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Strong A, Grip H, Arumugam A, Boraxbekk CJ, Selling J, Häger CK. Right hemisphere brain lateralization for knee proprioception among right-limb dominant individuals. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:969101. [PMID: 36742357 PMCID: PMC9892188 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.969101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies indicate that brain response during proprioceptive tasks predominates in the right hemisphere. A right hemisphere lateralization for proprioception may help to explain findings that right-limb dominant individuals perform position matching tasks better with the non-dominant left side. Evidence for proprioception-related brain response and side preference is, however, limited and based mainly on studies of the upper limbs. Establishing brain response associated with proprioceptive acuity for the lower limbs in asymptomatic individuals could be useful for understanding the influence of neurological pathologies on proprioception and locomotion. Methods We assessed brain response during an active unilateral knee joint position sense (JPS) test for both legs of 19 right-limb dominant asymptomatic individuals (females/males = 12/7; mean ± SD age = 27.1 ± 4.6 years). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) mapped brain response and simultaneous motion capture provided real-time instructions based on kinematics, accurate JPS errors and facilitated extraction of only relevant brain images. Results Significantly greater absolute (but not constant nor variable) errors were seen for the dominant right knee (5.22° ± 2.02°) compared with the non-dominant left knee (4.39° ± 1.79°) (P = 0.02). When limbs were pooled for analysis, significantly greater responses were observed mainly in the right hemisphere for, e.g., the precentral gyrus and insula compared with a similar movement without position matching. Significant response was also observed in the left hemisphere for the inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. When limbs were assessed independently, common response was observed in the right precentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus. For the right leg, additional response was found in the right middle frontal gyrus. For the left leg, additional response was observed in the right rolandic operculum. Significant positive correlations were found between mean JPS absolute errors for the right knee and simultaneous brain response in the right supramarginal gyrus (r = 0.464, P = 0.040). Discussion Our findings support a general right brain hemisphere lateralization for proprioception (knee JPS) of the lower limbs regardless of which limb is active. Better proprioceptive acuity for the non-dominant left compared with the dominant right knee indicates that right hemisphere lateralization may have meaningful implications for motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Strong
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,*Correspondence: Andrew Strong,
| | - Helena Grip
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ashokan Arumugam
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Selling
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Charlotte K. Häger
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Phillips D, Zahariev A, Karduna A. Shoulder Joint Position Sense Can Be Reduced by Sensory Reference Frame Transformations. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:938-951. [PMID: 33593118 DOI: 10.1177/0031512521993040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Joint position sense (JPS) is commonly evaluated using an angle replication protocol with vision occluded. However, multiple sources of sensory information are integrated when moving limbs accurately, not just proprioception. The purpose of this study was to examine different availability of vision during an active JPS protocol at the shoulder. Specifically, the effects of four conditions of vision availability were examined for three target shoulder elevation angles (50°, 70° & 90°): vision occluded continuously (P-P); vision available continuously (VP-VP); vision occluded only during target memorization (P-VP); and vision occluded only during target position replication (VP-P). There were 18 participants (M age = 21, SD = 1 years). We used separate repeated ANOVAs to examine the effect of condition and target angle on participants' absolute error (AE, a measure of accuracy) and constant error (CE, a measure of directional bias). We found a significant main effect for condition and angle for both dependent variables (p < 0.01), and follow-up analysis indicated that participants were most accurate in the VP-VP condition and least accurate in the P-VP condition. Further follow-up analysis showed that accuracy improved with higher target elevation angles, consistent with previous research findings. Constant error results were similar, as there was a prominent tendency to overshoot the target. Unsurprisingly, participants performed best at the angle replication protocol with their eyes open. However, while accuracy was reduced when vision was occluded during target memorization, it was restored during target replication. This finding may have indicated an accuracy cost due to introduced noise when transforming sensory information from a proprioceptive reference frame into a visual reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Phillips
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, United States
| | - Albena Zahariev
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, United States
| | - Andrew Karduna
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon , Eugene, United States
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Han J, Adams R, Waddington G, Han C. Proprioceptive accuracy after uni-joint and multi-joint patterns of arm-raising movements directed to overhead targets. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 38:127-132. [PMID: 33494662 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1876017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of arm-raising pattern on upper limb proprioceptive accuracy for movements made to overhead targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen healthy young adults were tested in standing with arms at the sides, made dominant arm-raising movements to an unseen overhead stop, randomly placed at one of five different overhead targets. Movements were made either as a uni-joint shoulder flexion movement in an arc, or as an unconstrained arm raising that was a series of multi-joint movements involving the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. RESULTS Overall proprioceptive accuracy for discrimination between the five unseen overhead targets was not different after arm-raising with either a uni-joint or mult-joint pattern (F1, 15 = 0.50, p = 0.49, partial η2 = 0.03). Better performers with one pattern also tended to perform well with the other (r = 0.70, p = 0.003). Trend analysis across the 4 pairwise scores for discriminations between the target positions (171.8°-173.6°, 173.6°-175.4°, 175.4°-177.2°, and 177.2°-179.0°) showed worsening discrimination towards the more distant targets (F1, 15 = 8.44, p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.36). However, this linear trend of falling discrimination accuracy was not different between the two movement patterns (p = 0.27). CONCLUSION Proprioceptive accuracy did not differ between simple uni-joint and more complex multi-joint arm-raising movement patterns, and the further the extent of the overhead target movement, the worse proprioceptive discrimination sensitivity for both movement patterns. Upper limb proprioceptive accuracy was therefore movement extent dependent, but movement pattern independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Han
- Department of Physiotherapy and Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chunying Han
- Faculty of Media and Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Négyesi J, Galamb K, Szilágyi B, Nagatomi R, Hortobágyi T, Tihanyi J. Age-specific modifications in healthy adults' knee joint position sense. Somatosens Mot Res 2019; 36:262-269. [PMID: 31691599 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2019.1684888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Right-handed young adults perform target-matching tasks more accurately with the non-dominant (ND) compared to the dominant (D) limb, but it is unclear if age affects this disparity. We determined if age affects target-matching asymmetry in right-side dominant healthy adults. Method: Young (n = 12, age: 23.6 y, 6 females) and older (n = 12; age: 75.1 y, 7 females) adults performed a passive joint position-matching task with the D and ND leg in a randomized order. Result: Age affected absolute, constant, and variable knee JPS errors but, contrary to expectations, it did not affect target-matching asymmetries between the D and ND knees. However, older participants tended to underestimate while young subjects overestimated the target angles. Moreover, older as compared to young subjects performed the target-matching task with higher variability. Conclusion: Altogether, age seems to affect passive knee target-matching behaviour in right-side dominant healthy adults. The present data indicate that healthy aging produces age-specific modifications in passive joint position sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Négyesi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kata Galamb
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Borbála Szilágyi
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Informatics, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health & Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - József Tihanyi
- Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Informatics, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
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Hams AH, Evans K, Adams R, Waddington G, Witchalls J. Throwing performance in water polo is related to in-water shoulder proprioception. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2588-2595. [PMID: 31352872 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1648987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Water polo players require a high level of upper-extremity strength, flexibility and coordination to achieve a peak level of throwing performance. Increased levels of shoulder proprioceptive acuity, strength and range of motion (ROM) have been previously associated with higher sporting performance. A coach-rating scale, used to quantify an athlete's kicking proficiency in soccer; was adapted in the current study to measure each coach's subjective expert opinion regarding athletes' throwing mechanics, velocity, and accuracy. To examine this hypothesis shoulder proprioception acuity of 18 water polo players was measured both in-water and on-land using an AMEDA apparatus and correlated with coach-rated throwing performance and clinical measures of shoulder strength and ROM. There was a moderate positive correlation between the in-water and the on-land proprioception acuity (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). The in-water score showing a strong positive correlation with coach rated throwing mechanics (r = 0.68, p < 0.05) and velocity (r = 0.75, p = 0.02), suggesting that superior proprioception acuity contributed to fast, mechanically-efficient throwing. These findings support the notion that in-water proprioceptive acuity is an important determinant of the throwing performance achieved by water polo athletes and its measurement may be a valuable adjunct to current athlete screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Hams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia.,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence unit, Queensland Academy of Sports , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia.,Healthia Ltd , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
| | - Jeremy Witchalls
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
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Galamb K, Szilágyi B, Magyar OM, Hortobágyi T, Nagatomi R, Váczi M, Négyesi J. Effects of side-dominance on knee joint proprioceptive target-matching asymmetries. Physiol Int 2018; 105:257-265. [PMID: 30269560 DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Right- and left-side-dominant individuals reveal target-matching asymmetries between joints of the dominant and non-dominant upper limbs. However, it is unclear if such asymmetries are also present in lower limb's joints. We hypothesized that right-side-dominant participants perform knee joint target-matching tasks more accurately with their non-dominant leg compared to left-side-dominant participants. METHODS Participants performed position sense tasks using each leg by moving each limb separately and passively on an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS Side-dominance affected (p < 0.05) knee joint absolute position errors only in the non-dominant leg but not in the dominant leg: right-side-dominant participants produced less absolute position errors (2.82° ± 0.72°) with the non-dominant leg compared to left-side-dominant young participants (3.54° ± 0.33°). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, right-side-dominant participants tend to perform a target-matching task more accurately with the non-dominant leg compared to left-side-dominant participants. Our results extend the literature by showing that right-hemisphere specialization under proprioceptive target-matching tasks may be not evident at the lower limb joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Galamb
- 1 Pain Clinic , Budapest, Hungary.,2 Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - T Hortobágyi
- 3 Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Nagatomi
- 4 Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan.,5 Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health & Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , Sendai, Japan
| | - M Váczi
- 6 Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Négyesi
- 1 Pain Clinic , Budapest, Hungary.,4 Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai, Japan
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Lee H, Nicholson LL, Adams RD. Sensitivity to Differences in the Extent of Neck-Retraction and -Rotation Movements Made with and without Vision. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 98:1081-9. [PMID: 15209324 DOI: 10.2466/pms.98.3.1081-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
19 subjects (10 men, 9 women) ages 19 to 30 years ( M = 23.2, SD = 3.3) volunteered to participate in a study to investigate the just-noticeable-difference in movement extent for neck retraction and neck rotation. Testing was carried out with stopped movements, conducted according to the method of constant stimuli, and repeated both with and without vision in a comfortable seated position. Sensitivity was greatest for neck-retraction movements, which had lower just-noticeable-difference than either left or right rotation movements. Having full vision available gave no significant advantage in any direction when discriminating between different extents of midrange head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejung Lee
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe NSW 1825, Australia.
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Freeston J, Adams RD, Rooney K. Shoulder Proprioception Is Not Related to Throwing Speed or Accuracy in Elite Adolescent Male Baseball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:181-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Freeston J, Adams R, Ferdinands RE, Rooney K. Indicators of Throwing Arm Fatigue in Elite Adolescent Male Baseball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2115-20. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Han J, Waddington G, Adams R, Anson J. Bimanual proprioceptive performance differs for right- and left-handed individuals. Neurosci Lett 2013; 542:37-41. [PMID: 23523925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that asymmetry between the upper limbs in the utilization of proprioceptive feedback arises from functional differences in the roles of the preferred and non-preferred hands during bimanual tasks. The present study investigated unimanual and bimanual proprioceptive performance in right- and left-handed young adults with an active finger pinch movement discrimination task. With visual information removed, participants were required to make absolute judgments about the extent of pinch movements made to physical stops, either by one hand, or by both hands concurrently, with the sequence of presented movement extents varied randomly. Discrimination accuracy scores were derived from participants' responses using non-parametric signal detection analysis. Consistent with previous findings, a non-dominant hand/hemisphere superiority effect was observed, where the non-dominant hands of right- and left-handed individuals performed overall significantly better than their dominant hands. For all participants, bimanual movement discrimination scores were significantly lower than scores obtained in the unimanual task. However, the magnitude of the performance reduction, from the unimanual to the bimanual task, was significantly greater for left-handed individuals. The effect whereby bimanual proprioception was disproportionately affected in left-handed individuals could be due to enhanced neural communication between hemispheres in left-handed individuals leading to less distinctive separation of information obtained from the two hands in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuanhuan Road, Shanghai 200438, Yangpu District, China.
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Proprioceptive performance of bilateral upper and lower limb joints: side-general and site-specific effects. Exp Brain Res 2013; 226:313-23. [PMID: 23423167 PMCID: PMC3627017 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Superiority of the left upper limb in proprioception tasks performed by right-handed individuals has been attributed to better utilization of proprioceptive information by a non-preferred arm/hemisphere system. However, it is undetermined whether this holds for multiple upper and lower limb joints. Accordingly, the present study tested active movement proprioception at four pairs of upper and lower limb joints, after selecting twelve participants with both strong right arm and right leg preference. A battery of versions of the active movement extent discrimination apparatus were employed to generate the stimuli for movements of different extents at the ankle, knee, shoulder and fingers on the right and left sides of the body, and discrimination scores were derived from participants' responses. Proprioceptive performance on the non-preferred left side was significantly better than the preferred right side at all four joints tested (overall F 1, 11 = 36.36, p < 0.001, partial η (2) = 0.77). In the 8 × 8 matrix formed by all joints, only correlations between the proprioceptive accuracy scores for the right and left sides at the same joint were significant (ankles 0.93, knees 0.89, shoulders 0.87, fingers 0.91, p ≤ 0.001; all others r ≤ 0.40, p ≥ 0.20). The results point to both a side-general effect and a site-specific effect in the integration of proprioceptive information during active movement tasks, whereby the non-preferred limb/hemisphere system is specialized in the utilization of the best proprioceptive sources available at each specific joint, but the combination of sources employed differs between body sites.
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Comparison of lumbar proprioception as measured in unrestrained standing in individuals with disc replacement, with low back pain, and without low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010; 40:439-46. [PMID: 20592482 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2010.40.7.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional laboratory study. OBJECTIVE To determine whether individuals with spinal pain and those who have undergone spinal surgery have difficulty discriminating small movement differences using a spinal proprioception test for active flexion movements. BACKGROUND Structures contributing to proprioception may be affected during disc replacement surgery. Postsurgical assessment of proprioceptive ability to make discriminations in the range used for maintaining upright postural stability is needed to inform postoperative rehabilitation. METHODS Proprioceptive sensitivity to differences between lumbar spine movements of 11 degrees, 13 degrees, 15 degrees, 17 degrees, and 19 degrees of forward flexion was measured in unrestrained standing, with vision of the target obscured. Individuals after disc replacement (n=16), with disc degeneration and discogenic back pain (n=19), and without back pain (n=18) performed 50 movement trials and stated the amount of movement performed for each trial (11 degrees, 13 degrees, 15 degrees, 17 degrees, or 19 degrees). RESULTS The pattern of discrimination scores between adjacent lumbar flexion movement pairs shown by the individuals in the discogenic back pain group differed significantly from the disc replacement and healthy control groups (P=.024), which were not significantly different from each other. Although mean discrimination scores averaged over all movement pairs did not differ significantly between the groups, participants with discogenic back pain discriminated between the 2 smallest lumbar flexion movements significantly better than those in the other 2 groups (P=.013). CONCLUSION The greater sensitivity of the individuals with disc pain to discriminate between the 2 smallest flexion movements was interpreted as a contrast effect arising from differences between the groups in usual upright posture, with disc replacement restoring the same pattern of posture as seen for healthy controls.
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Whiteley R, Adams R, Nicholson L, Ginn K. Shoulder proprioception is associated with humeral torsion in adolescent baseball players. Phys Ther Sport 2008; 9:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Naughton J, Adams RD, Maher CG. Contacting points overhead with and without a tennis racquet. Percept Mot Skills 2003; 96:1323-9. [PMID: 12929790 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Wielding an object or tool has been proposed to extend automatically the body's boundary to the tip of the held object. A sample of convenience consisted of 7 women and 5 men whose mean age was 23 yr. Using recreational tennis skills they judged the location of unseen overhead points of contact, where accuracy of discrimination was measured for movements to contact made with and without use of a tennis racquet. Points-of-contact overhead touched by the hand were significantly better discriminated after a backward and upward arm swing than when contact was made after a similar swing with a tennis racquet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Naughton
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
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