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Gul F, Abbas K, Saeed S, Haider T, Qayyum SN, Noori S. The relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem of medical students with age and gender as moderators. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:5145-5151. [PMID: 39238957 PMCID: PMC11374292 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Among various factors that determine an individual's self-esteem, parenting styles play a significant role. This study investigates the link between parenting styles and self-esteem among medical students while exploring the role of age and gender in this context. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students from December 2020 to March 2021. An online survey was prepared using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Parental Authority Questionnaire-Short Version, and students were asked to fill it out. Data were gathered from 255 students by simple random sampling technique, of which 230 forms were filled. SPSS version 26.0 was used to enter and analyze the data. One sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchal regression analysis were applied. AMOS version 26.00 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Results Out of 230 participants, 60% of the sample population experienced an authoritative parenting style. Authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Females who experienced authoritative parenting and males who experienced authoritarian and permissive parenting styles had higher self-esteem than their respective counterparts. Conclusion Authoritative parenting was the most common and the only parenting style with a statistically significant positive correlation with self-esteem. This study further highlights the importance of consistent parental supervision and open communication in determining an individual's self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Gul
- Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical University
| | - Khawar Abbas
- Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical University
| | - Sajeel Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi
| | - Tehseen Haider
- Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi
| | | | - Samim Noori
- Nangarhar University, Faculty of Medicine, Nangarhar, Afghanistan
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Ayoub M, Bachir M. A Meta-analysis of the Relations Between Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231214215. [PMID: 37947425 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231214215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The question of why parents parent the way they do is central in parenting studies. Research about the predictors of parenting has been guided by Belsky's classical model of parenting determinants. In this model, socioeconomic status was not explicitly considered as a determinant of parenting. However, there is ample research that came later that found relations between socioeconomic status and parenting. The aim of this study was to find an aggregate estimate of the relations between socioeconomic status and parenting practices using meta-analytic methods. We found that socioeconomic status was positively linked to positive parenting, and negatively linked to negative parenting. In particular, socioeconomic status was positively linked to parental warmth and parental behavioral control, but negatively linked to parental psychological control. The relations between socioeconomic status and positive or negative parenting were not moderated by child's age or sex and did not differ based on the type of socioeconomic status indicator. Moreover, all the correlations were small in magnitude, and were comparable to other predictors of parenting such as parent's depression, parent's personality traits, and child's temperament. Our results suggest that parent's overall socioeconomic status, or its different constituents, supplement Belsky's model of parenting determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ayoub
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maya Bachir
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Fuentes MC, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Garcia-Ros R, Garcia F. Analyzing when parental warmth but without parental strictness leads to more adolescent empathy and self-concept: Evidence from Spanish homes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1060821. [PMID: 36544447 PMCID: PMC9760939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Classical research mainly conducted with European-American families has identified the combination of warmth and strictness (authoritative style) as the parenting always associated with the highest scores on developmental outcomes. Additionally, despite the benefits of empathy for prosocial behaviors and protection against antisocial behaviors, most research has considered the contribution of specific practices (e.g., reasoning or power assertion), but not so much the parenting styles. Similarly, family studies tend to study the relationship between parenting and global self-perceptions (self-esteem), but not so much those of each dimension (self-concept). Methods In the present study, 600 Spanish adolescents from 12 to 17 years old (M = 15.25, SD = 2.01) were classified within one of the four household typologies (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, or neglectful). Adolescent developmental outcomes were cognitive empathy (adopting perspectives and emotional understanding), emotional empathy (empathic stress and empathic happiness), and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family and physical). Results The results showed that the indulgent parenting (warmth but not strictness) was related to equal or even better empathy and self-concept than the authoritative style (warmth and strictness), whereas non-warm parenting (authoritarian and neglectful) was consistently associated with poor results. Discussion Overall, the present findings seriously question that parental strictness combined with parental warmth (authoritative style) is always the parenting style related to the greatest outcomes. By contrast, it seems that reasoning, warmth and involvement, without strictness (indulgent parenting) help adolescents to achieve a good orientation toward others in terms of cognitive and affective empathy and a good self-evaluation in terms of self-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Fuentes
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,*Correspondence: Oscar F. Garcia,
| | - Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcia-Ros
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Parental Socialization, Delinquency during Adolescence and Adjustment in Adolescents and Adult Children. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12110448. [PMID: 36421744 PMCID: PMC9687913 DOI: 10.3390/bs12110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although parental socialization has an influence on child development, current research is questioning which combination of parental strictness and warmth acts as protective or risk factors, especially during adolescence when the child is more vulnerable. The sample was 2125 participants, 58.7% female, divided into four age groups: adolescents (28.57%), young adults (28.38%), middle-aged adults (23.95%), and older adults (19.11%). The families were classified into four parenting styles: neglectful, indulgent, authoritative, and authoritarian according to their warmth and strictness scores. The psychosocial adjustment was measured by children’s scores on academic/professional self-concept, self-esteem, delinquency during adolescence, and benevolence values. A MANOVA 4 × 2 × 4 was applied with parenting styles, sex, and age group as independent variables. The results showed that, for adolescents and adult children, only parenting styles characterized by warmth (i.e., indulgent, and authoritative) were found to factor against delinquency during adolescence and benefit greater academic/professional self-concept, self-esteem, and benevolence values, while parenting without warmth (i.e., authoritarian, and neglectful) were identified as risk factors. Contrary to classical research, the present findings seriously question the universal benefits of strict parenting as the only optimal strategy to protect not only against delinquency, but also to foster an adequate self and the internalization of social values.
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Hendaus MA, Alozeib R, Saied L, Shehzad S, Abdulmajeed M, Arab K, Hadid FK, Alhammadi AH. Parenting style in a rapidly developing country: A report from the state of Qatar. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:2947-2951. [PMID: 34660429 PMCID: PMC8483145 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1462_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the different styles of parenting in the State of Qatar, a country that is considered a cosmopolitan hub with rapid development. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sidra Medicine, the only tertiary pediatric hospital in Qatar. Parents of children 3-14 years old were offered a questionnaire. Results A total of 114 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 95%). Approximately 65% of parents were between 30 and 39 years of age. Almost 90% of parents state that they are confident of their parenting ability. More than 90% of the participating parents stated that they are responsive to their child's feeling and needs, give comfort and understanding when their child is upset, praise their child when well-behaved, give reasons why rules should be followed, help children understand the impact of their behavior, explain consequences of bad behavior, take into account their child's desire before asking him/her to do something, encourage their child to freely express him/herself when disagreeing with his/her parents, and show respect to their child's opinion. However, 60% of parents sometimes scold, yell, and criticize their child when he/she misbehaves but less than 50% of them use threats as a consequence with little or no justification. Furthermore, two-thirds of parents give consequences by putting their child off somewhere with little or no explanation. Moreover, one in four participants gives in to their child when he/she causes a commotion about something, threatens their child with consequences more often than actually giving them, and states consequences to their child and do not actually do them. Conclusion Residents in Qatar have a mixed type of parental style (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive). This study will guide us to raise the awareness about the types of parenting style in Qatar, in order to provide professional parenting counseling taking into consideration the cultural background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hendaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill- Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rihab Alozeib
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Education, Pediatric Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lama Saied
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saira Shehzad
- Department of Medical Education, Pediatric Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abdulmajeed
- Department of Medical Education, Pediatric Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khuloud Arab
- Department of Medical Education, Pediatric Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal K Hadid
- Department of Medical Education, Pediatric Residency Program, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed H Alhammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Academic General Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Clinical Pediatrics, Weill- Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Gimenez-Serrano S, Garcia F, Garcia OF. Parenting styles and its relations with personal and social adjustment beyond adolescence: Is the current evidence enough? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1952863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gimenez-Serrano
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Banstola RS, Ogino T, Inoue S. Impact of Parents' Knowledge about the Development of Self-Esteem in Adolescents and Their Parenting Practice on the Self-Esteem and Suicidal Behavior of Urban High School Students in Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176039. [PMID: 32825158 PMCID: PMC7504235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Suicide is the third leading cause of death in adolescents worldwide, self-esteem is a strong protective factor, and parents may be able to provide interventions. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine how parents can help enhance their adolescent’s self-esteem and prevent suicidal behavior among adolescents in Nepal. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to adolescents aged 13–19 years and their parents at eight high schools in three provinces in Nepal (n = 575 pairs). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (bivariate and multivariate regression analyses). Results: The mean self-esteem score of adolescents according to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was 16.59, and the prevalence of suicidal behavior was 11.3%. Parent’s knowledge about the development of self-esteem in adolescents was significantly positively related to parenting practice (communication, support, positive reinforcement, etc.) (B = 1.0, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.89–1.11) and authoritative parenting style (B = 0.2, 95% CI 0.15–0.25). Parental authoritativeness was positively associated with the self-esteem of their adolescents (B = 0.1, 95% CI 0.01–0.18), while adolescents with authoritarian parents were prone to suicidal risk behavior (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.19). Conclusion: Counseling to parents based on our findings would be helpful to enhance the self-esteem and prevent suicidal risk behavior in their adolescent children.
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Martinez-Escudero JA, Villarejo S, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Parental Socialization and Its Impact across the Lifespan. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E101. [PMID: 32560214 PMCID: PMC7349393 DOI: 10.3390/bs10060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies have found that parental warmth combined with parental strictness is the best parental strategy to promote children's psychosocial development. Nevertheless, a growing set of emergent studies has questioned the benefits of parental strictness. The present study examined parental socialization and its short- and long-term impact on the psychosocial development of adolescents and adult children. The sample consisted of 2150 Spanish participants, 623 adolescents (12-18 years), 619 young adults (19-35 years), 502 middle-aged adults (35-59 years), and 406 older adults (60 years or older). Families were classified into one of four typologies (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful). Psychosocial development was examined with five indicators (physical and family self-concept, nervousness, empathy, and internalization of social values of benevolence). The results show a common short- and long-term pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial development: the indulgent style equaled or even surpassed the authoritative style, whereas the neglectful and authoritarian styles were associated with low scores. The present findings were discussed by considering the importance of the cultural context in family socialization. Additionally, the long-term impact of parental socialization seems to be crucial, even in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Martinez-Escudero
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
| | - Sonia Villarejo
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
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Queiroz P, Garcia OF, Garcia F, Zacares JJ, Camino C. Self and Nature: Parental Socialization, Self-Esteem, and Environmental Values in Spanish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3732. [PMID: 32466198 PMCID: PMC7277642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emergent research seriously questions the use of parental strictness as the best parenting strategy in all cultural contexts. Moreover, previous research on environmental socialization offers inconsistent findings about which specific parenting practices would be the most appropriate for environmental socialization. The present paper aims to examine parents' contribution (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) to adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of environmental values. Participants were 308 Spanish adolescents with 171 females (55.5%), between 12 and 17 years old. The four parenting styles were defined using measures of parental warmth and strictness. Self-esteem was captured with global and multidimensional measures. Internalization of environmental values was evaluated by measuring the priority given to biospheric values. Results revealed a consistent pattern between parenting styles and adolescent self-esteem and internalization of environmental values. Overall, adolescents from homes characterized by parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative) have higher self-esteem and greater internalization of environmental values than their counterparts. These findings clearly contrast with those obtained in other cultural contexts where parental strictness is essential in achieving well-adjusted children with optimal psychosocial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Queiroz
- Faculty of Health Sciences at Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59200-000 Santa Cruz-Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Zacares
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Cleonice Camino
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58033-455 João Pessoa-State of Paraíba, Brazil;
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Molina MF, Schmidt V. Relationship between Family Functioning and Possible Selves in Adolescents from Argentina. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2020; 181:319-335. [PMID: 32351172 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2020.1758898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between different family functioning types and the content, valence, and structure of adolescents' possible selves (PSs). Participants were adolescents (n = 392) of both genders (female = 54.9%) from private and catholic high schools in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina (age, M = 14.92, SD = 1.52). We performed a cluster analysis to explore family functioning profiles in terms of communication with parents, promotion of challenges, family cohesion, and flexibility. In order to study family functioning type and PSs content association, we performed a chi-squared test. To study family functioning type differences in PSs valence and structure we conducted a one-way MANOVA. The chi-squared test indicated that there was no significant association between family functioning type and adolescents' PSs spontaneous content. On the other hand, the MANOVA revealed the existence of significant differences in PSs valence between each type of family functioning group. In regard to the structure of PSs, there were no significant differences between family functioning types. In conclusion, adolescents who perceived positive family functioning have more positive PSs. Family functioning type was not related to PSs content and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanina Schmidt
- Argentine National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Secretary of Science and Technology of the University of Buenos Aires (UBACyT), Open Interamerican University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Martinez I, Garcia F, Veiga F, Garcia OF, Rodrigues Y, Serra E. Parenting Styles, Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain, Portugal and Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2370. [PMID: 32244451 PMCID: PMC7177516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12-18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are associated with the highest value internalization in the three countries. Furthermore, indulgent parenting (use of warmth) is associated with the highest adolescent self-esteem, overcoming authoritative parenting (use of warmth and strictness). The influence of parenting over adolescent self-esteem and values internalization is maintained independent of the differences in self-esteem and value priorities observed in the cultural context, the sex and age of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez
- Department of Psychology—Social Psychology Area, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda de los Alfares 44, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Feliciano Veiga
- Instituto de Educação, Alameda da Universidade, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Yara Rodrigues
- Department of Education, Faculdade São Braz, Curitiba, Parana, 82520-590, Brazil;
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
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Thomas KJ, Rodrigues H, de Oliveira RT, Mangino AA. What Predicts Pre-adolescent Compliance with Family Rules? A Longitudinal Analysis of Parental Discipline, Procedural Justice, and Legitimacy Evaluations. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:936-950. [PMID: 31707580 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, individuals make judgements on the legitimacy of authorities to make and enforce rules and they differentiate between various types of rules. This study tracked a socially and racially diverse sample (47% White) of 800 Brazilians for three years, ages 11-13 (50% female), allowing for variation between issues and individuals. The strongest predictors of compliance were adolescents' beliefs that parents were legitimate authorities. Other significant predictors were authorities' procedural justice and disciplinary practices. Legitimacy attributions partially mediated the relationship between procedural justice and compliance. Compliance and legitimacy varied across issues. Across time, parenting variables diminished in predictive strength while legitimacy attributions increased. Procedural justice practices may partially establish parental legitimacy, while disciplinary practices are less effective and perhaps counter-productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Thomas
- College of Applied Behavior Science, University of Indianapolis, 1400 E Hanna Ave, Indianapolis, IN, 46227, USA.
| | - Herbert Rodrigues
- Sociology and Anthropology, Missouri State University, 901S. National Ave, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Renan T de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estudos da Violência, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 520 Cidade Universitária São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Mangino
- Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Teachers College, Room 505, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
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Garcia OF, Serra E, Zacares JJ, Calafat A, Garcia F. Alcohol use and abuse and motivations for drinking and non-drinking among Spanish adolescents: do we know enough when we know parenting style? Psychol Health 2019; 35:645-664. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1675660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Zacares
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amador Calafat
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention (Irefrea), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Measurement and Function of the Control Dimension in Parenting Styles: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173157. [PMID: 31470633 PMCID: PMC6747547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown different results in identifying which parenting style is the most beneficial for children, which has encouraged certain authors to wonder whether parental control is still needed for optimal parenting. As such investigations have been conducted with different measuring instruments, it is necessary to check whether the use of different instruments leads to different results. In order to figure this out, a systematic review of the recent literature (Web of Science and Scopus, 2000–2017) was carried out. This review found that, using certain instruments, parental control is associated with better outcomes in children, while using certain others, control is associated with worse outcomes. The difference seems to be in the way of measuring parental control.
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Musitu-Ferrer D, León-Moreno C, Callejas-Jerónimo JE, Esteban-Ibáñez M, Musitu-Ochoa G. Relationships between Parental Socialization Styles, Empathy and Connectedness with Nature: Their Implications in Environmentalism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2461. [PMID: 31373292 PMCID: PMC6678118 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parents exert a strong influence on several adjustment outcomes. However, little is known about their influence on adolescents' connectedness with the environment. This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, empathy and connectedness with the environment. The two-dimensional socialization model was used with four resulting styles: Indulgent, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian. The sample comprised 797 adolescents (52.7% girls) from six public secondary schools who were aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.94, SD = 1.28). The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature. It was also observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher levels of empathy and connectedness with the environment than adolescents raised by authoritarian and neglectful parents, with males from such families consistently presenting the lowest levels of empathy and connectedness, which was not the case among women. Additionally, women, regardless of the parental style in which they had been educated, showed greater cognitive and emotional empathy with the natural environment, while adolescents raised in indulgent and authoritative families displayed higher levels of empathy and connectedness than those with authoritarian and neglectful parents. These results suggest that indulgent and authoritative styles are stronger enablers of empathy and connectedness with nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Musitu-Ferrer
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Celeste León-Moreno
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Garcia OF, Serra E. Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1089. [PMID: 30934673 PMCID: PMC6480465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 × 3 × 2 × 4 MANOVA (parenting style × school performance × sex × age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children's socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21., 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Penjor S, Thorsteinsson EB, Price I, Loi NM. Parenting style, distress, and problematic alcohol use in Bhutan. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1579503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Penjor
- Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - Ian Price
- Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Natasha M. Loi
- Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Martínez I, Garcia F, Fuentes MC, Veiga F, Garcia OF, Rodrigues Y, Cruise E, Serra E. Researching Parental Socialization Styles across Three Cultural Contexts: Scale ESPA29 Bi-Dimensional Validity in Spain, Portugal, and Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E197. [PMID: 30641982 PMCID: PMC6352253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research that relates parenting with adolescent adjustment has shown the importance of considering the cultural context of the relationship. New results are emerging when considering the classical four-typologies model of parental socialization in some European and South-American countries. Among the instruments used in this emergent research is the Parental Socialization Scale ESPA29. This scale is a bi-dimensional parenting instrument that was specifically developed to measure the four parenting typologies, through the dimensions of acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition. This study examines the good fit of the orthogonal bi-factor model based on the ESPA29 versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models, with three adolescent samples from 12 to 17 years old (53.4% girls), from Spain (N = 826), Portugal (N = 752), and Brazil (N = 628). We applied structural equation models (SEMs) to analyze the fit of the models to the data. The results confirm a better fit to the data for the orthogonal bi-factor model versus one-dimensional and bi-dimensional oblique alternative models across country, adolescent sex, and the three age groups. Additionally, the convergent validity of the scale was proved by showing the relation of the two parenting dimensions with self-concept. The results guarantee the adequacy of the ESPA29 to measure parenting styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda de los Alfares 44, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María C Fuentes
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Feliciano Veiga
- Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yara Rodrigues
- Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Edie Cruise
- Department of Business Administration, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, D-54296 Trier, Germany.
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Garcia F, Martínez I, Balluerka N, Cruise E, Garcia OF, Serra E. Validation of the Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 in Brazil: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Language (Brazilian and Spanish), Gender, and Age. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2250. [PMID: 30515120 PMCID: PMC6256062 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-concept is widely conceptualized as multidimensional (Shavelson et al., 1976). The Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5, García and Musitu, 2009) assesses five specific dimensions (i.e., academic, social, emotional, family, and physical). It is a psychometrically sound questionnaire, developed, and normed in Spain, which is widely used with Spanish-speaking samples. The validation of the AF5 in Brazil would expand its potential, and would facilitate cross-cultural research. To validate the Brazilian version of the AF5, the present study apply confirmatory factor analysis and multi-sample invariance analysis across sex (women vs. men), age (11–18 years old), and language (Brazilian [Portuguese] vs. Spanish). The sample consisted of 4,534 students (54.6%, women, 53.7%, Spanish) ranging in age from 11 to 18 years old (M = 14.61, SD = 2.09). The findings of the present study confirmed that the five-dimensional AF5 factorial structure provided the better fit to the data compared to alternative one-dimensional and orthogonal five-dimensional structures. The 30 items loaded appropriately on the five dimensions. Multi-group analysis for invariance between sex, age, and language groups showed equal loading in the five factors, equal covariation between the five dimensions, and equal error variances of items. Additionally, in order to obtain an external validity index, the five AF5 factors were related to both acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition parenting dimensions. These results provide an adequate basis for meaningful comparative studies on a highly relevant construct, multidimensional self-concept, between male and female adolescents of different ages, and Brazilian (Portuguese) and Spanish-speaking samples. These results validate the instrument and confirm its suitability in cross-cultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Psychology Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Nekane Balluerka
- Department of Social Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Edie Cruise
- Department of Economics and Social Work, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Hock RS, Mendelson T, Surkan PJ, Bass JK, Bradshaw CP, Hindin MJ. Parenting styles and emerging adult depressive symptoms in Cebu, the Philippines. Transcult Psychiatry 2018; 55:242-260. [PMID: 29493429 DOI: 10.1177/1363461517748813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of depressive disorders and symptoms increases during the transition to adulthood. The parenting relationship is a potential target for interventions to reduce risk for depression in offspring during this time period, and a four-category typology of parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful) has been found to correlate with offspring psychological functioning. The majority of studies, however, have examined this four-category parenting style typology in Western populations. We used the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) from the Philippines to assess associations between parenting styles reported by offspring at age 18 and depressive symptoms reported by offspring at age 21 ( N = 1,723). Using adjusted linear regression models, we found that authoritarian and neglectful mothering styles were positively associated with daughters' depressive symptoms, whereas authoritarian mothering was negatively associated with sons' depressive symptoms. Findings suggest both cross-cultural similarities and variability in positive parenting. Results may have implications for family-based depression prevention interventions in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Hock
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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Valente JY, Cogo-Moreira H, Sanchez ZM. Gradient of association between parenting styles and patterns of drug use in adolescence: A latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:272-278. [PMID: 28938185 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify different patterns of drug use in adolescence and determine if these are associated with parenting styles and other sociodemographic factors. METHODS A latent class analysis was conducted using baseline data collected in a sample (n=6381) from a randomized controlled trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the #Tamojunto drug-use prevention program, carried out with 7th- and 8th-grade public school students in six Brazilian cities. RESULTS Three latent classes were identified among the students: 1) abstainers/low users (81.54%), 2) alcohol users/binge drinkers (16.65%), and 3) polydrug users (1.80%). A gradient of inverse association was found between parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and indulgent, with the neglectful style as a reference point) and the classes "alcohol users/binge drinkers" (aOR=0.36, 95%CI=0.27-0.47; aOR=0.56, 95%CI=0.43-0.72; and aOR=0.64, 95%CI=0.51-0.80, respectively) and "polydrug users" (aOR=0.09, 95%CI=0.03-0.24; aOR=0.23, 95%CI=0.11-0.52; and aOR=0.24, 95%CI=0.08-0.74, respectively). Associations were also revealed between the latent classes and the adolescent's age and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION The results suggest that activities to develop parenting skills should be included in school programs aimed at the prevention of drug use among adolescents in order to reduce neglectful practices and thereby possibly reduce drug use among the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Y Valente
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Martínez I, Cruise E, García ÓF, Murgui S. English Validation of the Parental Socialization Scale-ESPA29. Front Psychol 2017; 8:865. [PMID: 28611711 PMCID: PMC5447085 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenting styles have traditionally been studied following the classical two-dimensional orthogonal model of parental socialization. The Parental Socialization Scale ESPA29 is used to measure the four styles of parental socialization through the acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition dimensions. The ESPA29 scale is a developmentally appropriate measure of parenting styles, which has been validated in several languages including Spanish, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese. In this study, the English translation of the ESPA29 was evaluated. The objective of the work is to test the ESPA29’s structure of parenting practices with a United States sample measuring parenting practices using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The scores of fathers’ and mothers’ behavioral practices toward their children were obtained for a sample of 911 United States adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age. First, the total sample was split and a principal components analysis with varimax rotation was carried out with one of the two halves. EFA showed a two-factor structure fully congruent with the theoretical model for mothers’ and fathers’ scores. Next, a CFA was calculated on the second half by using the factor structure obtained in the previous EFA. The CFA replicated the two-factor structure with appropriate fit index. The seven parenting practices that were measured loaded appropriately on the acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition dimensions. Then, the multigroup analysis between girls and boys showed equal loading in the factors and equal covariation between the acceptance/involvement and the strictness/imposition dimensions. Additionally, the two dimensions of the ESPA29 scale were related to self-esteem in order to obtain an external validity index. The findings confirm the invariant structure of the ESPA29 was in the United States and their equivalence in both fathers’ and mothers’ scores. These findings validate the instrument and confirm its applicability in cross-cultural research on parenting practices and child adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez
- Psychology Department, University of Castilla-La ManchaCuenca, Spain
| | - Edie Cruise
- Psychology Department, University of Castilla-La ManchaCuenca, Spain
| | - Óscar F García
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Murgui
- Social Psychology Department, University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
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Özdemir Y, Vazsonyi AT, Çok F. Parenting processes, self-esteem, and aggression: A mediation model. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2016.1240674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Özdemir
- Faculty of Education, Department of Counseling and Guidance, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | | | - Figen Çok
- Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
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Barton AL, Hirsch JK. Permissive parenting and mental health in college students: Mediating effects of academic entitlement. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:1-8. [PMID: 26151561 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Student mental health may suffer due to unreasonable expectations associated with academic entitlement; permissive parenting may be one source of these expectations. The authors examined the role of academic entitlement as a mediator of the relationship between permissive parenting and psychological functioning. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 524 undergraduate students at a single institution (52% female; age range = 18-22). Data collection was completed in May 2011. METHODS Cross-sectional design. Participants completed online self-report measures of parenting styles, academic entitlement, stress, depressive symptoms, and well-being. RESULTS Permissive parenting was associated with greater academic entitlement and, in turn, to more perceived stress and poorer mental health. Mother/father differences were found in some cases. CONCLUSIONS Academic entitlement may partially explain why permissive parenting is detrimentally related to mental health for college students. Implications for academic affairs and counseling include helping students develop an appreciation of the role of self-regulation in college success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Barton
- a Department of Teaching and Learning , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , Tennessee , USA
| | - Jameson K Hirsch
- b Department of Psychology , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , Tennessee , USA
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García-Grau P, Pérez DA, Moreno FC, Prado-Gascó VJ. Self-concept in preadolescence: A brief version of AF5 scale. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a brief version of the AF5 questionnaire (García & Musitu, 2001) using exploratory and confirmatory techniques on a preadolescent population in the Valencian community (Spain). The sample was made up of 541 participants between 10 and 12 years old, 55.1% (298) boys and 44.9% (243) girls. After observing the results of different reliability and validity analyses (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)), it was found that the reduced scale consisting of 20 items showed a similar reliability and validity to the original scale. The factorial structure also fits that of the original model established a priori. According to the results of the study, the use of this diagnostic tool with Spanish children seems justified.
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Calafat A, García F, Juan M, Becoña E, Fernández-Hermida JR. Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138:185-92. [PMID: 24679841 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines whether authoritative parenting style (characterized by warmth and strictness) is more protective against adolescent substances use than authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), indulgent (warmth but not strictness) and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting styles. Emergent research in diverse cultural contexts (mainly Southern European and Latin American countries) questions the fact that authoritative would always be the optimum parenting style. DESIGN Multi-factorial MANOVAs. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 7718 adolescents, 3774 males (48.9%), 11-19 year-olds (M=14.63 year-olds, SD=1.9 years) from Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic. MEASUREMENTS Parenting style dimensions (warmth and strictness) and adolescent substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs); additionally another three adolescent outcomes were also measured (self-esteem, school performance and personal disturbances) all of them related in the literature with substance use. FINDINGS Both indulgent and authoritative parenting styles were associated with better outcomes than authoritarian and neglectful parenting in all the countries studied. Overall, our results support the idea that in Europe the indulgent parenting style performs as well as the authoritative one since adolescents' scores in the youth outcomes were equal (on substance use and personal disturbances) or even better (on self esteem and school performance) than for authoritative parenting style. CONCLUSIONS Parenting styles relate to substance use and other outcomes in the same way in different countries explored. The so-called indulgent parenting style appears to be as good as the authoritative in protecting against substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador Calafat
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention (Irefrea), Rambla 15, 2° - 3(a), 07003 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Fernando García
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Montse Juan
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention (Irefrea), Rambla 15, 2° - 3(a), 07003 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elisardo Becoña
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa José María Suárez Núñez (Campus sur) s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescents' Self-Esteem and Internalization of Values in Spain. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 10:338-48. [DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600006600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful). The adolescents were then contrasted on two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz's self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation (security, conformity, and tradition) values and (2) level of self-esteem (appraised in five domains: academic, social, emotional, family and physical). The results show that Spanish adolescents from indulgent households have the same or better outcomes than adolescents from authoritative homes. Parenting is related with two self-esteem dimensions—academic and family—and with all the self-transcendence and conservation values. Adolescents of indulgent parents show highest scores in self-esteem whereas adolescents from authoritarian parents obtain the worst results. In contrast, there were no differences between the priority given by adolescents of authoritative and indulgent parents to any of the self-transcendence and conservation values, whereas adolescents of authoritarian and neglectful parents, in general, assign the lowest priority to all of these values.
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Ghani FBA, Kamal SLBA, Aziz ABA. The Implication of Parenting Styles on the Akhlak of Muslim Teenagers in the South of Malaysia. PROCEDIA - SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2014; 114:761-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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García F, Gracia E. The Indulgent Parenting Style and Developmental Outcomes in South European and Latin American Countries. SCIENCE ACROSS CULTURES: THE HISTORY OF NON-WESTERN SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Čablová L, Pazderková K, Miovský M. Parenting styles and alcohol use among children and adolescents: A systematic review. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2013.817536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Adaptation of the ESPA29 Parental Socialization Styles Scale to the Basque Language: Evidence of Validity. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 12:737-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600002109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to adapt the ESPA29 scale of parental socialization styles in adolescence to the Basque language. The study of its psychometric properties is based on the search for evidence of internal and external validity. The first focuses on the assessment of the dimensionality of the scale by means of exploratory factor analysis. The relationship between the dimensions of parental socialization styles and gender and age guarantee the external validity of the scale. The study of the equivalence of the adapted and original versions is based on the comparisons of the reliability coefficients and on factor congruence. The results allow us to conclude the equivalence of the two scales.
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Garaigordobil M, Aliri J. Parental Socialization Styles, Parents' Educational Level, and Sexist Attitudes in Adolescence. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 15:592-603. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to analyze the differences in the mothers' and fathers' socialization styles depending on their children's sex; whether there are differences in hostile, benevolent, and ambivalent sexism, and neosexism as a function of both parents' socialization styles; and whether the parents' educational level affects their level of sexism and their children's sexism. The sample included 1,455 adolescents and their parents (764 mothers and 648 fathers). The results showed no differences in the socialization style of the father with his children's sexism, but the mother used a more authoritarian style with her daughters. The parents' socialization style had little influence on their children's sexism, although it had a higher impact on the sons' sexism. The father's style had less influence than the mother's on their sons' sexism, and it had no influence on their daughters' sexism. The indulgent style of both parents had the highest relation with a low level of sexism. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the parents' educational level and their level of sexism, as well as between the mother's educational level and her daughters' sexism. To conclude, the indulgent style and the mother's high educational level promote fewer sexist attitudes.
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