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Piccolino A. Cross-validation and initial investigation of two abbreviated methods of the finger tapping test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023; 30:54-62. [PMID: 33860701 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1909593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Finger Tapping Test (FTT) is a widely utilized measure to assess lateralized motor speed and dexterity. The current study sought to cross-validate an abbreviated version of the FTT (i.e., M of Trials 3-5) and to evaluate a novel abbreviated method (i.e., M of three trials within five taps of each other; "3 within 5") to examine their respective effectiveness as a predictor of full-score performance based on a traditional administration procedure. The results showed that the abbreviated methods accurately predicted the full-test score, and any statistically significant differences that emerged were small based on effect size analysis and unlikely to be clinically meaningful. These findings were consistent across genders, among older adults, and among individuals displaying significant inter-trial tapping variability and thus requiring lengthier administration time. Classification accuracy statistics for the detection of impairment and performance validity status were high for both abbreviated methods. The results support two valid options for shortening the duration of the FTT. Both methods, used independently or in combination, are compatible with traditional administration procedures.
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Vila‐Villar A, Naya‐Fernández M, Madrid A, Madinabeitia‐Mancebo E, Robles‐García V, Cudeiro J, Arias P. Exploring the role of the left
DLPFC
in fatigue during unresisted rhythmic movements. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14078. [PMID: 35428988 PMCID: PMC9539568 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding central fatigue during motor activities is important in neuroscience and different medical fields. The central mechanisms of motor fatigue are known in depth for isometric muscle contractions; however, current knowledge about rhythmic movements and central fatigue is rather scarce. In this study, we explored the role of an executive area (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC]) in fatigue development during rhythmic movement execution, finger tapping (FT) at the maximal rate, and fatigue after effects on the stability of rhythmic patterns. Participants (n = 19) performed six sets of unresisted FT (with a 3 min rest in‐between). Each set included four interleaved 30 s repetitions of self‐selected (two repetitions) and maximal rate FT (two repetitions) without rest in‐between. Left DLPFC involvement in the task was perturbed by transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) in two sessions (one real and one sham). Moreover, half of the self‐selected FT repetitions were performed concurrently with a demanding cognitive task, the Stroop test. Compared with sham stimulation, real tSMS stimulation prevented waning in tapping frequency at the maximal rate without affecting perceived levels of fatigue. Participants' engagement in the Stroop test just prior to maximal FT reduced the movement amplitude during this mode of execution. Movement variability at self‐selected rates increased during Stroop execution, especially under fatigue previously induced by maximal FT. Our results indicate cognitive‐motor interactions and a prominent role of the prefrontal cortex in fatigue and the motor control of simple repetitive movement patterns. We suggest the need to approach motor fatigue including cognitive perspectives. We show the fundamental role of executive areas in fatigue caused by very simple repetitive movements. Fatigue developed less during the maximal frequency of movement production, while the left DLPFC received magnetic stimulation (in right‐handers). The role of cognitive‐motor interaction in fine motor control was also clear when participants engaged in cognitive tasks. At the clinical level, our work reinforces the need to treat fatigue from a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranza Vila‐Villar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
| | - Mariña Naya‐Fernández
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
| | - Antonio Madrid
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
| | - Elena Madinabeitia‐Mancebo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
| | - Verónica Robles‐García
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
| | - Javier Cudeiro
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
- Centro de Estimulación Cerebral de Galicia A Coruña Spain
| | - Pablo Arias
- Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and INEF Galicia Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group) and Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC) A Coruña Spain
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Gulde P, Vojta H, Hermsdörfer J, Rieckmann P. State and trait of finger tapping performance in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17095. [PMID: 34429445 PMCID: PMC8384844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Finger tapping tests have been shown feasible to assess motor performance in multiple sclerosis (MS) and were observed to be strongly associated with the estimated clinical severity of the disease. Therefore, tapping tests could be an adequate tool to assess disease status in MS. In this study we examined potential influencing factors on a maximum tapping task with the whole upper-limb for 10 s in 40 MS patients using linear mixed effects modelling. Patients were tested in three sessions with two trials per body-side per session over the course of 4–27 days of inpatient rehabilitation. Tested factors were the expanded disability scale (EDSS) score, laterality of MS, age, sex, hand dominance, time of day, session, trial (first or second), time between sessions, and the reported day form. A second model used these factors to examine the self-reported day form of patients. Linear mixed effects modelling indicated the tapping test to have a good inter-trial (proportional variance < 0.01) and inter-session reliability (non-significant; when controlling for time between sessions), an influence of hand-dominance (proportional variance 0.08), to be strongly associated with the EDSS (eta2 = 0.22, interaction with laterality of MS eta2 = 0.12) and to be not associated with the reported day form. The model explained 87% (p < 0.01) of variance in tapping performance. Lastly, we were able to observe a positive effect of neurologic inpatient rehabilitation on task performance obvious from a significant effect of the time between sessions (eta2 = 0.007; longer time spans between sessions were associated with higher increments in performance). Day form was only impacted by EDSS and the time of the day (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.57, eta2TIME = 0.017, eta2EDSS = 01.19). We conclude that the tapping test is a reliable and valid assessment tool for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gulde
- Centre for Clinical Neuroplasticity, Medical Park Loipl (Medical Park Group), Thanngasse 15, 83483, Bischofswiesen, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Heike Vojta
- Centre for Clinical Neuroplasticity, Medical Park Loipl (Medical Park Group), Thanngasse 15, 83483, Bischofswiesen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Rieckmann
- Centre for Clinical Neuroplasticity, Medical Park Loipl (Medical Park Group), Thanngasse 15, 83483, Bischofswiesen, Germany.,Friedich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Tindle R, Longstaff MG. Working memory and handwriting and share a common resource: An investigation of shared attention. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Tscherpel C, Hensel L, Lemberg K, Vollmer M, Volz LJ, Fink GR, Grefkes C. The differential roles of contralesional frontoparietal areas in cortical reorganization after stroke. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:614-624. [PMID: 32289686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining the contribution of contralesional brain regions to motor recovery after stroke have revealed conflicting results comprising both supporting and disturbing influences. Especially the relevance of contralesional brain regions beyond primary motor cortex (M1) has rarely been studied, particularly concerning the temporal dynamics post-stroke. METHODS We, therefore, used online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) interference to longitudinally assess the role of contralesional (right) frontoparietal areas for recovery of hand motor function after left hemispheric stroke: contralesional M1, contralesional dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and contralesional anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Fourteen stroke patients and sixteen age-matched healthy subjects performed motor tasks of varying complexity with their (paretic) right hand. Motor performance was quantified using three-dimensional kinematic data. All patients were assessed twice, (i) in the first week, and (ii) after more than three months post-stroke. RESULTS While we did not observe a significant effect of TMS interference on movement kinematics following the stimulation of contralesional M1 and dPMC in the first week post-stroke, we found improvements of motor performance upon interference with contralesional IPS across motor tasks early after stroke, an effect that persisted into the later phase. By contrast, for dPMC, TMS-induced deterioration of motor performance was only evident three months post-stroke, suggesting that a supportive role of contralesional premotor cortex might evolve with reorganization. CONCLUSION We here highlight time-sensitive and region-specific effects of contralesional frontoparietal areas after left hemisphere stroke, which may influence on neuromodulation regimes aiming at supporting recovery of motor function post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tscherpel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lukas Hensel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Lemberg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mattias Vollmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas J Volz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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6
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Elliott GR, Blasey C, Rekshan W, Rush AJ, Palmer DM, Clarke S, Kohn M, Kaplan C, Gordon E. Cognitive Testing to Identify Children With ADHD Who Do and Do Not Respond to Methylphenidate. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:1151-1160. [PMID: 25122732 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714543924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the utility of cognitive measures for predicting response of children and adolescents to methylphenidate (MPH). METHOD Participants from the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment-in ADHD (iSPOT-A) completed a cognitive test battery prior to receiving 6 weeks of MPH. The responder criterion was a 25% reduction in ADHD-Rating Scale-IV scores. Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) classified non-responders from responders with maximal sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Overall, 62% of participants responded to MPH. Response rates for ROC-identified groups ranged from 18% to 85%. Non-responders showed compromised cognition related to switching of attention, sustained attention, planning, and impulsivity. One group of responders were 10 years of age or older and had impaired switching of attention and impulsivity; a second group had enhanced switching of attention, normal or higher Continuous Performance Task (CPT) scores, and above average scores on digit span. CONCLUSION Cognitive tests may provide a simple, low-cost tool for treatment planning for children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Elliott
- 1 Children's Health Council, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Christine Blasey
- 3 Brain Resource Ltd., Sydney, Australia.,4 Brain Resource Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Donna M Palmer
- 3 Brain Resource Ltd., Sydney, Australia.,4 Brain Resource Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA.,6 The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Clarke
- 6 The University of Sydney, Australia.,7 Westmead Hospital, Australia.,8 Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Kohn
- 6 The University of Sydney, Australia.,7 Westmead Hospital, Australia.,8 Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Craig Kaplan
- 3 Brain Resource Ltd., Sydney, Australia.,4 Brain Resource Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evian Gordon
- 3 Brain Resource Ltd., Sydney, Australia.,4 Brain Resource Ltd., San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Morin RT, Axelrod BN. Use of Latent Class Analysis to define groups based on validity, cognition, and emotional functioning. Clin Neuropsychol 2017. [PMID: 28632025 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1341550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to classify a heterogeneous sample of neuropsychology data. In particular, we used measures of performance validity, symptom validity, cognition, and emotional functioning to assess and describe latent groups of functioning in these areas. METHOD A data-set of 680 neuropsychological evaluation protocols was analyzed using a LCA. Data were collected from evaluations performed for clinical purposes at an urban medical center. RESULTS A four-class model emerged as the best fitting model of latent classes. The resulting classes were distinct based on measures of performance validity and symptom validity. Class A performed poorly on both performance and symptom validity measures. Class B had intact performance validity and heightened symptom reporting. The remaining two Classes performed adequately on both performance and symptom validity measures, differing only in cognitive and emotional functioning. In general, performance invalidity was associated with worse cognitive performance, while symptom invalidity was associated with elevated emotional distress. CONCLUSIONS LCA appears useful in identifying groups within a heterogeneous sample with distinct performance patterns. Further, the orthogonal nature of performance and symptom validities is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth T Morin
- a Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , Teachers College, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,b John D. Dingell VA Medical Center , Detroit , MI , USA
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8
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Coleman AR, Moberg PJ, Ragland JD, Gur RC. Comparison of the Halstead-Reitan and Infrared Light Beam Finger Tappers. Assessment 2015; 4:277-86. [PMID: 26613776 DOI: 10.1177/107319119700400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Computer mediated motor tests can provide highly reliable means for evaluating gross and subtle aspects of psychomotor speed and rhythmicity. A computer mediated test of finger and foot tapping, making use of infrared light beam technology, was recently developed, but little is known regarding its psychometric properties. The purpose of this study was to compare performance of healthy right-handed respondents on the new Light Beam Finger & Foot Tapping Device to a traditional finger tapping test used in the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Performance on the Halstead-Reitan Finger Tapping Test and on the Light Beam Finger Tapping Test was compared in 16 men and 17 women. The light beam test showed similar psychometric properties to those of the Halstead-Reitan Finger Tapping Test, and scores were moderately correlated between the two tests. Respondents had faster scores on the light beam test; on both tests men were faster than women, and all respondents tapped faster with their dominant hand. Tapping was faster on the Light Beam Finger Tapping Test, possibly because it does not require application of pressure to a mechanical key and a smaller movement registers a tap. In addition to measures of right- and left-hand tapping speed, the light beam test assesses synchronous and alternating tapping and foot tapping. Scores between these subtests showed moderate to high correlations.
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9
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Downer B, Fardo DW, Schmitt FA. A Summary Score for the Framingham Heart Study Neuropsychological Battery. J Aging Health 2015; 27:1199-222. [PMID: 25804903 DOI: 10.1177/0898264315577590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To calculate three summary scores of the Framingham Heart Study neuropsychological battery and determine which score best differentiates between subjects classified as having normal cognition, test-based impaired learning and memory, test-based multidomain impairment, and dementia. METHOD The final sample included 2,503 participants. Three summary scores were assessed: (a) composite score that provided equal weight to each subtest, (b) composite score that provided equal weight to each cognitive domain assessed by the neuropsychological battery, and (c) abbreviated score comprised of subtests for learning and memory. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine which summary score best differentiated between the four cognitive states. RESULTS The summary score that provided equal weight to each subtest best differentiated between the four cognitive states. DISCUSSION A summary score that provides equal weight to each subtest is an efficient way to utilize all of the cognitive data collected by a neuropsychological battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Downer
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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10
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Ashendorf L, Horwitz JE, Gavett BE. Abbreviating the Finger Tapping Test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:99-104. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Causby R, Reed L, McDonnell M, Hillier S. Use of objective psychomotor tests in health professionals. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 118:765-804. [PMID: 25068745 DOI: 10.2466/25.27.pms.118k27w2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of psychomotor skills is undertaken in a number of broad contexts. This includes testing of health professional populations as a measure of innate ability, to evaluate skill acquisition, or to compare professions. However, the use of psychomotor tests is frequently confounded by a lack of understanding of a particular tool's psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. To identify and appraise the most commonly used tests on health professional populations, 86 articles were reviewed and the top nine tests identified. Few tests have had sufficient validity or reliability testing on health professionals. Based on the evidence available, use of the Grooved Pegboard Test, the Purdue Pegboard Test, or the Finger Tapping Test is recommended for the evaluation of dexterity in a health professional population; however, this choice may be dependent on the task(s) to which findings are generalised. More rigorous evaluation of validity and other psychometric properties is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Causby
- 1 International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia
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12
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de Jager CA, Dye L, de Bruin EA, Butler L, Fletcher J, Lamport DJ, Latulippe ME, Spencer JPE, Wesnes K. Criteria for validation and selection of cognitive tests for investigating the effects of foods and nutrients. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:162-79. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A de Jager
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Louise Dye
- Institute of Psychological Sciences; Human Appetite Research Unit; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | | | - Laurie Butler
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - John Fletcher
- Research and Development, Nutrition; PepsiCo Europe; Berkshire UK
| | - Daniel J Lamport
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Marie E Latulippe
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch; Brussels Belgium
| | - Jeremy PE Spencer
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Keith Wesnes
- Bracket Global; Goring-on-Thames UK
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne Australia
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Hubel KA, Yund EW, Herron TJ, Woods DL. Computerized measures of finger tapping: reliability, malingering and traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:745-58. [PMID: 23947782 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2013.824070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed computerized finger tapping metrics in four experiments. Experiment 1 showed tapping-rate differences associated with hand dominance, digits, sex, and fatigue that replicated those seen in a previous, large-scale community sample. Experiment 2 revealed test-retest correlations (r = .91) that exceeded those reported in previous tapping studies. Experiment 3 investigated subjects simulating symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI); 62% of malingering subjects produced abnormally slow tapping rates. A tapping-rate malingering index, based on rate-independent tapping patterns, provided confirmatory evidence of malingering in 48% of the subjects with abnormal tapping rates. Experiment 4 compared tapping in 24 patients with mild TBI (mTBI) and a matched control group; mTBI patients showed slowed tapping without evidence of malingering. Computerized finger tapping measures are reliable measures of motor speed, useful in detecting subjects performing with suboptimal effort, and are sensitive to motor abnormalities following mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Hubel
- a Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory , Martinez Clinic , Martinez , CA , USA
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Ravn P, Secher EL, Skram U, Therkildsen T, Christrup LL, Werner MU. Morphine- and buprenorphine-induced analgesia and antihyperalgesia in a human inflammatory pain model: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, five-arm crossover study. J Pain Res 2013; 6:23-38. [PMID: 23359655 PMCID: PMC3555550 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s36827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Opioid therapy is associated with the development of tolerance and paradoxically increased sensitivity to pain. It has been suggested that buprenorphine is associated with a higher antihyperalgesia/analgesia ratio than μ-opioid receptor agonists. The primary outcome of this study was therefore to investigate relative differences in antihyperalgesia and analgesia effects between morphine and buprenorphine in an inflammatory pain model in volunteers. The secondary outcome was to examine the relationship between pain sensitivity and opioid-induced effects on analgesia, antihyperalgesia, and descending pain modulation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-eight healthy subjects were included. The study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, five-arm crossover study with a multimodal (electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli) testing technique. After baseline assessments, intravenous infusions of morphine (10/20 mg), buprenorphine (0.3/0.6 mg), or placebo (normal saline) were administered over a 210-minute period, during which a cold pressor test, heat injury (47°C, 7 minutes, 12.5 cm(2)), and the first postburn assessment were done. After completion of the drug infusions, two additional postburn assessments were done. The subjects were monitored during each 8-hour session by an anesthesiologist. RESULTS For nearly all tested variables, significant dose-dependent analgesic effects were demonstrated. The median antihyperalgesia/analgesia ratio (secondary hyperalgesia/heat injury relative to placebo) for low-dose morphine was 0.01 (interquartile range: -6.2; 9.9), 0.00 (-2.4; 2.1) for high-dose morphine, 0.03 (-1.8; 2.1) for low-dose buprenorphine, and 0.00 (-3.2; 1.1) for high-dose buprenorphine (P > 0.466). There were no significant differences in opioid responses between high and low pain-sensitive subjects (P > 0.286). High-dose buprenorphine, compared to placebo, was associated with a significantly enhanced action of the descending inhibitory pain control system (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The present study, using multimodal testing technique, could not demonstrate any significant differences between morphine and buprenorphine in the profiles of antihyperalgesia and analgesia. Only high-dose buprenorphine was associated with a significant effect on the descending inhibitory pain control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Ravn
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Circadian Levels of Serum Melatonin and Cortisol in relation to Changes in Mood, Sleep, and Neurocognitive Performance, Spanning a Year of Residence in Antarctica. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2012; 2013:254090. [PMID: 26317088 PMCID: PMC4459120 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Altered circadian cortisol and melatonin rhythms in healthy subjects exposed to an extreme polar photoperiod results in changes in mood and sleep, which can influence cognitive performance. Materials and Methods. We assessed the circadian rhythm of 20 subjects who wintered over at Maitri (70°S, 11°E), India's permanent Antarctic station, from November 2010 to December 2011. Serum cortisol and melatonin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay at 8 am, 3 pm, 8 pm, and 2 am in a single day, once each during the polar summer and winter photoperiods. Conventional psychological tests, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a computerized neurocognitive test battery were used to measure mood, sleep, and cognitive performance. Results. The mean scores for DASS42 were higher during midwinter suggesting the presence of "overwintering." Mean diurnal cortisol levels during summer and winter were comparable, but the levels of melatonin were markedly higher during winter. Higher 8 am melatonin levels were associated with better sleep quality, lower depression scores, and better performance in tasks like attention, visual memory, and arithmetic. Conclusion. Timing of artificial light exposure and usage of melatonin supplements in improving sleep and cognitive performance in expedition teams are of future research interest.
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Arias P, Robles-García V, Espinosa N, Corral Y, Cudeiro J. Validity of the finger tapping test in Parkinson's disease, elderly and young healthy subjects: is there a role for central fatigue? Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:2034-41. [PMID: 22560636 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this work is to evaluate the validity of the finger tapping test (FT) to detect alterations in rhythm formation. METHODS We use FT to study the alterations in motor rhythm in three different groups: Parkinson's patients, elderly healthy controls, and young healthy control subjects (HY). The test was performed in COMFORT and FAST tapping modes and repeated on two different days. RESULTS For the variables analyzed (frequency and variability) both modes were repeatable in all groups. Also, intra-class correlation coefficients showed excellent levels of consistency between days. The test clearly differentiated the groups in both FAST and COMFORT modes. However, when fatigue was analyzed, a decrease in the tapping frequency was observed in HY during the FAST mode only. The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was early-potentiated but not delayed-depressed, both for COMFORT and FAST modes. This suggests that fatigue was not of cortico-spinal origin. Other forms of central fatigue are discussed. CONCLUSIONS FT at FAST mode is not a valid test to detect differences in rhythm formation across the groups studied; fatigue is a confounding variable in some groups if the test is performed as fast as possible. SIGNIFICANCE COMFORT mode is recommended in protocols including the FT for evaluating rhythm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arias
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF Galicia and INIBIC (Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña), University of A Coruña, Spain
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Hirsch CH, Buzková P, Robbins JA, Patel KV, Newman AB. Predicting late-life disability and death by the rate of decline in physical performance measures. Age Ageing 2012; 41:155-61. [PMID: 22156556 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afr151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the rate of performance decline may influence the risk of disability or death. METHODS for 4,182 Cardiovascular Health Study participants, we used multinomial Poisson log-linear models to assess the contribution of physical performance in 1998-99, and the rate of performance change between 1992-93 and 1998-99, to the risk of death or disability in 2005-06 in three domains: mobility, upper-extremity function (UEF) and activities of daily living (ADL). We evaluated performance in finger-tapping, grip strength, stride length, gait speed and chair stands separately and together for each outcome, adjusting for age, gender, race and years of disability in that outcome between 1992-93 and 1998-99. RESULTS participants' age averaged 79.4 in 1998-99; 1,901 died over 7 years. Compared with the lowest change quintile in stride length, the highest quintile had a 1.32 relative risk (RR) of ADL disability (95% CI: 1.16 -1.96) and a 1.27 RR of death (95% CI: 1.07 -1.51). The highest change quintile for grip strength increased the risk of ADL disability by 35% (95% CI: 1.13 -1.61) and death by 31% (95% CI: 1.16 -1.49), compared with the lowest quintile. The annual change in stride length and grip strength also predicted disability in mobility and UEF. CONCLUSION performance trajectories independently predict death and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Hayes Hirsch
- Division of General Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street PSSB Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Asai T, Sugimori E, Tanno Y. Schizotypal personality traits and atypical lateralization in motor and language functions. Brain Cogn 2009; 71:26-37. [PMID: 19394123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atypical cerebral lateralization in motor and language functions in regard to schizotypal personality traits in healthy populations, as well as among schizophrenic patients, has attracted attention because these traits may represent a risk factor for schizophrenia. Although the relationship between handedness and schizotypal personality has been widely examined, few studies have adopted an experimental approach. This study consisted of three experiments focusing on motor and language functional lateralization in regard to schizotypal personality in the absence of mental illness: line-drawing, finger tapping, and a semantic go/no-go task. The results suggested that positive schizotypal personality might be related to functional non-lateralization in regard to at least some functions (e.g., spatial motor control and semantic processing in the present study). Subjects with high schizotypal personality traits performed equally with their right and left-hands in the line-drawing task and they reacted equally with their right and left-hands in a semantic go/no-go task involving semantic auditory stimuli presented in both ears. However, those low in schizotypal personality traits showed typical lateralization in response to these tasks. We discuss the implications of these findings for schizotypal atypical lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Asai
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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LaPier TK. Functional status of patients during subacute recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung 2007; 36:114-24. [PMID: 17362792 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients recovering from coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery are particularly vulnerable to impaired functional status because in addition to the direct effects of heart disease on cardiac performance, many surgical factors may contribute to loss of function. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to describe functional status across multiple domains using performance-based and self-report assessments and to determine the relationship among different domains of functional status in patients recovering subacutely (<6 months) from CAB surgery. METHODS The participants in this study (n = 25) had undergone CAB surgery in the past 6 months. This cross-sectional descriptive study measured functional status in several domains using self-report and performance-based assessments. RESULTS The study results indicate that participants had deficits in health-related quality of life, activities of daily living performance, endurance/aerobic capacity, and cognitive/memory ability. Several correlations between the scores for outcome measures in different domains were found in this study. CONCLUSIONS Impaired functional status occurs in patients recovering subacutely from CAB surgery. Different aspects of functional status are related, and an understanding of these relationships may help to improve the medical management of patients after CAB surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Kinney LaPier
- Department of Physical Therapy, Eastern Washington University, Spokane, Washington 99202, USA
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20
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Nagra A, Skeel RL, Sbraga TP. A pilot investigation of the effects of stress on neuropsychological performance in Asian-Indians in the United States. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 13:54-63. [PMID: 17227177 DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of stress and the ethnicity of the examiner on neuropsychological performance in a sample of Asian-Indian males in the United States. Participants were 60 Asian-Indian college students randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The first factor was level of stress induction and the second was ethnicity of examiners. Results suggested that both stress inducing instructions and examiner ethnicity impacted highly demanding tasks, while moderately difficult tasks were less sensitive to ethnicity of the examiner. Results also indicate that examiners should recognize the potential impact of ethnicity and heightened level of stress when administering and interpreting neuropsychological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Nagra
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, USA.
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21
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Kemper S, Herman RE, Lian CHT. The costs of doing two things at once for young and older adults: talking while walking, finger tapping, and ignoring speech or noise. Psychol Aging 2003; 18:181-92. [PMID: 12825768 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Young and older adults provided language samples in response to questions while walking, finger tapping, and ignoring speech or noise. The language samples were scored on 3 dimensions: fluency, complexity, and content. The hypothesis that working memory limitations affect speech production by older adults was tested by comparing baseline samples with those produced while the participants were performing the concurrent tasks. There were baseline differences: Older adults' speech was less fluent and less complex than young adults' speech. Young adults adopted a different strategy in response to the dual-task demands than older adults: They reduced sentence length and grammatical complexity. In contrast, older adults shifted to a reduced speech rate in the dual-task conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kemper
- Gerontology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
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22
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Landau YE, Auerbach JG, Gross-Tsur V, Shalev RS. Speed of performance of children with developmental right hemisphere syndrome and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:264-8. [PMID: 12760429 DOI: 10.1177/08830738030180040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Slowness is a common complaint in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with developmental right hemisphere syndrome. However, it was our clinical impression that slowness in developmental right hemisphere syndrome was more prominent than in ADHD. Our objective was to assess slowness as operationalized by speed of performance in children with developmental right hemisphere syndrome, children with ADHD, and controls. The research sample comprised 19 children in each group, matched for age, gender, socioeconomic status, IQ, and handedness. The subjects were administered a reaction time battery assessing speed of performance. Overall, the average performance differed among the three study groups (F(2,53) = 2.40, P < .01). Children with developmental right hemisphere syndrome were slower than their peers with ADHD (t(35) = 1.99, P < .05) and slower than controls (t(35) = 4.55, P < .001). Children with ADHD performed more slowly than controls, although for the majority of tasks, this was nonsignificant. We conclude that slowness is an integral and consistent component of developmental right hemisphere syndrome and cannot be attributed only to the ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael E Landau
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Dosseville F, Moussay S, Larue J, Gauthier A, Davenne D. Physical exercise and time of day: influences on spontaneous motor tempo. Percept Mot Skills 2002; 95:965-72. [PMID: 12509204 DOI: 10.1177/003151250209500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To identify whether spontaneous motor rhythm is influenced by external or internal events and whether this rhythm fluctuates across the day in parallel with heart rate diurnal variations, we simultaneously recorded heart rate and spontaneous motor rate before and after a pedaling task performed five times a day by 10 healthy human subjects. Each subject performed a Spontaneous Motor Tempo, i.e., a finger-tapping task, at a comfortable and spontaneous cadence. Pre- and postexercise Spontaneous Motor Tempo was measured as well as heart rate. There were diurnal variations in Spontaneous Motor Tempo. Both measures increased significantly after pedaling, suggesting that cardiac and spontaneous rhythms are influenced simultaneously after a moderate exercise. Also, finger-taps occurred most frequently around the initiation of the heart systole. These results suggest that a putative internal clock might regulate Spontaneous Motor Tempo and that cardiac rhythm might influence this tempo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Dosseville
- UFR STAPS de Caen, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Neurosciences de l'Homme en Mouvement, Centre de Recherche en Activités Physiques et Sportives UPRES EA 2131, France.
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24
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Dosseville F, LaRue J. Effects of apnea on motor and cardiac rhythms. Auton Neurosci 2002; 99:134-40. [PMID: 12241088 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Usually, spontaneous rhythm of movements is studied through tasks involving an increase in heart rate (HR) such as physical exercises, locomotion or mental tasks. This experiment, instead, checks whether spontaneous rhythm is influenced by HR deceleration provoked by a voluntary apnea. The performances in a motor spontaneous tempo (MST) task performed for 3 min were compared to the same finger-tapping task performed in apnea. The results show a systematic adjustment period at the beginning of each trial in order to achieve a stable MST. More interestingly, HR and MST decreased simultaneously during apnea conditions and the finger-taps occur most frequently around the ventricular systole. Assuming that apnea increases arousal level, this parallelism between cardiac and motor rhythms is in contradiction with the sympathetic hypothesis that suggested that MST is mainly influenced by arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Dosseville
- UFR STAPS de Caen, Université de Caen, Science de l'Homme en Mouvement, Centre de Recherche en APS UPRES EA2131, France
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25
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the extremities in different aspects of motor performance, including simple reaction time, choice reaction time, speed of movement, tapping speed, and coordination, i.e., speed of movement/accuracy. 186 healthy randomly selected right-handed subjects (93 men, 93 women; aged 21-70 years) were measured on a test battery of five tests for both hands and feet. Correlations between the extremities in motor performance were highest between hands (r=.71-.80, p<.001) or between feet (r=.57-.88, p<.001) depending on the complexity of response for all subjects. These relations remained at almost the same magnitude even when age was eliminated. Correlations between the upper and lower extremities were lower (r = .40-.62). Correlations between extremities were lower for one age group (21-30 years) than for all subjects (21-70 years). These results showed that the motor performance for the hands is not a very good indicator of the motor performance of the lower extremities, especially in a homogeneous age group, and it seems that the lower extremities should be studied with specific motor performance tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Kauranen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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26
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27
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Kelland DZ, Lewis RF. Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the repeatable cognitive-perceptual-motor battery. Clin Neuropsychol 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/13854049408404136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carlier M, Dumont AM, Beau J, Michel F. Hand performance of French children on a finger-tapping test in relation to handedness, sex, and age. Percept Mot Skills 1993; 76:931-40. [PMID: 8321609 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1993.76.3.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hand performance and laterality scores on a unimanual tapping test were studied in relation to age, sex, and handedness in a sample of 209 French children. Each child performed three trials with each hand. Older children were faster, but differences between hands were not related to age. Right-handed girls were more lateralized than right-handed boys. Left- and right-handers could be differentiated more clearly by tapping speed than by variability of tapping. A subsample of 36 right-handers were retested to estimate reliability. The coefficients were high, especially when using the mean of trials as the dependent variable. Correlations between performance on the tapping task and another test of hand-efficiency (dot-filling task) were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carlier
- Unité de Recherche Associte, 1294 CNRS, Université Paris V, France
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29
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McCaffrey RJ, Ortega A, Orsillo SM, Nelles WB, Haase RF. Practice effects in repeated neuropsychological assessments. Clin Neuropsychol 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/13854049208404115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Coupling between cardiac and locomotor rhythms has been identified while people walk, run, hop and cycle at cadences natural to them. To test the hypothesis that cardiac-locomotor coupling occurs during finger tapping, we studied 20 normal subjects tapping a telegraph key at a comfortable rate for 10 min. 15 subjects (75%) coupled significantly at one or more single-digit integer ratio (heart/tapping rate), the most common of which was 1:2. Such coupling should be considered a potentially confounding variable when studying finger tapping in subjects with disease or medication affecting heart rate. Also, the identification of coupling during the repetitive activity of small upper-extremity muscles suggests that neither increases in cardiac load nor impact-loading, two suggested explanations for why coupling occurs, are necessary for the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kirby
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Dalen K, Hugdahl K. Effects of arousal and directed attention on hemispheric asymmetry in a finger-tapping dual-task paradigm. Int J Neurosci 1989; 46:185-96. [PMID: 2777488 DOI: 10.3109/00207458908986256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the effects of concurrent verbal (reading) and nonverbal (humming) cognitive tasks on right- and left-hand finger-tapping in relation to hemispheric asymmetry in right- and left-handed females and males. The aim of the study was to investigate effects of attending either to the cognitive or manual task, and effects of differences in arousal attributed to the various tasks. The results revealed decreased finger-tapping frequency in males, and especially in right-handers, during execution of both the reading and humming task. For the reading task, the interference was lateralized, with a greater decrease in tapping frequency in the right hand. No interference was observed in the female groups. Biased attention to the cognitive or manual task did not have any effect on finger-tapping. However, increased arousal was observed during execution of the humming task, thus indicating this to be a mediating factor in finger-tapping interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dalen
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Norway
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32
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Abstract
26 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (12 men, 14 women) were assessed with a Purdue Pegboard 5 times at weekly intervals to evaluate temporal stability and efficacy of lateralization with this test. There was a statistically significant increase in performance over time for men on the right- and left-hand placing subtests and for women on the assemblies subtest. For men/women the test-retest reliability over the 5 sessions averaged .63/.76 for the right-hand, .64/.79 for the left-hand, .67/.81 for both-hands, .81/.83 for assemblies, and .33/.22 for the right/left-hand ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Reddon
- Department of Neuropsychology, Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Canada
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Yeudall LT, Reddon JR, Gill DM, Stefanyk WO. Normative data for the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests stratified by age and sex. J Clin Psychol 1987; 43:346-67. [PMID: 3597789 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4679(198705)43:3<346::aid-jclp2270430308>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Normative data, stratified by age and sex, are presented for the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests: Name Writing, Speech-Sounds Perception, Trail Making, Halstead Category, Finger Tapping, Dynamometer, Tactual Performance, Seashore Rhythm, Tactile Form Recognition, Finger-Tip Number Writing Perception, Face-Hand, and Finger Localization. Correlations of the test variables with age, education, and WAIS-R Verbal and Performance IQ are reported. The normative sample consisted of 225 adults (127 males, 98 females) 15 to 40 years of age. The subjects who were included did not report any history of forensic involvement, head injury, neurological insult, prenatal or birth complication, psychiatric problems, or substance abuse.
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