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Toro R, Poline JB, Huguet G, Loth E, Frouin V, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde A, Büchel C, Carvalho FM, Conrod P, Fauth-Bühler M, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lawrence C, Lemaître H, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Schumann G, Bourgeron T. Genomic architecture of human neuroanatomical diversity. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1011-6. [PMID: 25224261 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human brain anatomy is strikingly diverse and highly inheritable: genetic factors may explain up to 80% of its variability. Prior studies have tried to detect genetic variants with a large effect on neuroanatomical diversity, but those currently identified account for <5% of the variance. Here, based on our analyses of neuroimaging and whole-genome genotyping data from 1765 subjects, we show that up to 54% of this heritability is captured by large numbers of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of small-effect spread throughout the genome, especially within genes and close regulatory regions. The genetic bases of neuroanatomical diversity appear to be relatively independent of those of body size (height), but shared with those of verbal intelligence scores. The study of this genomic architecture should help us better understand brain evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toro
- 1] Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Neuroscience Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Paris, France [3] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J-B Poline
- 1] Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA [2] Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - G Huguet
- 1] Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Neuroscience Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Paris, France [3] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - E Loth
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - V Frouin
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G J Barker
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F M Carvalho
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - P Conrod
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Garavan
- 1] Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland [2] Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - P Gowland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H Lemaître
- 1] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000, 'Imaging & Psychiatry', University Paris Sud, Orsay, France [2] Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Maison de Solenn, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - K Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - T Paus
- 1] School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK [2] Psychology and Psychiatry Department, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada [3] Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - T Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M N Smolka
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany [2] Department of Psychology, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Schumann
- 1] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK [3] Fondamental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - T Bourgeron
- 1] Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Neuroscience Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Paris, France [3] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France [4] Fondamental Foundation, Créteil, France
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Barbot A, Fadai T, Poustka L, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde A, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Kappel V, Lawrence C, Loth E, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka M, Schumann G, Martinot JL. Resilience and corpus callosum microstructure in adolescence. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2285-2294. [PMID: 25817177 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience is the capacity of individuals to resist mental disorders despite exposure to stress. Little is known about its neural underpinnings. The putative variation of white-matter microstructure with resilience in adolescence, a critical period for brain maturation and onset of high-prevalence mental disorders, has not been assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) though, has been reported in the corpus callosum (CC), the brain's largest white-matter structure, in psychiatric and stress-related conditions. We hypothesized that higher FA in the CC would characterize stress-resilient adolescents. METHOD Three groups of adolescents recruited from the community were compared: resilient with low risk of mental disorder despite high exposure to lifetime stress (n = 55), at-risk of mental disorder exposed to the same level of stress (n = 68), and controls (n = 123). Personality was assessed by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Voxelwise statistics of DTI values in CC were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Regional projections were identified by probabilistic tractography. RESULTS Higher FA values were detected in the anterior CC of resilient compared to both non-resilient and control adolescents. FA values varied according to resilience capacity. Seed regional changes in anterior CC projected onto anterior cingulate and frontal cortex. Neuroticism and three other NEO-FFI factor scores differentiated non-resilient participants from the other two groups. CONCLUSION High FA was detected in resilient adolescents in an anterior CC region projecting to frontal areas subserving cognitive resources. Psychiatric risk was associated with personality characteristics. Resilience in adolescence may be related to white-matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galinowski
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Miranda
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Lemaitre
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - M-L Paillère Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - E Artiges
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - H Vulser
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
| | - R Goodman
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J Penttilä
- Psychiatry Department,University of Tampere,School of Medicine, Tampere,Finland
| | - M Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | | | - T Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - L Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - P Conrod
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - G J Barker
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - A Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry,School of Medicine,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - U Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - C Büchel
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf,Hamburg,Germany
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - H Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience,Trinity College Dublin,Dublin,Ireland
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Campus Charité Mitte,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - B Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),Braunschweig und Berlin,Germany
| | - V Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy,Charité-Universitätsmedizin,Berlin,Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - E Loth
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - K Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - F Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T Paus
- School of Psychology,University of Nottingham,UK
| | - Z Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences,The Hospital for Sick Children,University of Toronto,Toronto, ONT,Canada
| | | | - M Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience,Central Institute of Mental Health,Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University,Germany
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology,Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute,University of Cambridge,UK
| | - M Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Technische Universität Dresden,Germany
| | - G Schumann
- King's College, London Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - J-L Martinot
- INSERM,UMR 1000,Research unit Imaging and Psychiatry,Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot,Orsay,France
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3
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Desrivières S, Lourdusamy A, Tao C, Toro R, Jia T, Loth E, Medina LM, Kepa A, Fernandes A, Ruggeri B, Carvalho FM, Cocks G, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Heinz A, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Brühl R, Lawrence C, Mann K, Martinot MLP, Nees F, Lathrop M, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Thompson P, Fauth-Bühler M, Smolka MN, Pausova Z, Paus T, Feng J, Schumann G. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the neuroplastin locus associates with cortical thickness and intellectual ability in adolescents. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:263-74. [PMID: 24514566 PMCID: PMC4051592 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recognition that cortical thickness is heritable and correlates with intellectual ability in children and adolescents, the genes contributing to individual differences in these traits remain unknown. We conducted a large-scale association study in 1583 adolescents to identify genes affecting cortical thickness. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n=54,837) within genes whose expression changed between stages of growth and differentiation of a human neural stem cell line were selected for association analyses with average cortical thickness. We identified a variant, rs7171755, associating with thinner cortex in the left hemisphere (P=1.12 × 10(-)(7)), particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Localized effects of this SNP on cortical thickness differently affected verbal and nonverbal intellectual abilities. The rs7171755 polymorphism acted in cis to affect expression in the human brain of the synaptic cell adhesion glycoprotein-encoding gene NPTN. We also found that cortical thickness and NPTN expression were on average higher in the right hemisphere, suggesting that asymmetric NPTN expression may render the left hemisphere more sensitive to the effects of NPTN mutations, accounting for the lateralized effect of rs7171755 found in our study. Altogether, our findings support a potential role for regional synaptic dysfunctions in forms of intellectual deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| | - A Lourdusamy
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Tao
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNRS URA 2182, Genes, synapses and cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - T Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Loth
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L M Medina
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Kepa
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Fernandes
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F M Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Cocks
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - A L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - P Gowland
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - R Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M L P Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 ‘Imaging & Psychiatry', University Paris Sud, Orsay, France,AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - F Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - J-B Poline
- Neurospin, Commissariat àl'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center/Laborarory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychology, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T Paus
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - J Feng
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Computer Science and Centre for Scientific Computing, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - G Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Amunts K, Hawrylycz MJ, Van Essen DC, Van Horn JD, Harel N, Poline JB, De Martino F, Bjaalie JG, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S, Valdes-Sosa P, Thirion B, Zilles K, Hill SL, Abrams MB, Tass PA, Vanduffel W, Evans AC, Eickhoff SB. Interoperable atlases of the human brain. Neuroimage 2014; 99:525-32. [PMID: 24936682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen an unprecedented development of human brain mapping approaches at various spatial and temporal scales. Together, these have provided a large fundus of information on many different aspects of the human brain including micro- and macrostructural segregation, regional specialization of function, connectivity, and temporal dynamics. Atlases are central in order to integrate such diverse information in a topographically meaningful way. It is noteworthy, that the brain mapping field has been developed along several major lines such as structure vs. function, postmortem vs. in vivo, individual features of the brain vs. population-based aspects, or slow vs. fast dynamics. In order to understand human brain organization, however, it seems inevitable that these different lines are integrated and combined into a multimodal human brain model. To this aim, we held a workshop to determine the constraints of a multi-modal human brain model that are needed to enable (i) an integration of different spatial and temporal scales and data modalities into a common reference system, and (ii) efficient data exchange and analysis. As detailed in this report, to arrive at fully interoperable atlases of the human brain will still require much work at the frontiers of data acquisition, analysis, and representation. Among them, the latter may provide the most challenging task, in particular when it comes to representing features of vastly different scales of space, time and abstraction. The potential benefits of such endeavor, however, clearly outweigh the problems, as only such kind of multi-modal human brain atlas may provide a starting point from which the complex relationships between structure, function, and connectivity may be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - D C Van Essen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J D Van Horn
- The Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics (INI) and Laboratory for Neuro Imaging (LONI), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Harel
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology & Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J-B Poline
- Hellen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Brain Imaging Center, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F De Martino
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J G Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S Dehaene
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - P Valdes-Sosa
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba; Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengudu, China
| | - B Thirion
- Parietal Research Team, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - K Zilles
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| | - S L Hill
- International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Secretariat (INCF), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M B Abrams
- International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Secretariat (INCF), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - P A Tass
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neuromodulation, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - W Vanduffel
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Poline JB, Poldrack RA. Introduction to the special issue: toward a new era of databasing and data sharing for neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2014; 82:645-6. [PMID: 23993063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Poline JB, Thirion B. Markov models for fMRI correlation structure: Is brain functional connectivity small world, or decomposable into networks? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 106:212-21. [PMID: 22326672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Correlations in the signal observed via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), are expected to reveal the interactions in the underlying neural populations through hemodynamic response. In particular, they highlight distributed set of mutually correlated regions that correspond to brain networks related to different cognitive functions. Yet graph-theoretical studies of neural connections give a different picture: that of a highly integrated system with small-world properties: local clustering but with short pathways across the complete structure. We examine the conditional independence properties of the fMRI signal, i.e. its Markov structure, to find realistic assumptions on the connectivity structure that are required to explain the observed functional connectivity. In particular we seek a decomposition of the Markov structure into segregated functional networks using decomposable graphs: a set of strongly-connected and partially overlapping cliques. We introduce a new method to efficiently extract such cliques on a large, strongly-connected graph. We compare methods learning different graph structures from functional connectivity by testing the goodness of fit of the model they learn on new data. We find that summarizing the structure as strongly-connected networks can give a good description only for very large and overlapping networks. These results highlight that Markov models are good tools to identify the structure of brain connectivity from fMRI signals, but for this purpose they must reflect the small-world properties of the underlying neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Varoquaux
- Parietal Project-Team, INRIA Saclay-île de France, France.
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Rohlfing T, Poline JB. Why shared data should not be acknowledged on the author byline. Neuroimage 2011; 59:4189-95. [PMID: 22008368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue that the emerging practice of using the author byline to acknowledge shared data is incompatible with current established standards for academic authorship. Non-author contributors, whether groups or individuals, should not be added to the author list of published papers. Deviation from these principles devalues authorship and raises issues, such as equal treatment of groups and individuals, credit for shared data vs. other shared resources, and ultimately guest authorship. Such dilution of authorship standards is problematic because it can compromise fair evaluations in the scientific community. We briefly discuss viable alternatives for crediting contributors, such as citations of papers describing shared data, reference to dataset publications, inclusion in the Acknowledgments section, or credit of individuals for sharing data in an Appendix, a solution that has been used in academic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohlfing
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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8
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Schneider S, Peters J, Bromberg U, Brassen S, Menz MM, Miedl SF, Loth E, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, Conrod PJ, Dalley JW, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Itterman B, Mallik C, Mann K, Artiges E, Paus T, Poline JB, Rietschel M, Reed L, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Speiser C, Ströhle A, Struve M, Schumann G, Büchel C. Boys do it the right way: sex-dependent amygdala lateralization during face processing in adolescents. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1847-53. [PMID: 21316467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have observed a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation related to emotional memory. Specifically, it was shown that the activity of the right amygdala correlates significantly stronger with memory for images judged as arousing in men than in women, and that there is a significantly stronger relationship in women than in men between activity of the left amygdala and memory for arousing images. Using a large sample of 235 male adolescents and 235 females matched for age and handedness, we investigated the sex-specific lateralization of amygdala activation during an emotional face perception fMRI task. Performing a formal sex by hemisphere analysis, we observed in males a significantly stronger right amygdala activation as compared to females. Our results indicate that adolescents display a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation that is also present in basic processes of emotional perception. This finding suggests a sex-dependent development of human emotion processing and may further implicate possible etiological pathways for mental disorders most frequent in adolescent males (i.e., conduct disorder).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schneider
- NeuroimageNord, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Schumann G, Loth E, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker G, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Dalley JW, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Itterman B, Lathrop M, Mallik C, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paus T, Poline JB, Robbins TW, Rietschel M, Reed L, Smolka M, Spanagel R, Speiser C, Stephens DN, Ströhle A, Struve M. The IMAGEN study: reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:1128-39. [PMID: 21102431 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental function of the brain is to evaluate the emotional and motivational significance of stimuli and to adapt behaviour accordingly. The IMAGEN study is the first multicentre genetic-neuroimaging study aimed at identifying the genetic and neurobiological basis of individual variability in impulsivity, reinforcer sensitivity and emotional reactivity, and determining their predictive value for the development of frequent psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive behavioural and neuropsychological characterization, functional and structural neuroimaging and genome-wide association analyses of 2000 14-year-old adolescents are combined with functional genetics in animal and human models. Results will be validated in 1000 adolescents from the Canadian Saguenay Youth Study. The sample will be followed up longitudinally at the age of 16 years to investigate the predictive value of genetics and intermediate phenotypes for the development of frequent psychiatric disorders. This review describes the strategies the IMAGEN consortium used to meet the challenges posed by large-scale multicentre imaging-genomics investigations. We provide detailed methods and Standard Operating Procedures that we hope will be helpful for the design of future studies. These include standardization of the clinical, psychometric and neuroimaging-acquisition protocols, development of a central database for efficient analyses of large multimodal data sets and new analytic approaches to large-scale genetic neuroimaging analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schumann
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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10
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Varoquaux G, Sadaghiani S, Pinel P, Kleinschmidt A, Poline JB, Thirion B. A group model for stable multi-subject ICA on fMRI datasets. Neuroimage 2010; 51:288-99. [PMID: 20153834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Varoquaux
- Parietal project team, INRIA, Saclay-Ile-de-France, Saclay, France.
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11
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Thyreau B, Barbot A, Schwartz Y, Devauchelle AD, Poline JB. Bioinformatic challenges and solutions for IMAGEN: a large European multi centre genetic and imaging study. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Paradis AL, Droulez J, Cornilleau-Pérès V, Poline JB. Processing 3D form and 3D motion: respective contributions of attention-based and stimulus-driven activity. Neuroimage 2008; 43:736-47. [PMID: 18805496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at segregating the neural substrate for the 3D-form and 3D-motion attributes in structure-from-motion perception, and at disentangling the stimulus-driven and endogenous-attention-driven processing of these attributes. Attention and stimulus were manipulated independently: participants had to detect the transitions of one attribute--form, 3D motion or colour--while the visual stimulus underwent successive transitions of all attributes. We compared the BOLD activity related to form and 3D motion in three conditions: stimulus-driven processing (unattended transitions), endogenous attentional selection (task) or both stimulus-driven processing and attentional selection (attended transitions). In all conditions, the form versus 3D-motion contrasts revealed a clear dorsal/ventral segregation. However, while the form-related activity is consistent with previously described shape-selective areas, the activity related to 3D motion does not encompass the usual "visual motion" areas, but rather corresponds to a high-level motion system, including IPL and STS areas. Second, we found a dissociation between the neural processing of unattended attributes and that involved in endogenous attentional selection. Areas selective for 3D-motion and form showed either increased activity at transitions of these respective attributes or decreased activity when subjects' attention was directed to a competing attribute. We propose that both facilitatory and suppressive mechanisms of attribute selection are involved depending on the conditions driving this selection. Therefore, attentional selection is not limited to an increased activity in areas processing stimulus properties, and may unveil different functional localization from stimulus modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Paradis
- CNRS, UPR640, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Cérébrale, 75013 Paris, France.
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13
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Chételat G, Desgranges B, Landeau B, Mézenge F, Poline JB, de la Sayette V, Viader F, Eustache F, Baron JC. Direct voxel-based comparison between grey matter hypometabolism and atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2007; 131:60-71. [PMID: 18063588 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the patterns of structural and metabolic brain alterations in Alzheimer's disease are being refined and discrepancies between them are being underlined, the exact relationships between atrophy and hypometabolism are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to provide a direct comparison between grey matter atrophy and hypometabolism in a sample of patients with clinically probable Alzheimer's disease, using a voxel-based method specially designed to statistically compare the two imaging modalities. Eighteen patients with probable Alzheimer's disease of mild severity and 15 healthy aged controls underwent both high-resolution T1 MRI and resting-state (18)FDG-PET. The MRI data sets were handled using optimized VBM. The PET data were coregistered to their corresponding MRI, corrected voxel-wise for partial volume averaging and spatially normalized using the same parameters as those of their corresponding MRI volume. A differential smoothing was applied on the MRI and PET data sets to equalize their effective smoothness and resolution. For each patient, Z-score maps of atrophy and hypometabolism were created by comparing to the controls data set, respectively averaged to provide the profile of hypometabolism and atrophy, and entered in a voxel-by-voxel SPM analysis to assess the statistical differences between hypometabolism and atrophy. The observed patterns of hypometabolism and atrophy were consistent with previous studies. However, the direct comparison revealed marked regional variability in the relationship between hypometabolism and atrophy. Thus, the hypometabolism significantly exceeded atrophy in most altered structures, particularly in the posterior cingulate-precuneus, orbitofrontal, inferior temporo-parietal, parahippocampal, angular and fusiform areas. In contrast, a few hypometabolic structures among which the hippocampus exhibited similar degrees of atrophy and hypometabolism, a profile that significantly differed from the posterior cingulate. Excessive hypometabolism relative to atrophy suggests the intervention of additional hypometabolism-inducing factors, such as disconnection and amyloid deposition, resulting in genuine functional perturbation ahead of actual atrophy and perhaps of pathology as well. Conversely, in the hippocampus, where disconnection processes are also likely to occur, relative synaptic compensatory mechanisms may be taking place, maintaining neuronal activity in the face of structural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chételat
- Inserm-EPHE-Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Unité E0218/U923, Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie, GIP Cyceron, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France.
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14
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Grova C, Makni S, Flandin G, Ciuciu P, Gotman J, Poline JB. Anatomically informed interpolation of fMRI data on the cortical surface. Neuroimage 2006; 31:1475-86. [PMID: 16650778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data restricted to the cortical surface is of particular interest for two reasons: (1) to increase detection sensitivity using anatomical constraints and (2) to compare or use fMRI results in the context of source localization from magneto/electro-encephalography (MEEG) data, which requires data to be projected on the same spatial support. Designing an optimal scheme to interpolate fMRI raw data or resulting activation maps on the cortical surface relies on a trade-off between choosing large enough interpolation kernels, because of the distributed nature of the hemodynamic response, and avoiding mixing data issued from different anatomical structures. We propose an original method that automatically adjusts the level of such a trade-off, by defining interpolation kernels around each vertex of the cortical surface using a geodesic Voronoï diagram. This Voronoï-based interpolation method was evaluated using simulated fMRI activation maps, manually generated on an anatomical MRI, and compared with a more standard approach where interpolation kernels were defined as local spheres of radius r=3 or 5 mm. Several validation parameters were considered: the spatial resolution of the simulated activation map, the spatial resolution of the cortical mesh, the level of anatomical/functional data misregistration and the location of the vertices within the gray matter ribbon. Using an activation map at the spatial resolution of standard fMRI data, robustness to misregistration errors was observed for both methods, whereas only the Voronoï-based approach was insensitive to the position of the vertices within the gray matter ribbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grova
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, EEG department, Room 009d, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.
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15
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El Kouby V, Cointepas Y, Poupon C, Rivière D, Golestani N, Poline JB, Le Bihan D, Mangin JF. MR diffusion-based inference of a fiber bundle model from a population of subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:196-204. [PMID: 16685846 DOI: 10.1007/11566465_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a method to infer a high level model of the white matter organization from a population of subjects using MR diffusion imaging. This method takes as input for each subject a set of trajectories stemming from any tracking algorithm. Then the inference results from two nested clustering stages. The first clustering converts each individual set of trajectories into a set of bundles supposed to represent large white matter pathways. The second clustering matches these bundles across subjects in order to provide a list of candidates for the bundle model. The method is applied on a population of eleven subjects and leads to the inference of 17 such candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V El Kouby
- Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, CEA, 91401 Orsay, France.
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16
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Mangin JF, Rivière D, Coulon O, Poupon C, Cachia A, Cointepas Y, Poline JB, Le Bihan D, Régis J, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D. Coordinate-based versus structural approaches to brain image analysis. Artif Intell Med 2004; 30:177-97. [PMID: 14992763 DOI: 10.1016/s0933-3657(03)00064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Revised: 04/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A basic issue in neurosciences is to look for possible relationships between brain architecture and cognitive models. The lack of architectural information in magnetic resonance images, however, has led the neuroimaging community to develop brain mapping strategies based on various coordinate systems without accurate architectural content. Therefore, the relationships between architectural and functional brain organizations are difficult to study when analyzing neuroimaging experiments. This paper advocates that the design of new brain image analysis methods inspired by the structural strategies often used in computer vision may provide better ways to address these relationships. The key point underlying this new framework is the conversion of the raw images into structural representations before analysis. These representations are made up of data-driven elementary features like activated clusters, cortical folds or fiber bundles. Two classes of methods are introduced. Inference of structural models via matching across a set of individuals is described first. This inference problem is illustrated by the group analysis of functional statistical parametric maps (SPMs). Then, the matching of new individual data with a priori known structural models is described, using the recognition of the cortical sulci as a prototypical example.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Mangin
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Orsay, France.
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17
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Dehaene S, Jobert A, Naccache L, Ciuciu P, Poline JB, Le Bihan D, Cohen L. Letter Binding and Invariant Recognition of Masked Words. Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence. Psychol Sci 2004; 15:307-13. [PMID: 15102139 DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluent readers recognize visual words across changes in case and retinal location, while maintaining a high sensitivity to the arrangement of letters. To evaluate the automaticity and functional anatomy of invariant word recognition, we measured brain activity during subliminal masked priming. By preceding target words with an unrelated prime, a repeated prime, or an anagram made of the same letters, we separated letter-level and whole-word codes. By changing the case and the retinal location of primes and targets, we evaluated the invariance of those codes. Our results indicate that an invariant binding of letters into words is achieved unconsciously through a series of increasingly invariant stages in the left occipito-temporal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dehaene
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 562, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France.
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18
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Ferrandez AM, Hugueville L, Lehéricy S, Poline JB, Marsault C, Pouthas V. Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 19:1532-44. [PMID: 12948709 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging studies on duration perception usually report the activation of a network that includes the frontal and mesiofrontal cortex (supplementary motor area, SMA), parietal cortex, and subcortical areas (basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum). To address the question of the specific involvement of these structures in temporal processing, we contrasted two visual discrimination tasks in which the relevant stimulus dimension was either its intensity or its duration. Eleven adults had to indicate (by pressing one of two keys) whether they thought the duration or the intensity of a light (LED) was equal to (right hand) or different from (left hand) that of a previously presented standard. In a control task, subjects had to press one of the two keys at random. A similar broad network was observed in both the duration-minus-control and intensity-minus-control comparisons. The intensity-minus-duration comparison pointed out activation in areas known to participate in cognitive operations on visual stimuli: right occipital gyrus, fusiform gyri, hippocampus, precuneus, and intraparietal sulcus. In contrast, the duration-minus-intensity comparison indicated activation of a complex network that included the basal ganglia, SMA, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, and temporal cortex. These structures form several subnetworks, each possibly in charge of specific time-coding operations in humans. The SMA and basal ganglia may be implicated in the time-keeping mechanism, and the frontal-parietal areas may be involved in the attentional and mnemonic operations required for encoding and retrieving duration information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ferrandez
- Unité de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Cérébrale, CNRS UPR 640, LENA, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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19
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Cachia A, Mangin JF, Rivière D, Kherif F, Boddaert N, Andrade A, Papadopoulos-Orfanos D, Poline JB, Bloch I, Zilbovicius M, Sonigo P, Brunelle F, Régis J. A primal sketch of the cortex mean curvature: a morphogenesis based approach to study the variability of the folding patterns. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2003; 22:754-765. [PMID: 12872951 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2003.814781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new representation of the cortical surface that may be used to study the cortex folding process and to recover some putative stable anatomical landmarks called sulcal roots usually buried in the depth of adult brains. This representation is a primal sketch derived from a scale space computed for the mean curvature of the cortical surface. This scale-space stems from a diffusion equation geodesic to the cortical surface. The primal sketch is made up of objects defined from mean curvature minima and saddle points. The resulting sketch aims first at highlighting significant elementary cortical folds, second at representing the fold merging process during brain growth. The relevance of the framework is illustrated by the study of central sulcus sulcal roots from antenatal to adult age. Some results are proposed for ten different brains. Some preliminary results are also provided for superior temporal sulcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachia
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, 4, place du Gal Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, Cedex, France.
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20
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Pallier C, Dehaene S, Poline JB, LeBihan D, Argenti AM, Dupoux E, Mehler J. Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: can a second language replace the first? Cereb Cortex 2003; 13:155-61. [PMID: 12507946 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/13.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Do the neural circuits that subserve language acquisition lose plasticity as they become tuned to the maternal language? We tested adult subjects born in Korea and adopted by French families in childhood; they have become fluent in their second language and report no conscious recollection of their native language. In behavioral tests assessing their memory for Korean, we found that they do not perform better than a control group of native French subjects who have never been exposed to Korean. We also used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor cortical activations while the Korean adoptees and native French listened to sentences spoken in Korean, French and other, unknown, foreign languages. The adopted subjects did not show any specific activations to Korean stimuli relative to unknown languages. The areas activated more by French stimuli than by foreign stimuli were similar in the Korean adoptees and in the French native subjects, but with relatively larger extents of activation in the latter group. We discuss these data in light of the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pallier
- INSERM U562, Service Hospitalier Fredrik Joliot, CEA/DSV/DRM, & IFR49, 4 place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, France.
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21
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Boddaert N, Chabane N, Barthélemy C, Bourgeois M, Poline JB, Brunelle F, Samson Y, Zilbovicius M. [Bitemporal lobe dysfonction in infantile autism: positron emission tomography study]. J Radiol 2002; 83:1829-33. [PMID: 12511838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood autism is a severe developmental disorder that impairs the acquisition of some of the most important skills in human life. Progress in understanding the neural basis of childhood autism requires clear and reliable data indicating specific neuroanatomical or neurophysiological abnormalities. The purpose of the present study was to research localized brain dysfunction in autistic children using functional brain imaging. PATIENTS AND METHODS Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in 21 primary autistic children and 10 age-matched non autistic children. RESULTS A statistical parametric analysis of rCBF images revealed significant bilateral temporal hypoperfusion in the associative auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) and in the multimodal cortex (superior temporal sulcus) in the autistic group (p<0.001). In addition, temporal hypoperfusion was detected individually in 77% of autistic children. CONCLUSION These findings provide robust evidence of well localized functional abnormalities in autistic children located in the superior temporal lobe. Such localized abnormalities were not detected with the low resolution PET camera,. This study suggests that high resolution PET camera combined with statistical parametric mapping is useful to understand developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Boddaert
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, ER-M INSERM 0205, DSV, DRM, CEA, Orsay, 4, place du Général Leclerc 91406, Orsay, France
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22
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Dupont S, Samson Y, Van de Moortele PF, Samson S, Poline JB, Hasboun D, Le Bihan D, Baulac M. Bilateral hemispheric alteration of memory processes in right medial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73:478-85. [PMID: 12397138 PMCID: PMC1738136 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.73.5.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional MRI (fMRI ) was used to investigate right medial temporal lobe epilepsy (RTLE) effects on verbal memory. METHODS BOLD fMRI data were collected from seven right sided MTLE patients (RTLE) and compared with the data previously acquired from seven left sided MTLE patients (LTLE) and 10 control subjects. Twenty two contiguous images covering the whole brain were acquired using an EPI echoplanar sequence. Subjects were instructed to learn a list of 17 words, and to recall it immediately and at 24 hours interval. Group analyses were performed using SPM96. RESULTS RTLE patients retrieval performances were significantly impaired as compared with the performance of control subjects. As compared with control subjects and LTLE patients, RTLE patients exhibited a different pattern of hemispheric activations and a global decrease in left hemisphere functional activity. CONCLUSION MTLE cannot be considered as a model of pure well lateralised hippocampal dysfunction. The verbal memory impairment depicted in RTLE patients may be considered as the witness of a bilateral impairment of the neuroanatomical circuits subserving memory.
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23
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Pappata S, Dehaene S, Poline JB, Gregoire MC, Jobert A, Delforge J, Frouin V, Bottlaender M, Dolle F, Di Giamberardino L, Syrota A. In vivo detection of striatal dopamine release during reward: a PET study with [(11)C]raclopride and a single dynamic scan approach. Neuroimage 2002; 16:1015-27. [PMID: 12202089 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new simple method is proposed to detect, using PET and [(11)C]raclopride, changes in striatal extracellular dopamine concentration during a rewarded effortful task. This approach aimed to increase the sensitivity in detection of these effects. It requires a single-dynamic PET study and combines the classic kinetic compartmental model with the general linear model of SPM to provide statistical inference on changes in [(11)C]raclopride time-activity curve due to endogenous dopamine release during two short periods of activation. Kinetic simulations predicted that 100% dopamine increase during two 5-min periods starting at 30 and 60 min after the injection can be detected. Moreover the effects of dopamine release on the [(11)C]raclopride time-activity-curve are different from those induced by CBF increase. These simulated curves were used to construct the statistical linear model and to test voxel-by-voxel in healthy subjects the hypothesis that dopamine is released in the ventral striatum during periods of unexpected monetary gains, but not during periods of unexpected monetary loss. The experimental results are in line with the expected results although the amplitude of the effects due to dopamine release is moderate. The advantages and the limits of this method as well as the relevance of the results for dopamine involvement in reward processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pappata
- INSERM U334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Géneral Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France.
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24
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Abstract
We propose a fast, efficient, general, simple, valid, and robust method of estimating and making inference about the delay of the fMRI response modeled as a temporal shift of the hemodynamic response function (HRF). We estimate the shift unbiasedly using two optimally chosen basis functions for a spectrum of time shifted HRFs. This is done at every voxel, to create an image of estimated delays and their standard deviations. This can be used to compare delays for the same stimulus at different voxels, or for different stimuli at the same voxel. Our method is compared to other alternatives and validated on an fMRI data set from an experiment in pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Liao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Canada
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25
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Pochon JB, Levy R, Fossati P, Lehericy S, Poline JB, Pillon B, Le Bihan D, Dubois B. The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5669-74. [PMID: 11960021 PMCID: PMC122829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We test the hypothesis that motivational and cognitive processes are linked by a specific neural system to reach maximal efficiency. We studied six normal subjects performing a working memory paradigm (n-back tasks) associated with different levels of monetary reward during an fMRI session. The study showed specific brain activation in relation with changes in both the cognitive loading and the reward associated with task performance. First, the working memory tasks activated a network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 9/46] and, in addition, in the lateral frontopolar areas (BA 10), but only in the more demanding condition (3-back task). This result suggests that lateral prefrontal areas are organized in a caudo-rostral continuum in relation with the increase in executive requirement. Second, reward induces an increased activation in the areas already activated by working memory processing and in a supplementary region, the medial frontal pole (BA 10), regardless of the level of cognitive processing. It is postulated that the latter region plays a specific role in monitoring the reward value of ongoing cognitive processes. Third, we detected areas where the signal decreases (ventral-BA 11/47 and subgenual prefrontal cortices) in relation with both the increase of cognitive demand and the reward. The deactivation may represent an emotional gating aimed at inhibiting adverse emotional signals to maximize the level of performance. Taken together, these results suggest a balance between increasing activity in cortical cognitive areas and decreasing activity in the limbic and paralimbic structures during ongoing higher cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pochon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E 007, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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Meyer-Lindenberg A, Poline JB, Kohn PD, Holt JL, Egan MF, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1809-17. [PMID: 11691686 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbed neuronal interactions may be involved in schizophrenia because it is without clear regional pathology. Aberrant connectivity is further suggested by theoretical formulations and neurochemical and neuroanatomical data. The authors applied to schizophrenia a recently available functional neuroimaging analytic method that permits characterization of cooperative action on the systems level. METHOD Thirteen medication-free patients and 13 matched healthy comparison subjects performed a working memory (n-back) task and sensorimotor baseline task during positron emission tomography. "Functional connectivity" patterns, reflecting distributed correlated activity that differed most between groups, were extracted by a canonical variates analysis. RESULTS More than half the variance was explained by a single pattern showing inferotemporal, (para-)hippocampal, and cerebellar loadings for patients versus dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate activity for comparison subjects. Expression of this pattern perfectly separated all patient scans from comparison scans, thus showing promise as a trait marker. This result was validated prospectively by successfully classifying unrelated scans from the same patients and data from a new cohort. An additional 19% of variance corresponded to the pattern activated by the working memory task. Expression of this pattern was more variable in patients during working memory but not the control condition, suggesting inability to sustain a task-adequate neural network, consistent with the disconnection hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS Pronounced disruptions of distributed cooperative activity in schizophrenia were found. A pattern showing disturbed frontotemporal interactions showed promise as a trait marker and may be useful for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Unit on Integrative Neuroimaging, Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA.
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27
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Dupont S, Samson Y, Van de Moortele PF, Samson S, Poline JB, Adam C, Lehéricy S, Le Bihan D, Baulac M. Delayed verbal memory retrieval: a functional MRI study in epileptic patients with structural lesions of the left medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 2001; 14:995-1003. [PMID: 11697931 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we suggested that in left medial temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) poor verbal episodic memory performances were sustained by abnormal neocortical and mesiotemporal activations. In the present study, we attempted to examine the evolution of these abnormal neocortical and mesiotemporal activations over 24 h. We thus observed the fMRI brain regions activated during the 24-h-delayed retrieval of a word list in the same sample of healthy control subjects and LTLE patients. In control subjects, a similar left occipitotemporofrontal network was activated during both immediate and 24-h-delayed retrieval conditions. In addition, the 24-h-delayed retrieval also activated a larger parietal region and the right hippocampus. This distributed neocortical and mesiotemporal network was very poorly activated during the 24-h-delayed retrieval in LTLE patients, suggesting the inability to reactivate areas that are keys to retrieving stored information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dupont
- Unité d'Epileptologie, CNRS UPR640, Paris, France
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28
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Abstract
Visual exploration is organized in sequences of saccadic eye movements that depend on both perceptual and cognitive context. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we studied the neural basis of sequential oculomotor behavior and its dependence on different types of memory by analyzing cerebral activity during performance of newly learned and familiar sequences of eye movements. Compared to a resting condition, both types of sequences activated a common fronto-parietal network, including frontal and supplementary eye fields, and several parietal areas. Within this network, newly learned sequences induced stronger activation than familiar sequences, probably reflecting higher attentional demands. In addition, specific regions were recruited for the performance of new sequences, including pre-supplementary eye fields, the precuneus and the caudate nucleus. This indicates that in addition to attentional modulation, novelty of saccadic sequences requires specific cortical resources, probably related to effortful sequence preparation and coordination as well as to spatial working memory. For familiar sequences, recalled from long-term memory, we observed specific right medial temporo-occipital activation in the vicinity of the boundary between the parahippocampal and lingual gyri, as well as an activation site in the parieto-occipital fissure. We conclude that neuronal resources recruited by the gaze system can change with the familiarity of the scanpath to be executed. This study is important to better understand how the brain implements memorized scanpaths for visual exploration and orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Grosbras
- LPPA, Collège de France, CNRS, 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France.
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29
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Paradis AL, Van de Moortele PF, Le Bihan D, Poline JB. Slice acquisition order and blood oxygenation level dependent frequency content: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. MAGMA 2001; 13:91-100. [PMID: 11502423 DOI: 10.1007/bf02668157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms performed so far have been designed to study a limited part of the brain with high temporal resolution. However, event-related paradigms can be exploratory, therefore requiring whole brain scans and so repetition times (TR) of several seconds. For these large TR values, the slice acquisition order may have an important effect on the detection of event-related activation. Indeed, when the scanning is interleaved, the temporal delay between the acquisition of two contiguous slices can reach a few seconds. During this time, the subject is likely to move, and the haemodynamic response will vary significantly. In this case, the interpolation applied between contiguous slices for motion correction induces a temporal smoothing between voxels that are spatially close but temporally sampled a few seconds apart. This should modify the frequency structure of the response and may impair the detection of short events. We, therefore tested the effect of three acquisition schemes (sequential, sequential with gap and interleaved, INT) at two repetition times (TR=3 and 6 s on six and seven subjects, respectively) on activation detection and frequency content in a visual motion event-related paradigm. Unexpectedly, for large TR (6 s), results were found in favour of the INT acquisition scheme (P<0.05). For smaller TR, no strong bias could be found. Generally, intra-subject variability (across acquisition schemes) is found to be much smaller than inter-subject variability, confirming the importance of multi-subjects analyses. Our study also shows that important physiological information is carried by high frequency components that should not be filtered out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Paradis
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, 4, place du Général Leclerc, 91406, Orsay, France
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30
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Klein I, Paradis AL, Poline JB, Kosslyn SM, Le Bihan D. Transient activity in the human calcarine cortex during visual-mental imagery: an event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2001; 12 Suppl 2:15-23. [PMID: 11506644 DOI: 10.1162/089892900564037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is largely accepted that visual-mental imagery and perception draw on many of the same neural structures, the existence and nature of neural processing in the primary visual cortex (or area V1) during visual imagery remains controversial. We tested two general hypotheses: The first was that V1 is activated only when images with many details are formed and used, and the second was that V1 is activated whenever images are formed, even if they are not necessarily used to perform a task. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI) to detect and characterize the activity in the calcarine sulcus (which contains the primary visual cortex) during single instances of mental imagery. The results revealed reproducible transient activity in this area whenever participants generated or evaluated a mental image. This transient activity was strongly enhanced when participants evaluated characteristics of objects, whether or not details actually needed to be extracted from the image to perform the task. These results show that visual imagery processing commonly involves the earliest stages of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Klein
- SHFJ/DRM/DSV/CEA, Orsay, France
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31
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Darquié A, Poline JB, Poupon C, Saint-Jalmes H, Le Bihan D. Transient decrease in water diffusion observed in human occipital cortex during visual stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9391-5. [PMID: 11459931 PMCID: PMC55431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151125698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Using MRI, we report the observation of a transient decrease of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water in the human brain visual cortex during activation by a black and white 8-Hz-flickering checkerboard. The ADC decrease was small (<1%), but significant and reproducible, and closely followed the time course of the activation paradigm. Based on the known sensitivity of diffusion MRI to cell size in tissues and on optical imaging studies that have revealed changes in the shape of neurons and glial cells during activation, the observed ADC findings have been tentatively ascribed to a transient swelling of cortical cells. These preliminary results suggest a new approach to produce images of brain activation with MRI from signals directly associated with neuronal activation, and not through changes in local blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Darquié
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay Cedex, France
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32
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Dehaene S, Naccache L, Cohen L, Bihan DL, Mangin JF, Poline JB, Rivière D. Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:752-8. [PMID: 11426233 DOI: 10.1038/89551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERPs) to visualize the cerebral processing of unseen masked words. Within the areas associated with conscious reading, masked words activated left extrastriate, fusiform and precentral areas. Furthermore, masked words reduced the amount of activation evoked by a subsequent conscious presentation of the same word. In the left fusiform gyrus, this repetition suppression phenomenon was independent of whether the prime and target shared the same case, indicating that case-independent information about letter strings was extracted unconsciously. In comparison to an unmasked situation, however, the activation evoked by masked words was drastically reduced and was undetectable in prefrontal and parietal areas, correlating with participants' inability to report the masked words.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dehaene
- Unité INSERM 334, IFR 49, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA/DSV, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay cedex, France.
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33
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Paillère-Martinot M, Caclin A, Artiges E, Poline JB, Joliot M, Mallet L, Recasens C, Attar-Lévy D, Martinot JL. Cerebral gray and white matter reductions and clinical correlates in patients with early onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 50:19-26. [PMID: 11378311 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Few magnetic resonance imaging studies of schizophrenia have investigated brain tissue volumes and their relation to clinical symptoms in patients with an early age at illness onset. The twofold purpose of the study was to investigate both gray and white matter volumes in schizophrenic men with an early age at illness onset, and to determine whether clinical features correlated with tissue volume changes, using an automated voxel-by-voxel image analysis procedure. Twenty male patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia, and an early age at onset (m+/-SD=19+/-2) were compared with 20 age-matched health men. Magnetic resonance (1.5-T) scans were obtained with an Inversion-Recovery prepared fast gradient echo sequence enhancing gray and white matter contrast. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used for image segmentation and comparison. Patients had significant gray matter reductions in medial frontal gyri, left insula, left parahippocampus, and left fusiform gyrus; bilateral white matter reductions in frontal lobes, and increased total cerebrospinal fluid volume were also observed. Negative symptom scores were negatively related to white matter volumes in cingulate regions, and in the right internal capsule. These findings emphasize a pattern of left-hemisphere gray matter abnormalities, and suggest that fronto-paralimbic connectivity may be altered in men with early onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paillère-Martinot
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, DSV-CEA, and INSERM U.334, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91406 Orsay, France.
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34
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Pochon JB, Levy R, Poline JB, Crozier S, Lehéricy S, Pillon B, Deweer B, Le Bihan D, Dubois B. The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the preparation of forthcoming actions: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11:260-6. [PMID: 11230097 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/11.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in working memory (WM). Yet its precise contribution (the storage, manipulation and/or utilization of information for the forthcoming response) remains to be determined. To test the hypothesis that the DLPFC is more involved in the preparation of actions than in the maintenance of information in short-term memory (STM), we undertook a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation in normal subjects performing two delayed response tasks (matching and reproduction tasks) in a visuospatial task sequence (presentation, delay, response). In the two tasks, the presentation and delay phases were similar, but the expected response was different: in the matching task, subjects had to indicate whether a visuospatial sequence matched the sequence presented before the delay period; in the reproduction task, subjects had to reproduce the sequence and, therefore, to mentally organize their response during the delay. Using a fMRI paradigm focusing on the delay period, we observed a significant DLPFC activation when subjects were required to mentally prepare a sequential action based on the information stored in STM. When subjects had only to maintain a visuospatial stimulus in STM, no DLPFC activation was found. These results suggest that a parietal-premotor network is sufficient to store visuospatial information in STM whereas the DLPFC is involved when it is necessary to mentally prepare a forthcoming sequential action based on the information stored in STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pochon
- INSERM EPI 007 Pavillon Claude Bernard, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
Little is currently known about the brain regions involved in central processing of dyspnea. We performed a functional imaging study with positron emission tomography (PET) to assess brain activation associated with an important component of dyspnea, respiratory discomfort during loaded breathing. We induced respiratory discomfort in eight healthy volunteers by adding external resistive loads during inspiration and expiration. Brain activation was characterized by a significant increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) (Z score of peak activation > 3.09). As compared with the unloaded control condition, high loaded breathing was associated with neural activation in three distinct brain regions, the right anterior insula, the cerebellar vermis, and the medial pons (respective Z scores = 4.75, 4.44, 4.41). For these brain regions, we further identified a positive correlation between rCBF and the perceived intensity of respiratory discomfort (respective Z scores = 4.45, 4.75, 4.74) as well as between rCBF and the mean amplitude of mouth pressure swings (DeltaPm), the index of the main generating mechanism of the sensation (respective Z scores = 4.67, 4.36, 4.31), suggesting a common activation by these two parameters. Furthermore, we identified an area in the right posterior cingulate cortex where neural activation was specifically associated with perceived intensity of respiratory discomfort that is not related to DeltaPm (Z score = 4.25). Our results suggest that respiratory discomfort related to loaded breathing may be subserved by two distinct neural networks, the first being involved in the concomitant processing of the genesis and perception of respiratory discomfort and the second in the modulation of perceived intensity of the sensation by various factors other than its main generating mechanism, which may include emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peiffer
- INSERM U 408, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
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36
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Abstract
A methodology for fMRI data analysis confined to the cortex, Cortical Surface Mapping (CSM), is presented. CSM retains the flexibility of the General Linear Model based estimation, but the procedures involved are adapted to operate on the cortical surface, while avoiding to resort to explicit flattening. The methodology is tested by means of simulations and application to a real fMRI protocol. The results are compared with those obtained with a standard, volume-oriented approach (SPM), and it is shown that CSM leads to local differences in sensitivity, with generally higher sensitivity for CSM in two of the three subjects studied. The discussion provided is focused on the benefits of the introduction of anatomical information in fMRI data analysis, and the relevance of CSM as a step toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andrade
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Orsay, France
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37
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Zilbovicius M, Boddaert N, Belin P, Poline JB, Remy P, Mangin JF, Thivard L, Barthélémy C, Samson Y. Temporal lobe dysfunction in childhood autism: a PET study. Positron emission tomography. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1988-93. [PMID: 11097965 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nature of the underlying brain dysfunction of childhood autism, a life-long severe developmental disorder, is not well understood. Although researchers using functional brain imaging have attempted to contribute to this debate, previous studies have failed to report consistent localized neocortical brain dysfunction. The authors reasoned that early methods may have been insensitive to such dysfunction, which may now be detectable with improved technology. METHOD To test this hypothesis, regional cerebral blood flow was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) in 21 children with primary autism and in 10 nonautistic children with idiopathic mental retardation. Autistic and comparison groups were similar in average age and developmental quotients. The authors first searched for focal brain dysfunction in the autistic group by using a voxel-based whole brain analysis and then assessed the sensitivity of the method to detect the abnormality in individual children. An extension study was then performed in an additional group of 12 autistic children. RESULTS The first autistic group had a highly significant hypoperfusion in both temporal lobes centered in associative auditory and adjacent multimodal cortex, which was detected in 76% of autistic children. Virtually identical results were found in the second autistic group in the extension study. CONCLUSIONS PET and voxel-based image analysis revealed a localized dysfunction of the temporal lobes in school-aged children with idiopathic autism. Further studies will clarify the relationships between these temporal abnormalities and the perceptive, cognitive, and emotional developmental abnormalities characteristic of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zilbovicius
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Direction des Sciences du Vívant, Département de Recherche, Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, Tours, France.
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38
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Gerardin E, Sirigu A, Lehéricy S, Poline JB, Gaymard B, Marsault C, Agid Y, Le Bihan D. Partially overlapping neural networks for real and imagined hand movements. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10:1093-104. [PMID: 11053230 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/10.11.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimagery findings have shown similar cerebral networks associated with imagination and execution of a movement. On the other hand, neuropsychological studies of parietal-lesioned patients suggest that these networks may be at least partly distinct. In the present study, normal subjects were asked to either imagine or execute auditory-cued hand movements. Compared with rest, imagination and execution showed overlapping networks, including bilateral premotor and parietal areas, basal ganglia and cerebellum. However, direct comparison between the two experimental conditions showed that specific cortico-subcortical areas were more engaged in mental simulation, including bilateral premotor, prefrontal, supplementary motor and left posterior parietal areas, and the caudate nuclei. These results suggest that a specific neuronal substrate is involved in the processing of hand motor representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gerardin
- Inserm U289 and Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital de la Salp etrière, Paris, France
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39
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Le Clec'H G, Dehaene S, Cohen L, Mehler J, Dupoux E, Poline JB, Lehéricy S, van de Moortele PF, Le Bihan D. Distinct cortical areas for names of numbers and body parts independent of language and input modality. Neuroimage 2000; 12:381-91. [PMID: 10988032 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some models of word comprehension postulate that the processing of words presented in different modalities and languages ultimately converges toward common cerebral systems associated with semantic-level processing and that the localization of these systems may vary with the category of semantic knowledge being accessed. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate this hypothesis with two categories of words, numerals, and body parts, for which the existence of distinct category-specific areas is debated in neuropsychology. Across two experiments, one with a blocked design and the other with an event-related design, a reproducible set of left-hemispheric parietal and prefrontal areas showed greater activation during the manipulation of topographical knowledge about body parts and a right-hemispheric parietal network during the manipulation of numerical quantities. These results complement the existing neuropsychological and brain-imaging literature by suggesting that within the extensive network of bilateral parietal regions active during both number and body-part processing, a subset shows category-specific responses independent of the language and modality of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Le Clec'H
- INSERM U.334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA/DSV, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay Cedex, France
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40
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Abstract
The functional architecture of human auditory cortex is still poorly understood compared with that of visual cortex, yet anatomical and electrophysiological studies in non-human primates suggest that the auditory cortex also might be functionally specialized, in a model of parallel and hierarchical organization. In particular, spectral changes such as the formant transitions of speech, or spectral motion (SM) by analogy with visual motion, could be processed in specialized cortical regions. In this study, positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify which auditory cortical region are involved in SM analysis. We found that a bilateral secondary auditory cortical region, located in the caudal-lateral belt of auditory cortex, was more sensitive to auditory stimuli containing spectral changes than to matched stimuli with a stationary spectral profile. This result suggests that analogies between sensory systems could prove useful in the research into the functional organization of the auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thivard
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, DRM-CEA, Orsay, France
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Artiges E, Salamé P, Recasens C, Poline JB, Attar-Levy D, De La Raillère A, Paillère-Martinot ML, Danion JM, Martinot JL. Working memory control in patients with schizophrenia: a PET study during a random number generation task. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1517-9. [PMID: 10964875 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to investigate brain regions involved in the deficiency of working memory control processes in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with positron emission tomography in eight men with stabilized schizophrenia and eight healthy men while they were performing a graded random number generation task. Twelve scans were made for each subject. Covariations between randomness of responses and regional activation were analyzed. RESULTS The pattern of covariation between randomness of responses and activation in the anterior cingulate and superior parietal regions differed between patients and healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a cinguloparietal dysfunction underlying the impairment of working memory control processes during a random number generation task in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Artiges
- Département de Recherche en Imagerie, Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Strasbourg, France
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Paradis AL, Cornilleau-Pérès V, Droulez J, Van De Moortele PF, Lobel E, Berthoz A, Le Bihan D, Poline JB. Visual perception of motion and 3-D structure from motion: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10:772-83. [PMID: 10920049 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/10.8.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the cortical bases of 3-D structure perception from visual motion in human. Nine subjects underwent three experiments designed to locate the areas involved in (i) motion processing (random motion versus static dots), (ii) coherent motion processing (expansion/ contraction versus random motion) and (iii) 3-D shape from motion reconstruction (3-D surface oscillating in depth versus random motion). Two control experiments tested the specific influence of speed distribution and surface curvature on the activation results. All stimuli consisted of random dots so that motion parallax was the only cue available for 3-D shape perception. As expected, random motion compared with static dots induced strong activity in areas V1/V2, V5+ and the superior occipital gyrus (SOG; presumptive V3/V3A). V1/V2 and V5+ showed no activity increase when comparing coherent motion (expansion or 3-D surface) with random motion. Conversely, V3/V3A and the dorsal parieto-occipital junction were highlighted in both comparisons and showed gradually increased activity for random motion, coherent motion and a curved surface rotating in depth, which suggests their involvement in the coding of 3-D shape from motion. Also, the ventral aspect of the left occipito-temporal junction was found to be equally responsive to random and coherent motion stimuli, but showed a specific sensitivity to curved 3-D surfaces compared with plane surfaces. As this region is already known to be involved in the coding of static object shape, our results suggest that it might integrate various cues for the perception of 3-D shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Paradis
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, Orsay and Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action, CNRS-Collège de France, Paris, France.
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Dupont S, Van de Moortele PF, Samson S, Hasboun D, Poline JB, Adam C, Lehéricy S, Le Bihan D, Samson Y, Baulac M. Episodic memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy: a functional MRI study. Brain 2000; 123 ( Pt 8):1722-32. [PMID: 10908201 DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.8.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Left medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is associated with verbal memory impairment usually related to hippocampal damage. We used functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the patterns of functional activity in healthy volunteers and MTLE patients engaged in verbal episodic memory tasks to look for evidence of a reallocation of verbal memory in epileptic patients. fMRI data were collected from seven MTLE patients with left-sided hippocampal sclerosis and 10 healthy right-handed control subjects on a 3T scanner. Subjects were instructed to learn a list of 17 words (encoding) and then to recall them (retrieval) on successive trials. Healthy volunteers and patients both exhibited bilateral activation (right higher than left) of the parahippocampal gyrus during the retrieval. This effect was more marked in the control subjects. In contrast to the control subjects, patients exhibited consistent and extensive left prefrontal activations in all the memory tasks. These findings show that verbal memory tasks did not involve the same functional patterns in patients and healthy volunteers. This may be interpreted as a dysfunctional response due to the epilepsy and left hippocampal sclerosis, and could reflect the early onset and progressive course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dupont
- Unité d'Epileptologie, Clinique Neurologique Paul Castaigne, CNRS UPR640, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Coulon O, Mangin JF, Poline JB, Zilbovicius M, Roumenov D, Samson Y, Frouin V, Bloch I. Structural group analysis of functional activation maps. Neuroimage 2000; 11:767-82. [PMID: 10860801 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here a new method for cerebral activation detection over a group of subjects. This method is performed using individual activation maps of any sort. It aims at processing a group analysis while preserving individual information and at overcoming as far as possible limitations of the spatial normalization used to compare different subjects. We designed it such that it provides the individual occurrence of the activations detected at a group level. The localization can then be performed on the individual anatomy of each subject. The analysis starts with a hierarchical multiscale object-based description of each individual map. These descriptions are then compared, rather than comparing the images directly. The analysis is thus performed at an object level instead of voxel by voxel. It is made using a comparison graph, on which a labeling process is performed. The label field on the graph is modeled by a Markov random field, which allows us to introduce high-level rules of interrogation of the data. The process has been evaluated on simulated data and real data from a PET protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Coulon
- Departement TSI, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications, 46 Rue Barrault, Paris Cedex 13, 75631, France.
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Kiebel SJ, Poline JB, Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Worsley KJ. Robust smoothness estimation in statistical parametric maps using standardized residuals from the general linear model. Neuroimage 1999; 10:756-66. [PMID: 10600421 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of significant activations in functional imaging using voxel-based methods often relies on results derived from the theory of Gaussian random fields. These results solve the multiple comparison problem and assume that the spatial correlation or smoothness of the data is known or can be estimated. End results (i. e., P values associated with local maxima, clusters, or sets of clusters) critically depend on this assessment, which should be as exact and as reliable as possible. In some earlier implementations of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) (SPM94, SPM95) the smoothness was assessed on Gaussianized t-fields (Gt-f) that are not generally free of physiological signal. This technique has two limitations. First, the estimation is not stable (the variance of the estimator being far from negligible) and, second, physiological signal in the Gt-f will bias the estimation. In this paper, we describe an estimation method that overcomes these drawbacks. The new approach involves estimating the smoothness of standardized residual fields which approximates the smoothness of the component fields of the associated t-field. Knowing the smoothness of these component fields is important because it allows one to compute corrected P values for statistical fields other than the t-field or the Gt-f (e.g., the F-map) and eschews bias due to deviation from the null hypothesis. We validate the method on simulated data and demonstrate it using data from a functional MRI study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kiebel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
In this note we draw attention to a source of potential ambiguity in functional neuroimaging results when data analysis is based on the resolution of a linear model. This ambiguity arises whenever there exists correlation between the model covariates. A single-subject PET activation experiment helps to illustrate to what extent correlation can affect statistical results interpretation, possibly leading to misinterpretation of part of the activation pattern. This note is intended to clarify this point and to suggest the use of a simple and well-known procedure to deal with these situations. In the Appendix, we suggest a convenient mathematical formulation for statistical tests particularly useful in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andrade
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Orsay Cedex, 91401, France
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Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline JB, Holmes AP. Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging. I. Non-inferential methods and statistical models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:1239-60. [PMID: 10466149 PMCID: PMC1692631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging (FNI) provides experimental access to the intact living brain making it possible to study higher cognitive functions in humans. In this review and in a companion paper in this issue, we discuss some common methods used to analyse FNI data. The emphasis in both papers is on assumptions and limitations of the methods reviewed. There are several methods available to analyse FNI data indicating that none is optimal for all purposes. In order to make optimal use of the methods available it is important to know the limits of applicability. For the interpretation of FNI results it is also important to take into account the assumptions, approximations and inherent limitations of the methods used. This paper gives a brief overview over some non-inferential descriptive methods and common statistical models used in FNI. Issues relating to the complex problem of model selection are discussed. In general, proper model selection is a necessary prerequisite for the validity of the subsequent statistical inference. The non-inferential section describes methods that, combined with inspection of parameter estimates and other simple measures, can aid in the process of model selection and verification of assumptions. The section on statistical models covers approaches to global normalization and some aspects of univariate, multivariate, and Bayesian models. Finally, approaches to functional connectivity and effective connectivity are discussed. In the companion paper we review issues related to signal detection and statistical inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Petersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Petersson KM, Nichols TE, Poline JB, Holmes AP. Statistical limitations in functional neuroimaging. II. Signal detection and statistical inference. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:1261-81. [PMID: 10466150 PMCID: PMC1692643 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of functional neuroimaging (FNI) methodology has developed into a mature but evolving area of knowledge and its applications have been extensive. A general problem in the analysis of FNI data is finding a signal embedded in noise. This is sometimes called signal detection. Signal detection theory focuses in general on issues relating to the optimization of conditions for separating the signal from noise. When methods from probability theory and mathematical statistics are directly applied in this procedure it is also called statistical inference. In this paper we briefly discuss some aspects of signal detection theory relevant to FNI and, in addition, some common approaches to statistical inference used in FNI. Low-pass filtering in relation to functional-anatomical variability and some effects of filtering on signal detection of interest to FNI are discussed. Also, some general aspects of hypothesis testing and statistical inference are discussed. This includes the need for characterizing the signal in data when the null hypothesis is rejected, the problem of multiple comparisons that is central to FNI data analysis, omnibus tests and some issues related to statistical power in the context of FNI. In turn, random field, scale space, non-parametric and Monte Carlo approaches are reviewed, representing the most common approaches to statistical inference used in FNI. Complementary to these issues an overview and discussion of non-inferential descriptive methods, common statistical models and the problem of model selection is given in a companion paper. In general, model selection is an important prelude to subsequent statistical inference. The emphasis in both papers is on the assumptions and inherent limitations of the methods presented. Most of the methods described here generally serve their purposes well when the inherent assumptions and limitations are taken into account. Significant differences in results between different methods are most apparent in extreme parameter ranges, for example at low effective degrees of freedom or at small spatial autocorrelation. In such situations or in situations when assumptions and approximations are seriously violated it is of central importance to choose the most suitable method in order to obtain valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Petersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dehaene
- INSERM U.334, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA/DRM/DSV, Orsay, France.
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Abstract
This paper presents a new method for characterizing brain responses in both PET and fMRI data. The aim is to capture the correlations between the scans of an experiment and a set of external predictor variables that are thought to affect the scans, such as type, intensity, or shape of stimulus response. Its main feature is a Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) of the estimated effects of the predictors from a multivariate linear model (MLM). The advantage of this over current methods is that temporal correlations can be incorporated into the model, making the MLM method suitable for fMRI as well as PET data. Moreover, tests for the presence of any correlation, and inference about the number of canonical variates needed to capture that correlation, can be based on standard multivariate statistics, rather than simulations. When applied to an fMRI data set previously analyzed by another CVA method, the MLM method reveals a pattern of responses that is closer to that detected in an earlier non-CVA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Worsley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2K6, Canada
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