Innovation in Fischer–Tropsch: Developing Fundamental Understanding to Support Commercial Opportunities

In this contribution we provide details of the BP-Johnson Matthey proprietary Fischer–Tropsch technology and the advanced CANS reactor and catalyst system. The advanced CANS catalyst carrier reactor provides superior heat transfer, reduced pressure drop and higher productivity that lead to major economic savings. Fundamental understanding of catalyst behaviour is also key to obtaining a catalyst that is stable over the lifetime of its use. Synthesis, calcination and reduction steps introduce changes in the catalyst properties prior to syngas introduction. In particular, the presence of water can affect the final catalyst performance. The activity of a good catalyst can be significantly reduced by a sub-optimal activation or start-up. Similarly, stable operation and minimising deactivation are vital for long and stable catalyst life, with years of operation without requiring regeneration. In this report we also share a fundamental study on the catalyst activation across different catalyst supports. This combines advanced in situ techniques with reactor testing to explore the role of the support on catalyst performance. The results illustrate the critical need for a logical and systematic catalyst development programme to explore these effects to optimise the whole FT process. The combination of a joint approach in development plays a key role in a long term success in a process. The fundamental catalyst understanding, optimisation and improvements in combination with the novel CANS reactor design maximise their potential and offer the potential for a world leading technology.

Measuring dexterity in the podiatrist population: a cross-sectional comparison of novice students and experienced podiatrists

BACKGROUND

There is no 'gold-standard' for the evaluation of dexterity for the health professional or podiatrist populations. This has resulted in a broad array of generalised tests to evaluate dexterity. Thus, the aim was to determine which objective generalised dexterity tests are best suited to evaluating dexterity in a podiatry student population.

METHODS

A cohort of Novice podiatry students and Experienced podiatrists were recruited and evaluated on a battery of dexterity tests selected to evaluate a variety of different elements. Group differences were evaluated statistically and regression undertaken on significant test outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 108 participants were recruited with 54 participants in each of the Novice and Experienced groups. Five of the eight tests were able to discriminate dexterous ability of participants in the Novice and Experienced groups. These included the Grip-lift task, GPT, P-MVC, G-MVC and the AsTex® sensory discrimination test. These tests comprised a total of 11 significant dependent variables (p <  0.05). From the test battery, outcomes were able to predict 79% of the group membership. Age and experience did not explain within-group variability for the Experienced group.

CONCLUSION

Whilst the Experienced group displayed superior performance in strength and speed, the Novice group showed superior coordination and sensory ability. From these findings, we would recommend that outcomes from the Grooved Pegboard Test, Grip-lift task, Grip Strength test and Pinch Grip strength test be used to evaluate elements of dexterity in this population.

Foot Mobility Magnitude and Stiffness in Children With and Without Calcaneal Apophysitis

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated quasi-static measures of foot mobility magnitude (FMM) and foot stiffness (FS) in children, aged 8 to 14 years, with and without calcaneal apophysitis.

METHODS

Between 2016 and 2017, FMM and FS measurements were captured on 41 children (22 cases and 19 controls) using a custom-built foot assessment platform. The platform incorporated a portable force plate that allowed quantification of vertical force during double-limb stance (DLS).

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in FS in children with and without calcaneal apophysitis ( P = .459). FMM was significantly greater (+19%) in children with calcaneal apophysitis than in those without ( P = .045). The mean difference in FMM between groups (1.4 mm), however, did not exceed the minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC_95%) for the measurement (±2.5 mm).

CONCLUSION

Differences in FMM in children with calcaneal apophysitis were small and within the observed error of measurement. Clinical measures of FS did not differ in children with and without calcaneal apophysitis during quasistatic loading. Further research evaluating the level of uncertainty of the measurement techniques in children and under dynamic loading conditions is recommended. These findings question the rationale behind interventions which aim to modify quasistatic foot mobility and stiffness in children with calcaneal apophysitis.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, comparative series.

Teaching of Manual Clinical Skills in Podiatric Medicine Theory and Recommendations

In the podiatric medicine profession, there are a variety of manual tasks that require precision and skill beyond what would be usually expected in everyday living. It is the expectation of employers, regulatory bodies, and the public that graduating podiatric physicians sufficiently meet certain minimum competencies for that profession, including those for manual skills. However, teaching and evaluation methods seem to be inconsistent between countries, institutions, and programs. This may be the consequence of uncertainty regarding the safest and most effective methods to do so. A review of available international literature pertaining to psychomotor learning across a range of health professions was undertaken. As a result of this broad review, we present herein the available evidence and make recommendations for the teaching of psychomotor skills in the podiatric medicine profession. Specific aspects considered important include methods of teaching, practice, and feedback.

A qualitative evaluation of scalpel skill teaching of podiatry students

BACKGROUND

Degrees in health disciplines need a balance of theoretical knowledge and sufficient clinical practice to meet registration requirements, in particular those requiring specialist skills such as the use of scalpels and other small instruments, such as podiatry. However, despite this requirement there is a scarcity of literature and research to inform teaching of these particular manual clinical skills. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the current approaches being used to teach manual skills, in particular scalpel skills, in university podiatry programs in Australia and New Zealand, and to explore what issues, challenges and innovations exist.

METHODS

A qualitative study, consisting of semi-structured interviews with staff at eight university podiatry programs in Australia and New Zealand was undertaken to determine how these skills are taught and evaluated, and how poor performers are managed. A conventional content analysis technique was used to analyse and code interview data, with the resultant categories reported.

RESULTS

Approaches to teaching manual clinical skills, in particular scalpel skills, appear to be consistent between university programs in Australia and New Zealand in utilising didactic-style content, demonstration, physical practice on inanimate objects and real skin, and often the use of supplementary audio-visual material. The main reported differences between programs were in methods and processes of practice, with controversy regarding the use of inanimate objects versus real skin for practice.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite a lack of research and literature surrounding this topic, the approach to teaching is relatively consistent between programs with greatest disparity being the structure and duration of practice. Key issues for teaching staff in teaching manual skills were students' clinical exposure, motivation, levels of anxiety and dexterity.

A randomised controlled trial of sensory awareness training and additional motor practice for learning scalpel skills in podiatry students

BACKGROUND

The process of using a scalpel, like all other motor activities, is dependent upon the successful integration of afferent (sensory), cognitive and efferent (motor) processes. During learning of these skills, even if motor practice is carefully monitored there is still an inherent risk involved. It is also possible that this strategy could reinforce high levels of anxiety experienced by the student and affect student self-efficacy, causing detrimental effects on motor learning. An alternative training strategy could be through targeting sensory rather than motor processes.

METHODS

Second year podiatry students who were about to commence learning scalpel skills were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated into sensory awareness training (Sensory), additional motor practice (Motor) or usual teaching only (Control) groups. Participants were then evaluated on psychological measures (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) and dexterity measures (Purdue Pegboard, Grooved Pegboard Test and a grip-lift task).

RESULTS

A total of 44 participants were included in the study. There were no baseline differences or significant differences between the three groups over time on the Perceived Competence, Effort/ Importance or Pressure/ Tension, psychological measures. All groups showed a significant increase in Perceived Competence over time (F1,41 = 13.796, p = 0.001). Only one variable for the grip-lift task (Preload Duration for the non-dominant hand) showed a significant difference over time between the groups (F2,41 = 3.280, p = 0.038), specifically, Motor and Control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of sensory awareness training, or additional motor practice did not provide a more effective alternative compared with usual teaching. Further research may be warranted using more engaged training, provision of supervision and greater participant numbers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12616001428459 . Registered 13th October 2016. Registered Retrospectively.

Use of Structured Self-Monitoring in Transplant Education

A self-assessment instrument for use at home by transplant recipients was developed to help foster partnership between patients and their healthcare provider. Self-monitoring at home has not replaced the need for close follow-up but does allow patients to provide concrete data to their healthcare provider in order to promote earlier detection of and response to adverse events. Patients are taught the essentials of self-monitoring while they are in the hospital for their transplant. Patients who perform routine self-assessment would be able to detect and provide information about problems early in the course of events. Thus, early intervention could potentially decrease the severity of the problem and prevent repeated hospitalizations. The concern that patients would not be able to perform a reliable self-assessment was unfounded; patients exceeded expectations and embraced the opportunity to communicate physical signs and symptoms effectively.

Direct inpatient burden caused by foot-related conditions: a multisite point-prevalence study

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this point-prevalence study were to investigate a representative inpatient population to determine the prevalence of people admitted to hospital for the reason of a foot-related condition, and identify associated independent factors.

METHODS

Participants were adult inpatients in 5 different representative hospitals, admitted for any reason on the day of data collection. Maternity, mental health and cognitively impaired inpatients were excluded. Participants were surveyed on a range of self-reported demographic, social determinant, medical history, foot disease history, self-care, footwear, past foot treatment prior to hospitalisation and reason for admission variables. Physical examinations were performed to clinically diagnose a range of foot disease and foot risk factor variables. Independent factors associated with being admitted to hospital for the primary or secondary reason of a foot-related condition were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

Overall, 733 participants were included; mean (SD) age 62 (19) years, male 55.8%. Foot-related conditions were the primary reason for admission in 54 participants (7.4% (95% CI 5.7% to 9.5%)); 36 for foot disease (4.9%), 15 foot trauma (2.1%). Being admitted for the primary reason of a foot-related condition was independently associated with foot infection, critical peripheral arterial disease, foot trauma and past foot treatment by a general practitioner and surgeon (p<0.01). Foot-related conditions were a secondary reason for admission in 28 participants (3.8% (2.6% to 5.6%)), and were independently associated with diabetes and current foot ulcer (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This study, the first in a representative inpatient population, suggests the direct inpatient burden caused by foot-related conditions is significantly higher than previously appreciated. Findings indicate 1 in every 13 inpatients was primarily admitted because of a foot-related condition with most due to foot disease or foot trauma. Future strategies are recommended to investigate and intervene in the considerable inpatient burden caused by foot-related conditions.

Running shoes increase achilles tendon load in walking: an acoustic propagation study

BACKGROUND

Footwear remains a prime candidate for the prevention and rehabilitation of Achilles tendinopathy because it is thought to decrease tension in the tendon through elevation of the heel. However, evidence for this effect is equivocal.

PURPOSE

This study used an acoustic transmission technique to investigate the effect of running shoes on Achilles tendon loading during barefoot and shod walking.

METHODS

Acoustic velocity was measured in the Achilles tendon of 12 recreationally active males (age, 31 ± 9 yr; height, 1.78 ± 0.06 m; weight, 81.0 ± 16.9 kg) during barefoot and shod walking at matched self-selected speed (3.4 ± 0.7 km·h). Standard running shoes incorporating a 10-mm heel offset were used. Vertical ground reaction force and spatiotemporal parameters were determined with an instrumented treadmill. Axial acoustic velocity in the Achilles tendon was measured using a custom-built ultrasonic device. All data were acquired at a rate of 100 Hz during 10 s of steady-state walking. Statistical comparisons between barefoot and shod conditions were made using paired t-tests and repeated-measure ANOVA.

RESULTS

Acoustic velocity in the Achilles tendon was highly reproducible and was typified by two maxima (P1, P2) and minima (M1, M2) during walking. Footwear resulted in a significant increase in step length, stance duration, and peak vertical ground reaction force compared with barefoot walking. Peak acoustic velocity in the Achilles tendon (P1, P2) was significantly higher with running shoes.

CONCLUSIONS

Peak acoustic velocity in the Achilles tendon was higher with footwear, suggesting that standard running shoes with a 10-mm heel offset increase tensile load in the Achilles tendon. Although further research is required, these findings question the therapeutic role of standard running shoes in Achilles tendinopathy.

Use of objective psychomotor tests in health professionals

Evaluation of psychomotor skills is undertaken in a number of broad contexts. This includes testing of health professional populations as a measure of innate ability, to evaluate skill acquisition, or to compare professions. However, the use of psychomotor tests is frequently confounded by a lack of understanding of a particular tool's psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. To identify and appraise the most commonly used tests on health professional populations, 86 articles were reviewed and the top nine tests identified. Few tests have had sufficient validity or reliability testing on health professionals. Based on the evidence available, use of the Grooved Pegboard Test, the Purdue Pegboard Test, or the Finger Tapping Test is recommended for the evaluation of dexterity in a health professional population; however, this choice may be dependent on the task(s) to which findings are generalised. More rigorous evaluation of validity and other psychometric properties is required.

Abstract P1-09-11: Can patient navigation help overcome barriers to breast cancer treatment in patients with health care disparities?

Background: Patient navigation has been demonstrated to aid in adherence to breast cancer screening initiatives. Fewer studies have documented benefit for patients undergoing treatment, and especially among those with barriers to care. Cancer health disparities affecting low-income and minority patients are well documented. Causes of poor outcomes include treatment delays coupled with social and financial barriers. This report examines the impact of patient navigation on adherence to prescribed cancer treatment, including in patients receiving treatment in adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer settings.

Methods: This Patient Navigation project (supported by an Avon Foundation grant) was initiated at our public safety net hospital to test whether there was sufficient benefit to warrant a larger randomized trial. Health care coverage included 58% Medicaid, 7% uninsured or undocumented. This study was conducted over a 4 month period with new medical oncology practice patients. Those deemed to be at high risk for non-adherence received navigated care. Navigator duties included care coordination, appointment reminders, patient education materials, translation services, and transportation arrangement. Data collected prospectively included patient characteristics, cancer type, time from referral to first RT, and compliance with visits; this was compared with usual care controls during the 4 month period.

Results: Patient Navigation Program patient characteristics: N = 52 patients (42% breast cancer, 12% prostate cancer, 10% lung cancer and 36% with other cancers). Mean age = 55; 48% Black, 38% Hispanic, 8% Asian, 6% White. The table below gives the results of percentage of adherence to visits (and time to first RT) for all patients in the study receiving navigated care, for just the patients with breast cancer receiving navigated care, and for the usual care control (no navigated care).

Table 1. NAVIGATED CARE: ALL PATIENTS (N = 52)NAVIGATED CARE: BREAST CANCER (n = 22)USUAL CARE GROUPPhysician Visits (Medical Oncology)(141 Visits) 90% (95% CI: 84%-95%)(56 Visits) 91% (95% CI: 80%-97%)(2021 Visits) 79% (95% CI: 77%-81%)Chemotherapy Treatment(107 Treatments) 95% (95% CI: 89%-99%)(30 Treatments) 97% (95% CI: 83%-99%)(1656 Treatments) 86% (95% CI: 84%-88%)Time to first RT32 Days (n = 25)35 Days (n = 8)30 Days

Conclusions: This Patient Navigation Program is associated with observed improvements in adherence to chemotherapy and in follow up physician visits. No impact on time to first RT was shown. These results document that a Patient Navigation Program can help overcome barriers to good cancer care.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-09-11.

Interventions for increasing ankle joint dorsiflexion: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Ankle joint equinus, or restricted dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), has been linked to a range of pathologies of relevance to clinical practitioners. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of conservative interventions on ankle joint ROM in healthy individuals and athletic populations.

METHODS

Keyword searches of Embase, Medline, Cochrane and CINAHL databases were performed with the final search being run in August 2013. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the effect of a non-surgical intervention on ankle joint dorsiflexion in healthy populations. Studies were quality rated using a standard quality assessment scale. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and results were pooled where study methods were homogenous.

RESULTS

Twenty-three studies met eligibility criteria, with a total of 734 study participants. Results suggest that there is some evidence to support the efficacy of static stretching alone (SMDs: range 0.70 to 1.69) and static stretching in combination with ultrasound (SMDs: range 0.91 to 0.95), diathermy (SMD 1.12), diathermy and ice (SMD 1.16), heel raise exercises (SMDs: range 0.70 to 0.77), superficial moist heat (SMDs: range 0.65 to 0.84) and warm up (SMD 0.87) in improving ankle joint dorsiflexion ROM.

CONCLUSIONS

Some evidence exists to support the efficacy of stretching alone and stretching in combination with other therapies in increasing ankle joint ROM in healthy individuals. There is a paucity of quality evidence to support the efficacy of other non-surgical interventions, thus further research in this area is warranted.

Boys do it the right way: sex-dependent amygdala lateralization during face processing in adolescents

Previous studies have observed a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation related to emotional memory. Specifically, it was shown that the activity of the right amygdala correlates significantly stronger with memory for images judged as arousing in men than in women, and that there is a significantly stronger relationship in women than in men between activity of the left amygdala and memory for arousing images. Using a large sample of 235 male adolescents and 235 females matched for age and handedness, we investigated the sex-specific lateralization of amygdala activation during an emotional face perception fMRI task. Performing a formal sex by hemisphere analysis, we observed in males a significantly stronger right amygdala activation as compared to females. Our results indicate that adolescents display a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation that is also present in basic processes of emotional perception. This finding suggests a sex-dependent development of human emotion processing and may further implicate possible etiological pathways for mental disorders most frequent in adolescent males (i.e., conduct disorder).

The IMAGEN study: reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology

A fundamental function of the brain is to evaluate the emotional and motivational significance of stimuli and to adapt behaviour accordingly. The IMAGEN study is the first multicentre genetic-neuroimaging study aimed at identifying the genetic and neurobiological basis of individual variability in impulsivity, reinforcer sensitivity and emotional reactivity, and determining their predictive value for the development of frequent psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive behavioural and neuropsychological characterization, functional and structural neuroimaging and genome-wide association analyses of 2000 14-year-old adolescents are combined with functional genetics in animal and human models. Results will be validated in 1000 adolescents from the Canadian Saguenay Youth Study. The sample will be followed up longitudinally at the age of 16 years to investigate the predictive value of genetics and intermediate phenotypes for the development of frequent psychiatric disorders. This review describes the strategies the IMAGEN consortium used to meet the challenges posed by large-scale multicentre imaging-genomics investigations. We provide detailed methods and Standard Operating Procedures that we hope will be helpful for the design of future studies. These include standardization of the clinical, psychometric and neuroimaging-acquisition protocols, development of a central database for efficient analyses of large multimodal data sets and new analytic approaches to large-scale genetic neuroimaging analyses.

The characterization of a promising new optical source for use with a radiotherapy treatment simulator

We report on an experimental examination of a new powerful optical source with potential application in radiotherapy treatment simulation. The illuminance, effective source position, and source size have been measured for this new source and, for comparison, for conventional sources on a simulator and a linear accelerator. This new source is considerably brighter than those in common use in radiotherapy. Its effective optical source size is larger than that on the linear accelerator tested but comparable with that on a conventional simulator.

A pilot study of the manual force levels required to produce manipulation induced hypoalgesia

OBJECTIVE

A pilot investigation of the influence of different force levels on a treatment technique's hypoalgesic effect.

DESIGN

Randomised single blind repeated measures.

BACKGROUND

Optimisation of such biomechanical treatment variables as the point of force application, direction of force application and the level of applied manual force is classically regarded as the basis of best practice manipulative therapy. Manipulative therapy is frequently used to alleviate pain, a treatment effect that is often studied directly in the neurophysiological paradigm and seldom in biomechanical research. The relationship between the level of force applied by a technique (e.g. biomechanics) and its hypoalgesic effect was the focus of this study.

METHODS

The experiment involved the application of a lateral glide mobilisation with movement treatment technique to the symptomatic elbow of six subjects with lateral epicondylalgia. Four different levels of force, which were measured with a flexible pressure-sensing mat, were randomly applied while the subject performed a pain free grip strength test.

RESULTS

Standardised manual force data varied from 0.76 to 4.54 N/cm, lower-upper limits 95 CI, respectively. Pain free grip strength expressed as a percentage change from pre-treatment values was significantly greater with manual forces beyond 1.9 N/cm (P=0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

This study, albeit a pilot, provides preliminary evidence that in terms of the hypoalgesic effect of a mobilisation with movement treatment technique, there may be an optimal level of applied manual force.

RELEVANCE

This study indicates that the level of applied manual force appear to be critical for pain relief.

Successful therapy of a human lung cancer xenograft using MAb RS7 labeled with residualizing radioiodine

We have recently reported that a radioiodinated, DTPA-appended peptide, designated IMP-R1, is a residualizing iodine label that overcomes many of the limitations that have impeded the development of residualizing iodine for clinical use. In this study the potential of 131I-IMP-R1-RS7, an internalizing anti-EGP-1 monoclonal antibody, was evaluated by performing preclinical therapy studies in nude mice bearing Calu-3 human non-small cell carcinoma of the lung xenografis. Elimination of 6 of 9 established tumors (mean tumor volume=0.3 cm(3)) was observed using a single dose of 350 microCi/mouse of 131I-IMP-R1-RS7, with all animals tolerating the dose. At the same dose and specific activity of 131I-RS7, labeled using the conventional chloramine-T method, there were four deaths, and one complete remission in nine treated mice. At the maximum tolerated dose of conventionally 131I-labeled RS7, 275 microCi, mean stable disease for approximately 5 weeks was observed, with no complete responses. Specificity of the therapeutic effect was shown in an isotype-matched control experiment, where 131I-IMP-R1-RS7 was markedly more effective than the (131)I-IMP-R1-labeled control antibody. These studies demonstrate that (131)I-IMP-R1-RS7 provides a therapeutic advantage in comparison to conventional 131I-labeled RS7, as predicted by the increased tumor accretion observed previously in targeting studies. A direct comparison of the maximum tolerated doses of (131)I-IMP-R1-RS7 (350 microCi) and 90Y-DOTA-RS7 (105 microCi) was performed in this tumor model using large established tumors (mean tumor volume=0.85 cm(3)). Anti-tumor efficacy and toxicity of the two treatments were comparable.

Use of structured self-monitoring in transplant education

A self-assessment instrument for use at home by transplant recipients was developed to help foster partnership between patients and their healthcare provider. Self-monitoring at home has not replaced the need for close follow-up but does allow patients to provide concrete data to their healthcare provider in order to promote earlier detection of and response to adverse events. Patients are taught the essentials of self-monitoring while they are in the hospital for their transplant. Patients who perform routine self-assessment would be able to detect and provide information about problems early in the course of events. Thus, early intervention could potentially decrease the severity of the problem and prevent repeated hospitalizations. The concern that patients would not be able to perform a reliable self-assessment was unfounded; patients exceeded expectations and embraced the opportunity to communicate physical signs and symptoms effectively.

Radioimmunotherapy of a human lung cancer xenograft with monoclonal antibody RS7: evaluation of (177)Lu and comparison of its efficacy with that of (90)Y and residualizing (131)I

Tumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy of (177)Lu-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) RS7 (antiepithelial glycoprotein-1) was evaluated in a human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma xenograft model. The potential of (177)Lu-labeled RS7 was compared with that of RS7 labeled with (90)Y and a residualizing form of (131)I.

METHODS

A 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) conjugate of RS7 was used for radiolabeling with (177)Lu-acetate or (88/90)Y-acetate. Biodistribution and therapy studies were conducted in nude mice with subcutaneous Calu-3 xenografts. Therapy studies were performed using the maximal tolerated doses (MTDs) of (90)Y-DOTA-RS7 (3.9 MBq [105 microCi]) and (177)Lu-DOTA-RS7 (10.2 MBq [275 microCi]) and compared with the data obtained using the MTD (13.0 MBq [350 microCi]) of a residualizing form of (131)I-RS7.

RESULTS

Radiolabeling of RS7-DOTA conjugate with (177)Lu-acetate was facile. (177)Lu-DOTA-RS7 displayed biodistribution results that were nearly identical to that of the (88)Y analog in a paired-label study. The mean percentage injected doses per gram (%ID/g) for (177)Lu-RS7 and (88)Y-RS7 (in parentheses) in tumor were 38.3 %ID/g (39.1 %ID/g), 63.0 %ID/g (66.0 %ID/g), 63.0 %ID/g (65.8 %ID/g), and 34.0 %ID/g (34.9 %ID/g) on days 1, 3, 7, and 14, respectively. Elimination of established tumors, with an initial mean tumor volume of 0.24 cm(3), was shown using doses of (177)Lu-DOTA-RS7 ranging from 5.6 to 9.3 MBq (150--250 microCi) per nude mouse, with no significant difference in response rate noted between the doses in this range. Specificity of the therapeutic effect was shown in an isotype-matched control experiment, in which (177)Lu-DOTA-RS7 was markedly more effective than the (177)Lu-DOTA control antibody. A comparison of the therapeutic efficacies of (177)Lu-DOTA-RS7 and (90)Y-DOTA-RS7, using mice with established tumors with an initial mean tumor volume of 0.85 cm(3), indicated similar tumor growth inhibition and similar tumor regrowth profiles. The therapy data were similar to those obtained with residualizing (131)I-RS7 obtained at the same time.

CONCLUSION

(177)Lu-RS7 is an effective radioimmunoconjugate for radioimmunotherapy. With its radiophysical properties similar to those of (131)I, coupled with its facile and stable attachment to mAb, (177)Lu promises to be an alternative to (131)I, and a complement to (90)Y, in radioimmunotherapy.

Changes in foot function with the use of Root and Blake orthoses

This study examined the effects of two designs of rigid foot orthoses on plantar pressure measurements and identified differences between the devices. While wearing modified Root- and Blake-style orthoses, 27 subjects were examined with the Electrodynogram (EDG) in-shoe pressure measurement system. Reliability testing was performed on the EDG data. Significant changes were observed in the temporal parameters of gait when subjects wore the orthoses. When the devices were used, the duration of some of the components of stance phase was altered, and the initiation of loading beneath the medial forefoot was delayed. A reduction in the total duration of loading at discrete sites beneath the heel and forefoot was also observed. The effects of the two orthoses were similar, with only small differences observed between the devices.

Integrating the Internet into health administration education: a report from AUPHA's Faculty Internet integration task force

HRSA funded a survey to determine what Internet resources would be most useful to AUPHA membership. This manuscript describes the Internet-intensive survey methodology, reports the survey results, and lists the task force recommendations. The task force used sequential questionnaires posted on the Web to gather both potentially useful Internet resource ideas and membership perceptions of the importance of each idea. Resources recommended by survey participants and the Task Force members emphasized potential improvements to the AUPHA and AUPHA-member Web pages.

Brain trauma in aged transgenic mice induces regression of established abeta deposits

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is not known if TBI affects the progression of AD. To address this question, we studied the neuropathological consequences of TBI in transgenic (TG) mice with a mutant human Abeta precursor protein (APP) mini-gene driven by a platelet-derived (PD) growth factor promoter resulting in overexpression of mutant APP (V717F), elevated brain Abeta levels, and AD-like amyloidosis. Since brain Abeta deposits first appear in 6-month-old TG (PDAPP) mice and accumulate with age, 2-year-old PDAPP and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI or sham treatment. At 1, 9, and 16 weeks after TBI, neuron loss, gliosis, and atrophy were most prominent near the CCI site in PDAPP and WT mice. However, there also was a remarkable regression in the Abeta amyloid plaque burden in the hippocampus ipsilateral to TBI compared to the contralateral hippocampus of the PDAPP mice by 16 weeks postinjury. Thus, these data suggest that previously accumulated Abeta plaques resulting from progressive amyloidosis in the AD brain also may be reversible.

Changes in patterns of 24-hr heart rate variability after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant

BACKGROUND

Transplantation has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory reflex measures of autonomic function. However, there are limited data on how kidney or kidney-pancreas transplantation influence continuous autonomic modulation of heart rate and the clinical utility of 24-hr heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring.

METHODS

Ninety nondiabetic kidney and 30 diabetic kidney-pancreas transplant recipients underwent 24-hr Holter monitoring before and again at 6 and 12 months posttransplantation. Tapes were submitted for determination of HRV including interbeat variability (the proportion of adjacent R-R intervals having a difference <50 msec, the SD of all R-R intervals for the entire recording, and the SD of the averages of R-R intervals calculated over 5-min blocks for the entire recording) which is associated with vagal function, sudden death, and circadian function, respectively. Power spectral analysis quantified total neural, sympathetic, and parasympathetic modulation of the heart in ln(msec2).

RESULTS

Nondiabetic kidney recipients showed improvement (P< or =0.05) in the SD of the averages of R-R intervals calculated over 5-min blocks (83.2 vs. 95.7 msec) and the SD of all R-R intervals (94.5 vs. 104.4 msec) by 6 months and all groups showed improvement by 12 months. Kidney-pancreas recipients also showed improved total neural (4.35 vs. 4.64) and sympathetic modulation (2.70 vs. 3.13). Kidney-pancreas recipients had significantly poorer values for each measure (P< or =0.05) at all time points.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy arises in the presence of uremia and diabetes, with severe dysfunction seen when these conditions occur concomitantly. Improvement in cardiac autonomic function follows both kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation with more pronounced improvement in the circadian measures. Therefore, circadian measures of 24-hr HRV could be used to monitor the restoration of cardiac autonomic function.

Assessment of lead toxicity to the marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and to a heterogeneous population of microorganisms derived from the Pearl River in Jackson, Mississippi, USA

Microorganisms are known to be excellent test organisms because of the relative ease for handling and suitability for analysis related to their small size, large number and convenient growing conditions. In this research, we tested the toxic effects of lead against a marine bacterium (Vibrio fischeri), and a heterogeneous population of bacteria derived from the Pearl River in Jackson, Mississippi. Using the level of bioluminescence in the Microtox Assay (V. fischeri), and the kinetics of dissolved oxygen uptake and growth (mixed bacterial population) as measures of toxicity, lead concentrations effecting a 50% reduction in these parameters (EC50) were determined as the toxic end-points. The activity quotients were also computed to determine the degrees of toxicity. Optical density (measure of growth) and oxygen uptake were measured over an extended period of time (20 h). EC50 values of 0.34 +/- 0.03, 3.10 +/- 0.01, and 3.80 +/- 0.02 mg/L were recorded for bioluminescence, growth, and oxygen uptake, respectively. As expected, the results indicated that the sensitivity to lead toxicity of V. fischeri was about one order of magnitude (10 times) greater than that of the mixed population of Pearl River microorganisms. Reductions in bioluminescence, growth, and oxygen uptake were directly correlated to lead concentrations, with toxic levels ranging from slightly toxic in lower concentrations to extremely toxic in higher concentrations. Upon 20 h of exposure, the times required to produce 50% reduction in dissolved oxygen uptake were (TD50S) 8.01 +/- 0.44, 9.60 +/- 0.46, 11.29 +/- 0.46, 13.03 +/- 0.57, 17.32 +/- 0.95, and 20.00 +/- 0.00 h in 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mg/L of lead, respectively, indicating a time-response relationship with respect to lead toxicity.

Mutation-specific functional impairments in distinct tau isoforms of hereditary FTDP-17

Tau proteins aggregate as cytoplasmic inclusions in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and hereditary frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Over 10 exonic and intronic mutations in the tau gene have been identified in about 20 FTDP-17 families. Analyses of soluble and insoluble tau proteins from brains of FTDP-17 patients indicated that different pathogenic mutations differentially altered distinct biochemical properties and stoichiometry of brain tau isoforms. Functional assays of recombinant tau proteins with different FTDP-17 missense mutations implicated all but one of these mutations in disease pathogenesis by reducing the ability of tau to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly.

Pathogenic implications of mutations in the tau gene in pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration and related neurodegenerative disorders linked to chromosome 17

Pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND) is one of the most well characterized familial neurodegenerative disorders linked to chromosome 17q21-22. These hereditary disorders are known collectively as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Although the clinical features and associated regional variations in the neuronal loss observed in different FTDP-17 kindreds are diverse, the diagnostic lesions of FTDP-17 brains are tau-rich filaments in the cytoplasm of specific subpopulations of neurons and glial cells. The microtubule associated protein (tau) gene is located on chromosome 17q21-22. For these reasons, we investigated the possibility that PPND and other FTDP-17 syndromes might be caused by mutations in the tau gene. Two missense mutations in exon 10 of the tau gene that segregate with disease, Asn279(Lys) in the PPND kindred and Pro301(Leu) in four other FTDP-17 kindreds, were found. A third mutation was found in the intron adjacent to the 3' splice site of exon 10 in patients from another FTDP-17 family. Transcripts that contain exon 10 encode tau isoforms with four microtubule (MT)-binding repeats (4Rtau) as opposed to tau isoforms with three MT-binding repeats (3Rtau). The insoluble tau aggregates isolated from brains of patients with each mutation were analyzed by immunoblotting using tau-specific antibodies. For each of three mutations, abnormal tau with an apparent Mr of 64 and 69 was observed. The dephosphorylated material comigrated with tau isoforms containing exon 10 having four MT-binding repeats but not with 3Rtau. Thus, the brains of patients with both the missense mutations and the splice junction mutation contain aggregates of insoluble 4Rtau in filamentous inclusions, which may lead to neurodegeneration.

Frequency of 22q11 deletions in patients with conotruncal defects

OBJECTIVES

This study was designed to determine the frequency of 22q11 deletions in a large, prospectively ascertained sample of patients with conotruncal defects and to evaluate the deletion frequency when additional cardiac findings are also considered.

BACKGROUND

Chromosome 22q11 deletions are present in the majority of patients with DiGeorge, velocardiofacial and conotruncal anomaly face syndromes in which conotruncal defects are a cardinal feature. Previous studies suggest that a substantial number of patients with congenital heart disease have a 22q11 deletion.

METHODS

Two hundred fifty-one patients with conotruncal defects were prospectively enrolled into the study and screened for the presence of a 22q11 deletion.

RESULTS

Deletions were found in 50.0% with interrupted aortic arch (IAA), 34.5% of patients with truncus arteriosus (TA), and 15.9% with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Two of 6 patients with a posterior malalignment type ventricular septal defect (PMVSD) and only 1 of 20 patients with double outlet right ventricle were found to have a 22q11 deletion. None of the 45 patients with transposition of the great arteries had a deletion. The frequency of 22q11 deletions was higher in patients with anomalies of the pulmonary arteries, aortic arch or its major branches as compared to patients with a normal left aortic arch regardless of intracardiac anatomy.

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial proportion of patients with IAA, TA, TOF and PMVSD have a deletion of chromosome 22q11. Deletions are more common in patients with aortic arch or vessel anomalies. These results begin to define guidelines for deletion screening of patients with conotruncal defects.

Diagnosis and initial management of blunt pancreatic trauma: guidelines from a multiinstitutional review

OBJECTIVE

The authors' objective was to resolve the current controversies surrounding the diagnosis and management of blunt pancreatic trauma (BPT).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

The diagnosis of BPT is notoriously difficult: serum amylase has been claimed to be neither sensitive nor specific, and recent anecdotal reports have suggested a role for computed tomography. The therapy of BPT has been controversial, with some suggesting selective observation and others advocating immediate exploration to prevent a delay-induced escalation in morbidity and death.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of documented BPT from six institutions, using a standardized binary data form composed of 187 items and 237 data fields.

RESULTS

A significant correlation between pancreas-specific morbidity and injury to the main pancreatic duct (MPD) was noted. Patients requiring delayed surgical intervention after an unsuccessful period of observation demonstrated notably higher pancreas-specific mortality and morbidity rates, principally because of the incidence of unrecognized injuries to the MPD. Although detection of MPD injuries by computed tomography was no better than flipping a coin, endoscopic pancreatography was accurate in each of the five cases in which it was used.

CONCLUSIONS

The principal cause of pancreas-specific morbidity after BPT is injury to the MPD. Parenchymal pancreatic injuries not involving the ductal system rarely result in pancreas-specific morbidity or death. Delay in recognizing MPD injury leads to increased mortality and morbidity rates. CT is unreliable in diagnosing MPD injury and should not be used to guide therapy. Initial selection of patients with isolated BPT for observation or surgery can be based on the determination of MPD integrity.

Adverse patient occurrences as a measure of nursing care quality

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to describe relationships among adverse patient occurrences aggregated at the unit level of measurement. Relationships between adverse occurrences and a patient acuity measure were also described.

BACKGROUND

Adverse patient occurrence data have been traditionally a major indicator of quality care in hospitals; however, few studies have examined relationships among these indicators or the usefulness of these indicators for assessing the quality of nursing care.

METHODS

A correlational design was used to examine and describe patterns of relationships among in-patient units in a tertiary care hospital. The results demonstrated positive correlations between medication error rates and patient falls; these adverse occurrences correlated negatively with pressure ulcers, infections, patient complaints, and death. Pressure ulcers, infections, patient complaints and death intercorrelated positively and also related positively to patient acuity levels.

RESULTS

An examination of these same rates for a subset of units with similar patient acuity levels revealed that most of the interrelationships among the entire set of adverse occurrence indicators were positive. When patient acuity was taken into account, these adverse outcomes appeared to indicate some common underlying characteristic of the units, such as quality of nursing care.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests a relationship between the adverse occurrences that were correlated (pressure ulcers, patient complaints, infection, and death) and the severity of patient illness. Medication error rates and patient fall rates were not correlated with patient acuity and are more likely to indicate quality of nursing care across all types of units.

Pharmaceutical practice management

BACKGROUND

Being accomplished in the short span of 21 years the number of states granting therapeutic optometric privileges has now reached 50. Since health care reform is also expanding, optometrists' prescribing responsibilities will probably increase in proportion to their clinical demands.

PURPOSE

In addition to clinical expertise, optometrists should possess practical knowledge about pharmaceutical industry practices and the effects of managed care. This article addresses issues such as drug pricing and distribution, reimbursement, and patient costs, which can affect pharmaceutical dispensing.

CONCLUSION

Optometrists should become aware of "nonclinical" prescribing influences that can affect patients. By doing so, they can make informed decisions about the products they prescribe, to ensure optimum patient care and compliance.

Nurse staffing and patient outcomes

BACKGROUND

Nursing studies have shown that nursing care delivery changes affect staff and organizational outcomes, but the effects on client outcomes have not been studied sufficiently.

OBJECTIVE

To describe, at the level of the nursing care unit, the relationships among total hours of nursing care, registered nurse (RN) skill mix, and adverse patient outcomes.

METHODS

The adverse outcomes included unit rates of medication errors, patient falls, skin breakdown, patient and family complaints, infections, and deaths. The correlations among staffing variables and outcome variables were determined, and multivariate analyses, controlling for patient acuity, were completed.

RESULTS

Units with higher average patient acuity had lower rates of medication errors and patient falls but higher rates of the other adverse outcomes. With average patient acuity on the unit controlled, the proportion of hours of care delivered by RNs was inversely related to the unit rates of medication errors, decubiti, and patient complaints. Total hours of care from all nursing personnel were associated directly with the rates of decubiti, complaints, and mortality. An unexpected finding was that the relationship between RN proportion of care was curvilinear; as the RN proportion increased, rates of adverse outcomes decreased up to 87.5%. Above that level, as RN proportion increased, the adverse outcome rates also increased.

CONCLUSIONS

The higher the RN skill mix, the lower the incidence of adverse occurrences on inpatient care units.

Perceptual and behavioral manifestations of the Chronic Illness and Recovery models among clinical transplant coordinators

This descriptive, qualitative study examines manifestations of the Chronic Illness and Recovery models among clinical transplant coordinators. Data collected through focused group interviews revealed that the Chronic Illness model fosters patient dependency, education about the illness itself, a perception that transplantation does not change the chronic nature of illness, a view of patients as socioeconomically disadvantaged and dependent on the transplant center, and the use of reactive approaches to care. In contrast, the Recovery model encourages patient independence, limits coordinators' protective feelings toward patients, provides education for life tasks, perceives patients as socioeconomically advantaged people capable of managing their own lives, and conducts patient care in a proactive manner.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-like polyarthritis in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge anomalad/velocardiofacial syndrome/conotruncal anomaly face syndrome)

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of polyarthritis and chromosome 22q11.2 deletions.

METHODS

Eighty patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome followed up at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were examined for evidence of arthropathy or arthritis. Patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and polyarthritis underwent laboratory evaluations of immunologic function to determine the relationship of their immunodeficiency to the polyarthritis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of polyarthritis in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was markedly increased over the prevalence of polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) in the general population. All 3 patients with polyarthritis had evidence of impaired T cell function. Two of the patients with polyarthritis also had IgA deficiency.

CONCLUSION

The chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome represents a primary T cell disorder which can be associated with a JRA-like polyarthritis. All 3 patients with polyarthritis had evidence of more extensive immunoregulatory derangements than those typically seen in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, and these derangements may have predisposed to the development of polyarthritis.