess reliability of the Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) for measurement of tear production in cats in various environments, investigate whether sympathetic stimulation impacts measurements, and determine whether meaningful conclusions regarding lacrimation in cats can be drawn from STT-1 measurements obtained with STT strip placement for < 1 minute. ANIMALS 176 cats examined in a private practice (n = 100), a feral cat clinic (56), or a veterinary teaching hospital (20). PROCEDURES The STT-1 was performed in both eyes of each cat. Measurements were recorded at 10- or 30-second intervals for 1 minute. Cats at the teaching hospital were tested once in a quiet examination room (unstimulated conditions) and once in the same room with loud prerecorded noises (stimulated conditions), with a 30-minute interval between tests and evaluation of cats' heart rates before and after STT-1. Data were analyzed with parametric statistical tools and a nonlinear mixed-effect model. RESULTS 30- and 60-second STT-1 measurements were significantly correlated (r = 0.94). The STT-1 measurements did not differ under nonstimulated versus stimulated conditions, despite significant changes in heart rates that indicated sympathetic stimulation. A hyperbolic model of STT-1 kinetics was validated, allowing for extrapolation of measurements obtained in < 60 seconds and generation of reference values (95% predictive intervals) for various test durations. Median (95% predictive interval) 30- and 60-second STT-1 measurements were 9.1 mm (4.8 to 15.6 mm) and 14.3 mm (8.2 to 22.3 mm), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The STT-1 was a reliable diagnostic test in all settings; results were not affected by sympathetic stimulation, and a shorter duration of testing could be considered in selected cases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lamkin ID, Zimmerman KL, Smith Fleming KM, Martins BC. Osmolarity of basal and reflex tears of normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:747-753. [PMID: 32584492 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare basal and reflex tear osmolarity in healthy dogs and to evaluate for correlation among tear film osmolarity, tear production, and tear fern pattern. ANIMALS STUDIED The population consisted of 22 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES Reflex tear osmolarity was measured in both eyes using the I-PEN® VET osmometer 30 minutes following the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) measurement. Subsequently, two minutes following topical anesthetic application, the lacrimal lake and conjunctival fornices were dried, and 3 minutes later, basal tear osmolarity was measured. Tears were extracted from the dye-free STT-1 strip by centrifugation, placed on a glass slide, and the ferning pattern was determined by light microscopy. Comparisons between basal and reflex tears were performed with one-way ANOVA. Correlations between tear osmolarity, STT-1, and tear ferning were verified by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS No statistical difference was found between right and left eyes for STT-1, tear fern pattern, and osmolarity of reflex or basal tears (P < .05). There was no statistical difference between osmolarity of basal and reflex tears among individuals (P < .05). No correlation was detected between tear fern pattern and osmolarity of reflex tears. A weak positive correlation was detected between STT-1 values and osmolarity of reflex, but not basal tears. CONCLUSIONS The osmolarity of basal tears did not differ from that of reflex tears. A positive weak correlation exists between tear production and osmolarity of reflex tears. No correlation was detected between tear osmolarity measured by handheld osmometer and tear ferning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irini D Lamkin
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelli L Zimmerman
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn M Smith Fleming
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bianca C Martins
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Veloso JF, Oriá AP, Raposo ACS, Lacerda AJ, Silva CVB, Lima LF, Carlos RSA. The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:23. [PMID: 32456655 PMCID: PMC7248460 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tear film is a trilaminar fluid composed mainly of lipids, electrolytes, proteins and water. It is responsible for lubrication, nutrition and protection against microbial and toxic agents. Disruption of any these components may weaken the ocular surface, making it more susceptible to disease. Increasing evidence suggests that qualitative tear film deficiencies are an important predisposing factor or cause of some of the most common and challenging ocular diseases in cats, including conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED), pigmentary keratitis, corneal sequestrum and dry eye syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the tear ferning test in healthy cats and to compare the results by using two grading scales for humans. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer tear test (STT) strips from 60 healthy cats, and, after centrifuging the strips to obtain the samples, the aliquot was placed on clean microscope glass until it dried and the tear ferning patterns were observed under a polarized light microscope and classified according to the Rolando and Masmali grading scales. Results Ferning patterns in the lower grades showed full crystallization with high density, without gaps between the ferns and branches, forming several nuclei that were easily distinguished. According to the Rolando scale, 50% (60/120), 46.6% (56/120) and 3.4% (4/120) of eyes showed type I, II and III patterns, respectively. According to the Masmali scale, 15% (18/120), 56.6% (68/120 eyes) and 28.4% (34/120) of eyes showed grade 0, 1 and 2 patterns, respectively. No difference was observed between the right and left eyes for both Rolando (P = 0.225) and Masmali (P = 0.683) scales. Conclusions The tear ferning test is a qualitative test that can be used in cats as a complementary evaluation of the ocular surface. While the Rolando scale showed an increased prevalence of types I and II, the Masmali scale showed an increased prevalence of grades 1 and 2. This can be attributed to the species-specific differences between human and feline tear film. So Masmali grade 2 can be considered a normal tear pattern for the species, because all the cats used in study were clinically healthy. For this reason, future complementary studies are necessary for comparing healthy eyes and eyes with different ocular surface disease in cats. Both scales can be feasible options for grading tear crystallization in cats, but as Rolando scale included 96.6% of the samples in the 2 types that are considered normal for humans, we think that this scale seemed to be more precise to classify crystallization pattern in cats. The crystallization patterns observed in this study can form the basis for standardizing ocular surface parameters in cats.
Collapse
|
25
|
Clarke KE, Sorrell S, Breheny C, Jepson R, Adamantos S, Milne EM, Gunn-Moore D. Dysautonomia in 53 cats and dogs: retrospective review of clinical data and outcome. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e118. [PMID: 32253356 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysautonomia is a disease characterised by degeneration of autonomic neurons. METHODS The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective multicentre review of clinical data relating to cats and dogs diagnosed with dysautonomia and to evaluate their outcome. RESULTS Cats (n=34) and dogs (n=19) with clinical signs consistent with dysautonomia were considered for this retrospective study. Reported clinical findings included oesophageal and gastrointestinal dysmotility and distension, urinary retention, reduced or absent tear production, third eyelid protrusion and inappropriate mydriasis. Treatment was supportive and included gastrointestinal prokinetics, feeding tube placement (oesophageal and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes) and medications to treat urinary retention. The survival to discharge was 29 per cent in cats and 47 per cent in dogs. The overall survival in cats was 21 per cent and that in dogs was 32 per cent. Survival of greater than 2 years was seen in six cats and in three dogs. CONCLUSION This paper illustrates that some animals are able to survive this disease and can have a good long-term prognosis, which is an infrequently reported finding for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Sorrell
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull, Solihull, UK
| | - Craig Breheny
- Internal Medicine, University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Rosanne Jepson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Sophie Adamantos
- Veterinary Clinical sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elspeth M Milne
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Danielle Gunn-Moore
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comprehensive Clinical, Diagnostic, and Advanced Imaging Characterization of the Ocular Surface in Spontaneous Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Disease in Dogs. Cornea 2020; 38:1568-1575. [PMID: 31369464 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a comprehensive clinical, diagnostic, and imaging characterization of the ocular surface in West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) diagnosed with aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) disease. METHODS Six ADDE-affected and 13 ADDE-unaffected WHWT dogs were enrolled and underwent clinical assessment and disease scoring, tear osmolarity, phenol red thread test, Schirmer tear test, tear film breakup time, fluorescein staining, Rose bengal and lissamine green vital dye staining, meibometry, corneal esthesiometry, ultrasound pachymetry, optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy, and conjunctival biopsy. Subjective assessment of their condition was provided by owner-reported surveys. RESULTS ADDE-affected WHWT dogs had higher median clinical disease (conjunctiva: 5.75 vs. 0.00; cornea: 14.00 vs. 5.00; total: 17.50 vs. 5.00), vital staining (Rose bengal: 2.25 vs. 1.50; lissamine green: 2.00 vs. 1.00), and histologic disease (conjunctiva: 2 vs. 0) scores when compared with the controls. In addition, ADDE-affected WHWTs had significantly lower phenol red thread test (5.0 vs. 17.5, mm/15 s), Schirmer tear test (3 vs. 20, mm/min), tear film breakup time (3.6 vs. 13.9, s) values and higher area under the curve values for meibometry (394 vs. 245, meibometry units [MU]). There were no significant differences in other tear film tests performed. Advanced imaging revealed decreased tear meniscus height (optical coherence tomography) and variable pigment deposition within corneal epithelial cells (in vivo confocal microscopy). CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive assessment of ADDE-affected WHWTs depicts the ocular surface changes associated with quantitative lacrimal gland dysfunction. Importantly, ADDE-affected WHWTs may prove a valuable naturally occurring ADDE model for investigating underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kovalcuka L, Nikolajenko M. Changes in intraocular pressure, horizontal pupil diameter, and tear production during the use of topical 1% cyclopentolate in cats and rabbits. Open Vet J 2020; 10:59-67. [PMID: 32426258 PMCID: PMC7193883 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclopentolate is not commonly used as mydriatic drug in veterinary medicine because of limited data on the local and systemic effects in animals. Aim To determine the effects of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on intraocular pressure (IOP), horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) and tear production in the cat and rabbit's eye during the first hour and up to 36 hours after treatment. Methods One drop of 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride was used in the left eye in 10 clinically and ophthalmologically healthy domestic cats and 10 rabbits. IOP and HPD were recorded every 5 minutes during the first hour, then every 2 hours during the following 12-hour period, and at 24 and 36 hours after application. Schirmer tear test (STT) was measured at 30 and 60 minute after treatment, then in same time points as IOP and HPD. Rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) was used to assess IOP, Jameson calliper to measure HPD and STT to determine the tear production. Results 1% cyclopentolate increased IOP in cats, reaching a maximum (28.1 ± 5.4 mmHg) at T 50 and in rabbits at T25 (16.7 ± 1.3 mmHg). Maximal mydriasis in cats was observed at T 40 and lasted 24-36 hours, but in rabbits at T 25, and returned to pre-treatment values at T 10h-T 12h. In cats, STT decreased in both eyes 30 minutes after treatment and remained lower throughout the 36-hour period. In rabbits, STT decreased in the treated eye 30 minutes after treatment, but all following STT measurements returned to normal pre-treatment levels. Conclusion Study showed novel data about the effects of 1% cyclopentolate to IOP, HPD, STT in cats and rabbits. Cyclopentolate in cats caused mydriasis 20-40 minutes after the treatment by increasing IOP, at the same time, pupil diameter reached pre-treatment values 24-36 hours after treatment. In rabbit's mydriasis occurred faster, 10-25 minutes after treatment without significant IOP increase and mydriasis lasted 10-12 hours. Significant STT decrease was recorded in cats, but more likely were connected to stress factors. This drug could be considered as a therapeutical alternative in rabbit more than in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute,Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Madara Nikolajenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute,Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bolzanni H, Oriá AP, Raposo ACS, Sebbag L. Aqueous tear assessment in dogs: Impact of cephalic conformation, inter-test correlations, and test-retest repeatability. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:534-543. [PMID: 32162773 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations. ANIMAL STUDIED Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 nonbrachycephalic). PROCEDURES A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10-minute interval between tests and repeating each test 24 hours later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2). RESULTS Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4 ± 2.0 mm/5 seconds vs 7.3 ± 2.4 mm/5 seconds), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8 ± 0.5 cm vs 3.4 ± 0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2 ± 4.0 mm/15 seconds vs 41.1 ± 5.5 mm/15 seconds), STT-1 (20.1 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 23.3 ± 5.7 mm/min), STT-2 (13.0 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 16.9 ± 3.9 mm/min), and NL-STT1 (23.2 ± 3.6 mm/min vs 27.1 ± 5.4 mm/min), and nonsignificant differences for EAPPTT (16.6 ± 2.7 mm/15 seconds vs 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/15 seconds). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < .70) except for a strong correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r = .83, P < .001). Test reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Bolzanni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sebbag L, Moody LM, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP. Nerve growth factor in dogs: Assessment of two immunoassays and selected ocular parameters following a nicergoline challenge per os. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:199-204. [PMID: 31774231 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of corneal nerves can result in the development of ocular surface diseases such as aqueous tear deficiency and neurotrophic keratopathy. This study investigates oral nicergoline, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist shown to enhance endogenous secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the lacrimal gland, as a potential therapy for these conditions. Five female spayed Beagle dogs received a 2-week course of oral nicergoline (10 mg twice daily). Drug safety was evaluated with ophthalmic and physical examinations, blood pressure monitoring, bloodwork, and urinalysis. The effect of nicergoline on the ocular surface was assessed with corneal esthesiometry, Schirmer tear test-1, and tear film breakup time. Drug effect on NGF levels was assessed by collecting tears and blood at baseline and completion of therapy using a bead-based immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although nicergoline was well tolerated in all dogs, it did not have a significant impact on corneal sensitivity, tear production, or tear stability. Of note, NGF was below the limit of quantification in all tear samples and was only detected in 8/20 serum samples with no significant difference between levels at baseline (189.4 ± 145.1 pg/mL) and completion of therapy (149.4 ± 79.4 pg/mL). Further validation of NGF analytical assays is warranted before nicergoline is investigated in clinical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Leah M Moody
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Uhl LK, Saito A, Iwashita H, Maggs DJ, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Clinical features of cats with aqueous tear deficiency: a retrospective case series of 10 patients (17 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:944-950. [PMID: 30417738 PMCID: PMC11132248 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic test results and response to therapy of cats with Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) values below the reference interval. METHODS The medical records of three institutions were searched for cats with ocular surface disease and STT-1 values <9 mm/min, confirmed at two or more separate visits. RESULTS Ten cats (17 eyes) were included. The mean ± SD (range) age and STT-1 values in affected eye(s) were 6.1 ± 5.7 (0.2-16) years and 2.4 ± 3.1 (0-8) mm/min, respectively. Concurrent ocular surface disease was bilateral in 5/10 cats. Clinical signs included conjunctivitis (14/17 eyes), corneal ulceration (6/17 eyes), non-ulcerative keratitis (4/17 eyes), symblepharon (4/17 eyes), eosinophilic keratitis (3/17 eyes), corneal sequestrum (3/17 eyes), corneal fibrosis (2/17 eyes) and meibomitis (2/17 eyes). Management included: topically applied lacrimomimetics, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs; orally administered famciclovir; or surgical procedures, in various combinations. Response to therapy (defined as an increase in STT-1 value of ⩾5 mm/min) was transient (seen at a single reassessment) in 65% of eyes and sustained (seen at ⩾2 consecutive reassessments) in 18% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features seen in cats with low STT-1 values are described, although the association between aqueous deficiency and the reported ocular changes is unknown at this time. We encourage clinicians to assess the tear film in cats with ocular surface disease, and initiate therapy with lacrimomimetics if STT-1 values are repeatedly below normal. Such information will further define aqueous tear deficiency in cats, providing a better understanding of disease prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Uhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Wehrman RF, Uhl LK, Ben-Shlomo G, Chen T, Mochel JP. Fluorophotometric Assessment of Tear Volume and Turnover Rate in Healthy Dogs and Cats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:497-502. [PMID: 31381493 PMCID: PMC6842130 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study establishes normative data of tear volume (TV) and tear turnover rate (TTR) in healthy dogs and cats, 2 species commonly used for translational research in ophthalmology. Methods: Thirty-six dogs and 24 cats were enrolled, encompassing a variety of breeds with diverse skull conformations (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic). Two microliters of 10% fluorescein were instilled onto the upper bulbar conjunctiva of both eyes, followed by tear collection with 2-μL capillary tubes at 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, and 20 min. Fluorescein concentrations were measured with a computerized scanning ocular fluorophotometer. The TV and TTR were estimated based upon nonlinear mixed-effects analysis of fluorescein decay curves. Results: In dogs, median (interquartile range) TV, basal TTR (bTTR), and reflex TTR (rTTR) were 65.3 μL (42.3–87.9), 12.2%/min (3.7–22.1), and 50.0%/min (25.9–172.3), respectively. In cats, median (interquartile range) TV, bTTR, and rTTR were 32.1 μL (29.5–39.9), 10.9%/min (3.0–23.7), and 50.0%/min (28.4–89.4), respectively. Body weight (r = 0.44) and age (r = 0.30) were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.019) with TV in dogs. Age was negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.018) with TTR in dogs (r = −0.33) and cats (r = −0.24). However, TV and TTR were not associated with skull conformation in either species. Conclusions: Dogs have greater TV than cats but similar basal and rTTR. Tear parameters were impacted by body weight and age, but not by skull conformation. In both clinical and research settings, successive lacrimal tests should be spaced by ≥10 min to provide sufficient time for the tear film to replenish, as bTTR is ∼11%/min–12%/min in both species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rita F Wehrman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lisa K Uhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Thomas Chen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rajaei SM, Faghihi H, Williams DL, Aftab G. Evaluation of tear production using the Schirmer tear test I in healthy cats; effect of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status. Vet Rec 2019; 184:799. [PMID: 31055379 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the values of Schirmer tear test (STT) and determine effects of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status on tear production in healthy cats. METHODS Three hundred and forty-three domestic shorthair (DSH) and Persian cats, 50 days through 18 years old, were examined in this study. STT I was used to measure tear production in both eyes of each cat. RESULTS A mean STT 14.9±4.8 mm/min was calculated for the eyes of all cats. There was a significant difference between STT values in kittens (≤6 months old) and cats of other age groups (P<0.001). A substantial number of cats with clinically normal eyes had STT values less than 10 mm/min. No significant difference was found between males (14.7±5.0 mm/min) and females (15.1±4.5 mm/min) in STT values (P=0.46). Significant differences were found between entire (14.4±4.2 mm/min) and neutered (16.2±4.1 mm/min) cats (P=0.001), and between STT values of DSH (14.6±5.0 mm/min) and Persian (16.5±3.1 mm/min) cats in the study population (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study documents the average STT values for a sizeable feline population demonstrating that, in contradistinction to the situation in dogs, a number of cats with clinically normal eyes have STT values below 10 mm/min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Houman Faghihi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Leonard Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ghazal Aftab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Faghihi H, Rajaei SM, Ansari Mood M, Williams DL. Pilot evaluation of the circadian rhythm of tear production in a population of healthy adult cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:916-920. [PMID: 30997732 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if a circadian rhythm exists in Schirmer's tear test (STT-1) values in a group of healthy adult cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty adult neutered Domestic Short-haired cats (DSH) were used in the study. PROCEDURES Tear production was measured with the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) at 12 different time points over a 48-hour period. RESULTS A significant difference (approximately 4.3 mm/min) was noted between STT-1 values measured between 4 pm (lowest) and 12 am (highest) on both day 1 (P = 0.02) and day 2 (P = 0.01), and substantial variation in STT-1 values was observed at different times during the 48-hour period. CONCLUSIONS Significant variation in mean STT-1 values demonstrates that there is a circadian rhythm in tear production in cats and thus shows the importance of taking the time of day into account when measuring STT-1 in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houman Faghihi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Manely Ansari Mood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Covert JC, Thomasy SM, Kado-Fong H, Kon LN, Kass PH, Reilly CM, Lappin MR, Margulies BJ, Maggs DJ. Pilot Study of the Safety and Tolerability of a Subconjunctival Penciclovir Implant in Cats Experimentally Infected with Herpesvirus. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:38-49. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C. Covert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Helen Kado-Fong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leslie N. Kon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, and University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Barry J. Margulies
- Towson University Herpes Virus Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sandhas E, Merle R, Eule JC. Consider the eye in preventive healthcare - ocular findings, intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in ageing cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1063-1071. [PMID: 29172875 PMCID: PMC11104210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17742528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Geriatric health screening in cats is highly recommended. However, information about normal and abnormal findings is scarce, especially regarding the eyes of ageing cats. This prospective study examined the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats. METHODS A total of 209 cats (aged 9-24 years) underwent physical examination, vision assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, Schirmer tear test (STT) reading and rebound tonometry were performed. Systemic disease was not a criterion for exclusion. RESULTS Vision was good in 157/209 cats (75.1%) and impaired in 52/209 cats (24.9%). Increasing age and the occurrence of vision impairment were not statistically associated ( P = 0.053). Retinal oedema, retinal haemorrhage and/or retinal detachment (19 cats) and glaucoma (12 cats) were the most common findings in vision impaired cats. Increasing age was significantly associated with the occurrence of lenticular sclerosis ( P = 0.01) and attenuated retinal vessels ( P = 0.02). Increasing age and SBP were significantly associated with the occurrence of retinal detachment, haemorrhage and oedema ( P <0.001 each). In cats without evidence of hypertensive ocular damage, younger cats had a tendency for higher SBP values than older cats, although this difference was not significant. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 16.5 ± 5.0 mmHg. Age did not significantly affect the IOP values ( P = 0.54). Mean STT was 15.8 ± 4.8 mm/min. The STT was found to increase with age ( P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although vision impairment is not a clinical sign of old age in cats, age-related changes may contribute to vision-threatening diseases. This study contributes to preventive healthcare by examining the influence of the ageing process on vision and ocular structures in older cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Sandhas
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biometry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - J Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aftab G, Rajaei SM, Faghihi H. Comparison of the Schirmer tear test I values after placement in ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1169-1172. [PMID: 28967796 PMCID: PMC11104202 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17733207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the Schirmer tear test I values obtained from placement of Schirmer tear test (STT) strips in ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices and to investigate any correlation between age, body weight and STT values in clinically normal cats. METHODS Twenty-eight intact adult domestic shorthair and Persian cats were used in this study. The cats were gently physically restrained in a sternal position, and a Schirmer tear strip was placed on each eye in the ventral conjunctival fornix at one-third of the distance from the temporal to nasal canthus for 60 s. Then, the wetted portion of the strips was measured as mm/min (L-STT I). After 48 h, the same procedure was performed on each eye in the dorsal conjunctival fornix (U-STT I). RESULTS Mean ± SD STT values of the ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices were 20.80 ± 2.25 mm/min (range 14-25 mm/min; 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.92-21.67) and 18.28 ± 2.27 mm/min (range 15-22 mm/min; 95% CI 17.39-19.16) in all of the study population, respectively. A significant difference was found between STT values obtained from the ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices ( P <0.001). There was no correlation between the age and body weight of the animals and STT I values. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study compared the STT I values of the dorsal and ventral conjunctival fornices in cats. The difference was significant between the L-STT I and U-STT I values; however, the L-STT I and U-STT I values were within normal reference intervals. The U-STT I data have diagnostic value that might be of benefit in cases where there is a problem in the ventral conjunctival fornix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Aftab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Houman Faghihi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hoehn AL, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Horikawa T, Samuel M, Shull OR, Stewart KA, Murphy CJ. Comparison of ultrasonic pachymetry and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measurement of corneal thickness in dogs with and without corneal disease. Vet J 2018; 242:59-66. [PMID: 30503546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several ultrasonic and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) pachymeters are used to measure corneal thickness in canine patients and research subjects. This study assessed the reliability of and consistency between two ultrasonic pachymetry (USP) devices, Pachette 3 and Accupach VI, as well as automated and manual measurements obtained using FD-OCT in dogs with and without corneal disease. Corneal thickness measurements were compiled from 108 dogs and analyzed using mixed effects linear regression, with Bonferonni adjustments for post-hoc comparisons, to determine the effects of age, weight and disease state. Data are presented as predicted mean±standard error. Canine corneal disease can result in marked increases in thickness that frequently exceed the upper limits of measurement of some pachymetry devices developed for human use. In this study, the corneas of dogs with endothelial disease or injury frequently exceeded the upper limits of quantitation of 999 and 800μm for the Accupach VI and automated FD-OCT pachymeters, respectively. Using values <800μm, the Pachette 3 generated significantly greater values for central corneal thickness (CCT) than the Accupach VI, manual FD-OCT and automated FD-OCT at 625±7.0, 615±7.2, 613±7.2, and 606±7.4μm respectively (P<0.001). Of the two devices where measurements >1000μm were obtained, manual FD-OCT demonstrated less variability than the Pachette 3. Corneal thickness increased linearly with age and weight with an increase of 6.9±1.8μm/year and 1.6±0.8μm/kg body weight (P<0.005 and P=0.038, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Hoehn
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - T Horikawa
- Animal Eye Center, 5175 Pacific St., Rocklin, CA 95677, USA
| | - M Samuel
- Eye Care for Animals, 21160 W. Capitol Drive Suite B, Pewaukee, WI 53072, USA
| | - O R Shull
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K A Stewart
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Raposo AC, Portela RD, Masmali A, Cardoso-Brito V, Bernardo M, Oliveira DC, Oriá AP. Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys' tear film. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:371-378. [PMID: 30039860 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the composition and characteristics of capuchin monkey (CM) tear film. METHODS Eleven CM (Sapajus sp.) was evaluated. Strip meniscometry test (SMT), osmolarity, and tear ferning test (TFT) (by Rolando and Masmali scales) were assessed. Tear protein profile (SDS-PAGE), and total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol levels in tear film and blood serum were screened. RESULTS Median ± semi-interquatil range for SMT and osmolarity values were 8.0 ± 1.625 and 303.0 ± 9.875, respectively. TFT for Rolando was 2.0 ± 0.5, and Masmali was 2.0 ± 0.0. Monkeys's tear obtained type II and III for Rolando, and 1 and 2 for Masmali. Tear components showed protein bands among 23-217 kDa, and presence of albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The results of SMT, osmolarity, TFT, SDS-PAGE, and tear biochemistry may serve as a reference baseline for CM, and the data may serve as a basis for future experimental model evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Ali Masmali
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinicius Cardoso-Brito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bernardo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Dayse Cury Oliveira
- Brazilian Institute of Ophthalmology and Prevention of Blindness, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Arianne Pontes Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sebbag L, Pesavento PA, Carrasco SE, Reilly CM, Maggs DJ. Feline dry eye syndrome of presumed neurogenic origin: a case report. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116917746786. [PMID: 29318025 PMCID: PMC5753927 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917746786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 14-year-old female spayed Abyssinian cat, which about 1 year previously underwent thoracic limb amputation, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for an incompletely excised vaccine-related fibrosarcoma, was presented for evaluation of corneal opacity in the left eye (OS). The ocular surface of both eyes (OU) had a lackluster appearance and there was a stromal corneal ulcer OS. Results of corneal aesthesiometry, Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) and tear film breakup time revealed corneal hypoesthesia, and quantitative and qualitative tear film deficiency OU. Noxious olfactory stimulation caused increased lacrimation relative to standard STT-1 values suggesting an intact nasolacrimal reflex. Various lacrimostimulants were administered in succession; namely, 1% pilocarpine administered topically (15 days) or orally (19 days), and topically applied 0.03% tacrolimus (47 days). Pilocarpine, especially when given orally, was associated with notable increases in STT-1 values, but corneal ulceration remained/recurred regardless of administration route, and oral pilocarpine resulted in gastrointestinal upset. Tacrolimus was not effective. After 93 days, the cat became weak and lame and a low thyroxine concentration was detected in serum. The cat was euthanized and a necropsy performed. Both lacrimal glands were histologically normal, but chronic neutrophilic keratitis and reduced conjunctival goblet cell density were noted OU. Relevance and novel information The final diagnosis was dry eye syndrome (DES) of presumed neurogenic origin, associated with corneal hypoesthesia. This report reinforces the importance of conducting tearfilm testing in cats with ocular surface disease, as clinical signs of DES were different from those described in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Insight Veterinary Specialty Pathology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Desmet L, van der Meer J. Antihypertensive treatment with telmisartan in a cat with amlodipine-induced gingival hyperplasia. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917745236. [PMID: 29270307 PMCID: PMC5731625 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917745236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary Systemic arterial hypertension is commonly reported in middle-aged-to-older cats. Amlodipine is recommended as the initial antihypertensive drug in cats. In this case report, gingival hyperplasia secondary to the use of amlodipine in a cat is described. Benazepril as a monotherapy was unsuccessful in reducing blood pressure in this cat. After replacement of benazepril by telmisartan, gingival hyperplasia disappeared and blood pressure was well controlled. Relevance and novel information This case report describes the first reported case of reversible gingival hyperplasia as a result of the treatment with amlodipine. It also contains the first published data on the effect of telmisartan in a hypertensive cat.
Collapse
|
41
|
Oriá AP, Raposo ACS, Araújo NLLC, Lima FB, Masmali AM. Tear ferning test in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:391-398. [PMID: 29111585 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare three tear sampling methods using two grading scales for administering the tear ferning test (TFT) to healthy dogs. METHODS In total, 90 dogs (180 eyes) were subjected to tear sampling using millimetered strips, reused after the Schirmer tear test (STT) (Schirmer group, SG). Then, the dogs were subdivided into three groups according to sampling approach: micropipette (MPG), microcapillary (MCG), and Schirmer sample 2 (S2G). The collected tears were dried on a clean microscope glass slide at room temperature and humidity. The ferning patterns were observed under a polarized light microscope and classified according to the Rolando and Masmali grading scales. RESULTS Although all three methods were feasible, the STT was easier to perform in clinical settings. Type I and Grade 1 were the most commonly observed (64.17% and 61.7%, respectively) regardless of collection method. There was no significant difference between the STT median values and the TFT classifications. CONCLUSIONS The TFT is appropriate for dogs and can be performed using the three suggested sampling methods, with a higher frequency of Type I and Grade 1. Thus, it is possible to use both grading scales in the classification of tear ferning in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Nayone L L C Araújo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, 500, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Ali M Masmali
- Cornea Research Chair (CRC), Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sebbag L, Harrington DM, Mochel JP. Tear fluid collection in dogs and cats using ophthalmic sponges. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:249-254. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - Danielle M. Harrington
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
García-Resúa C, Pena-Verdeal H, Giráldez MJ, Yebra-Pimentel E. Clinical relationship of meibometry with ocular symptoms and tear film stability. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 40:408-416. [PMID: 28743490 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between meibometry with both ocular symptoms and tear film stability by: (1) to find out whether meibometry is able to differentiate between dry eye symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects classified by standardized dry eye questionnaires (OSDI and McMonnies), and (2) to assess the clinical relationship between meibometry with both tear break-up time (BUT) and maximum blink interval (MBI). METHODS 140 Patients were recruited for the study. Using Meibometer MB550, five curves were generated for each patient. Subjects performed OSDI and McMonnies questionnaires and were stratified following a two- and a three-subgroup stratification for each questionnaire. BUT/MBI were repeated three times (by video recordings), and they were determined by counting their frames. RESULTS Subjects grouped by OSDI showed a trend to present lower meibometry values as the OSDI score were higher (ANOVA, p≤0.044). For McMonnies questionnaire this was only true for the two-subgroup stratification (ANOVA, p=0.04), but not for three-subgroup stratification (one-way ANOVA, p=0.30). On the other hand, meibometry values showed a statistical correlation with both BUT (r=0.305, p<0.001) and MBI (r=0.265, p<0.001). When the sample was divided in three groups regarding BUT value (≤5s, between 5 and 10s and≥10s), significant differences of meibometry values were found between BUT subgroups (p=0.008). CONCLUSION Meibometer MB550 can discriminate asymptomatic from dry eye symptomatic patients. Furthermore, there is a relationship between meibometry and the tear film stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Resúa
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Hugo Pena-Verdeal
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Giráldez
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Yebra-Pimentel
- Department of Applied Physics (Optometry Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Graham KL, White JD, Billson FM. Feline corneal sequestra: outcome of corneoconjunctival transposition in 97 cats (109 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:710-716. [PMID: 27107040 PMCID: PMC11128799 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16645144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Case series summary A retrospective study was undertaken to review outcomes of keratectomy and corneoconjunctival transposition in cats with superficial and deep corneal sequestra. Information including pertinent history, signalment, ophthalmological findings and postoperative outcome was collected from medical records. Follow-up was obtained by clinical examination, contact with the referring veterinarians and review of medical records or telephone contact with owners. Ninety-seven cats (109 eyes) were included from 2005-2015. The most commonly affected breeds included Persian, Burmese and Himalayan. The mean age at the time of surgery was 6.8 years (median 6.5 years; range 8.0 months-18.0 years). A corneal sequestrum in the contralateral eye was diagnosed in 28 cats (28.9%). Recurrent corneal sequestration was diagnosed in eight cats (nine eyes), with recurrence occurring a mean of 703 days after surgery (range 29-1750 days). Age, sex, breed, depth of sequestration and concurrent ocular disease in the contralateral eye were compared between cats with and without recurrence, with no risk factors for recurrence identified. Relevance and novel information Excellent surgical outcomes have previously been described in a series of 17 cats with superficial and mid-stromal corneal sequestra. This paper adds further information to the literature by describing a larger series of cats, with corneal sequestra affecting the full range of corneal thickness, and good long-term postoperative outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Ophthalmology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Joanna D White
- Internal Medicine Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Francis M Billson
- Ophthalmology Department, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sebbag L, Park SA, Kass PH, Maggs DJ, Attar M, Murphy CJ. Assessment of tear film osmolarity using the TearLab™
osmometer in normal dogs and dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:357-364. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Shin Ae Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Mayssa Attar
- Department of Research and Development; Allergan plc; Irvine CA USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science; School of Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The ability to perform a complete eye examination in the cat is critically important for patients with an ocular disorder or a systemic disease, as well as for the geriatric cat. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Cats may need short breaks between portions of the eye exam in order to minimize stress. For the clinician, use of ophthalmic equipment and interpretation of normal vs abnormal findings may take some practice in order to develop proficiency. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinary practitioners and outlines all the steps and equipment necessary to perform a complete ophthalmic examination in the cat. EQUIPMENT Although some specialized equipment is required, a complete eye exam can be performed with a modest investment in equipment and supplies. EVIDENCE BASE This article draws on published references for normal parameters measured in the feline eye exam, as well as the experience of the authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- 625 Harrison Street, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Beth Kimmitt
- 625 Harrison Street, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|