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Deora N, Sinha A. Evidence on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance molecular markers from India: interpret with caution. Malar J 2024; 23:219. [PMID: 39049117 PMCID: PMC11267739 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), as a partner to artesunate as ACT is the treatment of choice for uncomplicated P. falciparum infections in the majority of India and SP-resistance has a potential to lead to ACT failure. In the lack of robust surveillance of therapeutic efficacy of SP, validate molecular markers of SP-resistance offer a hint of failing SP. However, studies reporting these validated markers often suffer from certain pitfalls that warrant a careful interpretation. MAIN BODY Critical analyses of the results and their reported interpretations from a recent study and other studies conducted on the WHO-validated molecular markers of SP-resistance in India were analysed and the main problems with studying and reporting of these markers are presented here. It was noted that almost all studies analysed flawed either on the usage, estimation and/or interpretation of the standardized classification of the studies SP mutations. These flaws not only impart spatiotemporal incomparability of the published data but also have the potential of being misunderstood and wrongly translated. CONCLUSION Based on this universal problem in studying, reporting and interpreting the data from the studies on molecular markers of SP-resistance, it is stressed that the future studies should be conducted with utmost caution so that robust evidence may be generated and correctly translated to policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimita Deora
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Sinha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Nallapati VT, Gupta N, Hande MH, Saravu K. A systematic review of CQ-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria infections in India. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:295-304. [PMID: 37994442 PMCID: PMC11234910 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chloroquine (CQ) is the drug of choice for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria in India. The knowledge about the exact burden of CQ resistance in P. vivax in India is scarce. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to assess the prevalence of CQ resistance in reported P. vivax cases from India. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched using the search string: 'Malaria AND vivax AND chloroquine AND (resistance OR resistant) AND India'. We systematically reviewed in-vivo and in-vitro drug efficacy studies that investigated the CQ efficacy of P. vivax malaria between January 1995 and December 2022. Those studies where patients were followed up for at least 28 days after initiation of treatment were included. RESULTS We identified 12 eligible CQ therapeutic efficacy studies involving 2470 patients, Of these 2329 patients were assessed by in-vivo therapeutic efficacy methods and the remaining 141 were assessed by in-vitro methods. CQ resistance was found in 25/1787 (1.39%) patients from in-vivo and in 11/141 (7.8%) patients from in-vitro drug efficacy studies. CONCLUSION Based on the available studies, the prevalence of CQ resistance in P. vivax was found to be relatively lower in India. However, continued surveillance and monitoring are crucial to identify the emergence of CQ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Teja Nallapati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, India
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Manjunath H Hande
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, India
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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3
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Kumar A, Singh PP, Tyagi S, Hari Kishan Raju K, Sahu SS, Rahi M. Vivax malaria: a possible stumbling block for malaria elimination in India. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1228217. [PMID: 38259757 PMCID: PMC10801037 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is geographically the most widely dispersed human malaria parasite species. It has shown resilience and a great deal of adaptability. Genomic studies suggest that P. vivax originated from Asia or Africa and moved to the rest of the world. Although P. vivax is evolutionarily an older species than Plasmodium falciparum, its biology, transmission, pathology, and control still require better elucidation. P. vivax poses problems for malaria elimination because of the ability of a single primary infection to produce multiple relapses over months and years. P. vivax malaria elimination program needs early diagnosis, and prompt and complete radical treatment, which is challenging, to simultaneously exterminate the circulating parasites and dormant hypnozoites lodged in the hepatocytes of the host liver. As prompt surveillance and effective treatments are rolled out, preventing primaquine toxicity in the patients having glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency should be a priority for the vivax elimination program. This review sheds light on the burden of P. vivax, changing epidemiological patterns, the hurdles in elimination efforts, and the essential tools needed not just in India but globally. These tools encompass innovative treatments for eliminating dormant parasites, coping with evolving drug resistance, and the development of potential vaccines against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Suchi Tyagi
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Manju Rahi
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Hqrs New Delhi, India
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4
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Singh A, Singh MP, Ali NA, Poriya R, Rajvanshi H, Nisar S, Bhandari S, Sahu RS, Jayswar H, Mishra AK, Das A, Kaur H, Anvikar AR, Escalante AA, Lal AA, Bharti PK. Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance associated molecular markers in Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India. Malar J 2023; 22:375. [PMID: 38072967 PMCID: PMC10712044 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapy is one of the challenges to malaria control and elimination globally. Mutations in different genes (Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk-13 and Pfmdr1) confer resistance to artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) were analysed from Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh, to assess the effectiveness of the current treatment regimen against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS Dried blood spots were collected during the active fever survey and mass screening and treatment activities as part of the Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project (MEDP) from 2019 to 2020. Isolated DNA samples were used to amplify the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 genes using nested PCR and sequenced for mutation analysis using the Sanger sequencing method. RESULTS A total of 393 samples were subjected to PCR amplification, sequencing and sequence analysis; 199, 215, 235, and 141 samples were successfully sequenced for Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfk13, Pfmdr1, respectively. Analysis revealed that the 53.3% double mutation (C59R, S108N) in Pfdhfr, 89.3% single mutation (G437A) in Pfdhps, 13.5% single mutants (N86Y), and 51.1% synonymous mutations in Pfmdr1 in the study area. Five different non-synonymous and two synonymous point mutations found in Pfk13, which were not associated to artemisinin resistance. CONCLUSION The study has found that mutations linked to SP resistance are increasing in frequency, which may reduce the effectiveness of this drug as a future partner in artemisinin-based combinations. No evidence of mutations linked to artemisinin resistance in Pfk13 was found, suggesting that parasites are sensitive to artemisinin derivatives in the study area. These findings are a baseline for routine molecular surveillance to proactively identify the emergence and spread of artemisinin-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, India
- University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Mrigendra P Singh
- Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nazia Anwar Ali
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Poriya
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harsh Rajvanshi
- Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Asia Pacific Leaders Malaria Alliance (APLMA), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sekh Nisar
- Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, NHM Raigarh, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Sneha Bhandari
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Environment Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ram S Sahu
- Department of Health Services, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Jayswar
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K Mishra
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aparup Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup R Anvikar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Altaf A Lal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, India
- Foundation for Disease Elimination and Control of India, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Global Health and Pharmaceuticals Inc., Atlanta, USA
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR), New Delhi, India.
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Barman L, Sharma A, Kakati S, Sarma DK, Hussain E, Saikia L. Molecular detection of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum mutants in Assam. Indian J Med Res 2023; 158:55-65. [PMID: 37602587 PMCID: PMC10550066 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2976_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) poses a serious threat to the control and elimination of malaria. The objective of this study was to detect the molecular biomarkers of antimalarial drug resistance in Pf in patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Assam. Methods Malaria was first detected in fever cases using microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and then confirmed using PCR. Pf chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), Pf multidrug resistance-1 (Pfmdr-1), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked to delayed parasite clearance after treatment with artemisinin MAL 10-688956 and MAL 13-1718319 and Kelch-13 propeller (PfK-13) genes were evaluated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results Sixty nine cases of malaria were found among 300 cases of fever. Of these, 54 were positive for Pf, 47 of which were confirmed by PCR. Pfcrt-K76T mutation was seen in 96.6 per cent and Pfmdr1-N86Y mutation in 84.2 per cent of cases. Mutation was not detected in MAL10 and MAL13 genes. Sequence analysis of Kelch-13 gene showed the presence of a novel mutation at amino acid position 675. Statistically, no significant association was found between the molecular biomarkers and demographic profile, clinical presentation and outcome of the cases. Interpretation & conclusions Molecular surveillance is essential to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs against circulating Pf isolates in Assam which are found to be highly resistant to CQ. The role of the new mutation found in the Kelch-13 gene in the development of artemisinin resistance in Assam needs to be thoroughly monitored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Barman
- Department of Microbiology, Apollo Excelcare Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kakati
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Devojit Kr. Sarma
- Department of Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ezaz Hussain
- Department of Statistics, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Lahari Saikia
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
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6
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Guillot C, Bouchard C, Aenishaenslin C, Berthiaume P, Milord F, Leighton PA. Criteria for selecting sentinel unit locations in a surveillance system for vector-borne disease: A decision tool. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1003949. [PMID: 36438246 PMCID: PMC9686450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives With vector-borne diseases emerging across the globe, precipitated by climate change and other anthropogenic changes, it is critical for public health authorities to have well-designed surveillance strategies in place. Sentinel surveillance has been proposed as a cost-effective approach to surveillance in this context. However, spatial design of sentinel surveillance system has important impacts on surveillance outcomes, and careful selection of sentinel unit locations is therefore an essential component of planning. Methods A review of the available literature, based on the realist approach, was used to identify key decision issues for sentinel surveillance planning. Outcomes of the review were used to develop a decision tool, which was subsequently validated by experts in the field. Results The resulting decision tool provides a list of criteria which can be used to select sentinel unit locations. We illustrate its application using the case example of designing a national sentinel surveillance system for Lyme disease in Canada. Conclusions The decision tool provides researchers and public health authorities with a systematic, evidence-based approach for planning the spatial design of sentinel surveillance systems, taking into account the aims of the surveillance system and disease and/or context-specific considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillot
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Camille Guillot
| | - Catherine Bouchard
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Aenishaenslin
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Berthiaume
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - François Milord
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Leighton
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada,Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal (CReSP), Montréal, QC, Canada
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7
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Chakrabarti R, Chery-Karschney L, White J, Mascarenhas A, Skillman KM, Kanjee U, Babar PH, Patrapuvich R, Mohapatra PK, Patankar S, Smith JD, Anvikar A, Valecha N, Rahi M, Duraisingh MT, Rathod PK. Diverse Malaria Presentations across National Institutes of Health South Asia International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research Sites in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:107-117. [PMID: 36228910 PMCID: PMC9662227 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was established by the US National Institutes of Health (US NIH) as one of 10 malaria research centers in endemic countries. In 10 years of hospital-based and field-based work in India, the MESA-ICEMR has documented the changing epidemiology and transmission of malaria in four different parts of India. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities, in collaboration with Indian partners, are carried out in the broad thematic areas of malaria case surveillance, vector biology and transmission, antimalarial resistance, pathogenesis, and host response. The program integrates insights from surveillance and field studies with novel basic science studies. This is a two-pronged approach determining the biology behind the disease patterns seen in the field, and generating new relevant biological questions about malaria to be tested in the field. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities inform local and international stakeholders on the current status of malaria transmission in select parts of South Asia including updates on regional vectors of transmission of local parasites. The community surveys and new laboratory tools help monitor ongoing efforts to control and eliminate malaria in key regions of South Asia including the state of evolving antimalarial resistance in different parts of India, new host biomarkers of recent infection, and molecular markers of pathogenesis from uncomplicated and severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasad H. Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Anup Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, UP, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Molecular assays for determining sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drug resistance in India: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2765-2774. [PMID: 35980472 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of studies analyse the molecular markers of drug resistance and hence help in guiding the evidence-based malaria treatment policies in India. For reporting mutations, a number of techniques including DNA sequencing, restriction-fragment length polymorphism and mutation-specific polymerase chain reaction have been employed across numerous studies, including variations in the methodology used. However, there is no sufficient data from India comparing these methods as well as report the prevalence of polymorphisms in SP drug resistance molecular markers independently using such methods. Therefore, all data from Indian studies available for molecular marker studies of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was gathered, and a systematic review was performed. This systematic review identifies the molecular methods in use in India and compares each method for detecting sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drug resistance marker. To delay the spread of drug-resistant parasite strains, a simplified and standardized molecular method is much needed which can be obtained by analysing the performance of each method in use and answering the necessity of newer methodological approaches.
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9
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Nirmolia T, Ahmed MA, Sathishkumar V, Sarma NP, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, Bansal D, Bharti PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Narain K, Patgiri SJ. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development. Malar J 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35193607 PMCID: PMC8861999 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues to be a major public health problem in the Northeastern part of India despite the implementation of vector control measures and changes in drug policies. To develop successful vaccines against malaria, it is important to assess the diversity of vaccine candidate antigens in field isolates. This study was done to assess the diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen in a malaria-endemic region of Tripura in Northeast India and compare it with previously reported global isolates with a view to assess the feasibility of developing a universal vaccine based on this antigen. Methods Patients with fever and malaria-like illness were screened for malaria and P. falciparum positive cases were recruited for the current study. The diversity of PfAMA-1 vaccine candidate antigen was evaluated by nested PCR and RFLP. A selected number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger technique. Results Among 56 P. falciparum positive isolates, Pfama-1 was successfully amplified in 75% (n = 42) isolates. Allele frequencies of PfAMA-1 antigen were 16.6% (n = 7) for 3D7 allele and 33.3% (n = 14) in both K1 and HB3 alleles. DNA sequencing revealed 13 haplotypes in the Pfama-1 gene including three unique haplotypes not reported earlier. No unique amino-acid substitutions were found. Global analysis with 2761 sequences revealed 435 haplotypes with a very complex network composition and few clusters. Nucleotide diversity for Tripura (0.02582 ± 0.00160) showed concordance with South-East Asian isolates while recombination parameter (Rm = 8) was lower than previous reports from India. Population genetic structure showed moderate differentiation. Conclusions Besides documenting all previously reported allelic forms of the vaccine candidate PfAMA-1 antigen of P. falciparum, new haplotypes not reported earlier, were found in Tripura. Neutrality tests indicate that the Pfama-1 population in Tripura is under balancing selection. This is consistent with global patterns. However, the high haplotype diversity observed in the global Pfama-1 network analysis indicates that designing a universal vaccine based on this antigen may be difficult. This information adds to the existing database of genetic diversity of field isolates of P. falciparum and may be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines against the parasite. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04081-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Nirmolia
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Vinayagam Sathishkumar
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Nilanju P Sarma
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.,SRL Reference Laboratory, Mumbai, 400060, India
| | - Dibya R Bhattacharyya
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar.,Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482003, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160012, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Saurav J Patgiri
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India.
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10
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Dev V, Manguin S. Defeating malaria in the North-East region: the forerunner for malaria elimination in India. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106040. [PMID: 34252384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
India is a malaria endemic country which is targeting malaria elimination by 2027. Transmission intensities are low-to-moderate depending on the region supported by multiple disease vectors. Among these, comparatively North-East India contributes to high proportions of malaria cases annually, the majority of which are due to Plasmodium falciparum (90%). Anopheles minimus and An. baimaii (sibling species in the An. dirus complex) are widely prevalent and incriminated as vectors of malaria. Number of intervention tools were field-evaluated beginning 1988 to date against disease vectors and causative parasites to contain the spread of malaria. These included (i) insecticide-treated netting materials (ITNs) for vector control, (ii) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for in situ diagnosis, and (iii) therapeutic efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for improved drug-policy; all of which were incorporated in healthcare services resulting in substantial disease transmission reduction. Populations of both An. minimus and An. baimaii were observed depleting, instead An. culicifacies s.l. recorded to be fast invading degraded forests and assessed to be resistant to multiple insecticides. Of the two prevalent Plasmodium species, while P. vivax continued to be susceptible to chloroquine therapy, P. falciparum had emerged resistant to most available antimalarial drugs except ACTs over space and time and spreading to peninsular India threatening elimination efforts. Disease transmission trends were observed to be declining for which the state of Assam has made huge strides reporting steady fall in cases each passing year vis-à-vis Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura (all sharing international border with Bangladesh), in which malaria transmission remained uninterrupted. Consequently, control of malaria in the North-East region of India is of immediate importance and needs prioritization for intensified disease surveillance and control interventions coupled with improved access to healthcare services mitigating risk of disease outbreaks and spread of drug-resistant malaria helping realize the goal of malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vas Dev
- ICMR, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110 077, India
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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Arya A, Kojom Foko LP, Chaudhry S, Sharma A, Singh V. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and drug resistance molecular markers: A systematic review of clinical studies from two malaria endemic regions - India and sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:43-56. [PMID: 33556786 PMCID: PMC7887327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) are currently used as a first-line malaria therapy in endemic countries worldwide. This systematic review aims at presenting the current scenario of drug resistance molecular markers, either selected or involved in treatment failures (TF) during in vivo ACT efficacy studies from sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) and India. Eight electronic databases were comprehensively used to search relevant articles and finally a total of 28 studies were included in the review, 21 from sSA and seven from India. On analysis, Artemether + lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) are the main ACT in African and Indian regions with a 28-day efficacy range of 54.3-100% for AL and 63-100% for AS + SP respectively. It was observed that mutations in the Pfcrt (76T), Pfdhfr (51I, 59R, 108N), Pfdhps (437G) and Pfmdr1 (86Y, 184F, 1246Y) genes were involved in TF, which varied with respect to ACTs. Based on studies that have genotyped the Pfk13 gene, the reported TF cases, were mainly linked with mutations in genes associated with resistance to ACT partner drugs; indicating that the protection of the partner drug efficacy is crucial for maintaining the efficacy of ACT. This review reveals that ACT are largely efficacious in India and sSA despite the fact that some clinical efficacy and epidemiological studies have reported some validated mutations (i.e., 476I, 539T and 561H) in circulation in these two regions. Also, the role of PfATPase6 in ART resistance is controversial still, while P. falciparum plasmepsin 2 (Pfpm2) in piperaquine (PPQ) resistance and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) + PPQ failures is well documented in Southeast Asian countries but studied less in sSA. Hence, there is a need for continuous molecular surveillance of Pfk13 mutations for emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Arya
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shewta Chaudhry
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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Ehrlich HY, Jones J, Parikh S. Molecular surveillance of antimalarial partner drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatial-temporal evidence mapping study. LANCET MICROBE 2020; 1:e209-e217. [PMID: 33089222 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Molecular markers for antimalarial drug resistance can be used to rapidly monitor the emergence and spatial distribution of resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Little has been done to analyse molecular surveillance efforts or to assess surveillance coverage. This study aimed to develop an evidence map to characterise the spatial-temporal distribution and sampling methodologies of drug resistance surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically focusing on markers associated with ACT partner drugs. Methods By use of a systematic search, we identified studies that reported data on the following mutations associated with ACT partner drug resistance: pfmdr1 Asn86Tyr, Tyr184Phe, Asp1246Tyr, and copy number variation and pfcrt Lys76Thr, with sample collection occurring in sub-Saharan Africa between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018, corresponding to the uptake of ACTs. For each identified study, we extracted information on its sampling and laboratory methods, author and publication affiliations, years of sampling and of publication, geographic coordinates of the study sites, and prevalence of the partner drug resistance-associated markers. We used linear models to test whether urbanicity, population density, and endemicity were predictors of drug resistance survey sites and linear regressions to identify associations between the number of resistance surveys within a given country and the at-risk malaria population in 2010, the per-capita GDP in 2010, and the mean amount of funding directed to malaria and to determine trends in marker prevalence over time. For country case studies with three or more datapoints, we assessed global spatial autocorrelation using Moran's I. Findings Our search yielded 254 studies encompassing 492 year-specific and location-specific surveys from 35 malaria-endemic countries, the most complete set of molecular partner drug surveillance data to date. We observed a median time lag of 3·1 years (95% CI 1·0-7·7) from final sample acquisition to publication. 22 (49%) of the 44 countries in the study region conducted, on average, one or fewer studies every 3 years. The locations of surveillance sites were positively associated with urbanicity (p<0·0001), and the abundance of country-level data was associated with reported donor funding in 2004-18 (p=0·0011) and local government funding in 2004-09 (p=0·014). Nearly all molecular markers displayed significant regional trends over time and global spatial autocorrelation in space. For selected countries with more widespread coverage of surveillance data, some markers also displayed spatial heterogeneity. Interpretation In most sub-Saharan countries, molecular data on antimalarial resistance might not be representative of the temporal and geographic heterogeneity of partner drug resistance, and likely do not represent the true spatially dependent distribution of partner drug resistance. Our results highlight several inefficiencies that can be improved upon to develop more accurate data landscapes, including the expansion of sentinel surveillance systems, syndemic usage of research samples, and increased participation in reporting published and unpublished data to centralised platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Y Ehrlich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Jones
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sunil Parikh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Miraclin TA, Mathew BS, Mammen JJ, Ramachandran SV, Kumar S, Bhattacharjee S, Sudarsanam TD, Sathyendra S, Prabhakar Abhilash KP, Jayaseelan V, Rupali P. Slow parasite clearance, absent K13-propeller gene polymorphisms and adequate artesunate levels among patients with malaria: A pilot study from southern India. NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 2020; 32:200-206. [PMID: 32769239 DOI: 10.4103/0970-258x.291292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is widely used in India and many generic preparations are available. Delayed response has been reported, suggesting inadequate response to artesunate (AS) or genotypic resistance. We designed a prospective observational study to assess the therapeutic response, elaborate pharmacokinetics of AS and identify Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 (pfk13) propeller gene polymorphisms among hospitalized Indian patients with severe malaria. Methods We collected blood samples from adult patients with severe P. falciparum or mixed (P. falciparum and P. vivax) malaria on ACT. We calculated the parasite clearance (CL) half-life using the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) online parasite clearance estimator (PCE). We used the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrophoto-metry method for simultaneous quantification of AS and dihydroartemisinin. We genotyped longitudinally archived DNA samples obtained pre-treatment (day 0) to study the point mutations in the pfk13 propeller domain. Results A total of 54 patients with malaria were included, with a majority fulfilling the definitions of severe malaria. The median parasite CL slope half-life was estimated to be 6.44 hours (interquartile range 4.79-10.24). AS pharmacokinetics, assessed in 17 patients, were found to be similar in the groups with rapid (<48 hours) and slow CL (>48 hours) of parasites. No known mutations associated with artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia were observed in our study participants. Conclusions Slow parasite CL was seen with a high parasite burden without genotypic evidence of AS resistance. There is a need to standardize definitions of therapeutic efficacy of AS in cases of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Angel Miraclin
- Department of Neuromedicine, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binu Susan Mathew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy John Mammen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematolgy, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shaji V Ramachandran
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Gene Regulation Laboratory, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medicine-I and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Thambu David Sudarsanam
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmya Sathyendra
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Paul Prabhakar Abhilash
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishalakshi Jayaseelan
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priscilla Rupali
- Department of Medicine-I and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College Hospital, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sarma DK, Mohapatra PK, Bhattacharyya DR, Chellappan S, Karuppusamy B, Barman K, Senthil Kumar N, Dash AP, Prakash A, Balabaskaran Nina P. Malaria in North-East India: Importance and Implications in the Era of Elimination. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120673. [PMID: 31835597 PMCID: PMC6956115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide and in India, malaria elimination efforts are being ramped up to eradicate the disease by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts in North-East (NE) India will have a great bearing on the overall efforts to eradicate malaria in the rest of India. The first cases of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were reported in NE India, and the source of these drug resistant parasites are most likely from South East Asia (SEA). NE India is the only land route through which the parasites from SEA can enter the Indian mainland. India’s malaria drug policy had to be constantly updated due to the emergence of drug resistant parasites in NE India. Malaria is highly endemic in many parts of NE India, and Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of the cases. Highly efficient primary vectors and emerging secondary vectors complicate malaria elimination efforts in NE India. Many of the high transmission zones in NE India are tribal belts, and are difficult to access. The review details the malaria epidemiology in seven NE Indian states from 2008 to 2018. In addition, the origin and evolution of resistance to major anti-malarials are discussed. Furthermore, the bionomics of primary vectors and emergence of secondary malaria vectors, and possible strategies to prevent and control malaria in NE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462030, India;
| | | | | | | | | | - Keshab Barman
- State NVBDCP Unit, Directorate of Health Services, Govt. of Assam, Guwahati 781005, Assam, India;
| | | | | | - Anil Prakash
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462030, India;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (P.B.N.)
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Decreased In Vitro Artemisinin Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum across India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00101-19. [PMID: 31332065 PMCID: PMC6761557 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00101-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in India since 2004. Since 2008, a decrease in artemisinin effectiveness has been seen throughout the Greater Mekong Subregion. The geographic proximity and ecological similarities of northeastern India to Southeast Asia may differentially affect the long-term management and sustainability of ACT in India. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been used to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in India since 2004. Since 2008, a decrease in artemisinin effectiveness has been seen throughout the Greater Mekong Subregion. The geographic proximity and ecological similarities of northeastern India to Southeast Asia may differentially affect the long-term management and sustainability of ACT in India. In order to collect baseline data on variations in ACT sensitivity in Indian parasites, 12 P. falciparum isolates from northeast India and 10 isolates from southwest India were studied in vitro. Ring-stage survival assay (RSA) showed reduced sensitivity to dihydroartemisinin in 50% of the samples collected in northeast India in 2014 and 2015. Two of the 10 assayed samples from the southwest region of India from as far back as 2012 also showed decreased sensitivity to artemisinin. In both these regions, kelch gene sequences were not predictive of reduced artemisinin sensitivity, as measured by RSA. The present data justify future investments in integrated approaches involving clinical follow-up studies, in vitro survival assays, and molecular markers for tracking potential changes in the effectiveness of artemisinin against P. falciparum throughout India.
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Commons RJ, Simpson JA, Thriemer K, Humphreys GS, Abreha T, Alemu SG, Añez A, Anstey NM, Awab GR, Baird JK, Barber BE, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Chu CS, D'Alessandro U, Dahal P, Daher A, de Vries PJ, Erhart A, Gomes MSM, Gonzalez-Ceron L, Grigg MJ, Heidari A, Hwang J, Kager PA, Ketema T, Khan WA, Lacerda MVG, Leslie T, Ley B, Lidia K, Monteiro WM, Nosten F, Pereira DB, Phan GT, Phyo AP, Rowland M, Saravu K, Sibley CH, Siqueira AM, Stepniewska K, Sutanto I, Taylor WRJ, Thwaites G, Tran BQ, Tran HT, Valecha N, Vieira JLF, Wangchuk S, William T, Woodrow CJ, Zuluaga-Idarraga L, Guerin PJ, White NJ, Price RN. The effect of chloroquine dose and primaquine on Plasmodium vivax recurrence: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient pooled meta-analysis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:1025-1034. [PMID: 30033231 PMCID: PMC6105624 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine remains the mainstay of treatment for Plasmodium vivax malaria despite increasing reports of treatment failure. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of chloroquine dose and the addition of primaquine on the risk of recurrent vivax malaria across different settings. METHODS A systematic review done in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identified P vivax clinical trials published between Jan 1, 2000, and March 22, 2017. Principal investigators were invited to share individual patient data, which were pooled using standardised methods. Cox regression analyses with random effects for study site were used to investigate the roles of chloroquine dose and primaquine use on rate of recurrence between day 7 and day 42 (primary outcome). The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO, number CRD42016053310. FINDINGS Of 134 identified chloroquine studies, 37 studies (from 17 countries) and 5240 patients were included. 2990 patients were treated with chloroquine alone, of whom 1041 (34·8%) received a dose below the target 25 mg/kg. The risk of recurrence was 32·4% (95% CI 29·8-35·1) by day 42. After controlling for confounders, a 5 mg/kg higher chloroquine dose reduced the rate of recurrence overall (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0·82, 95% CI 0·69-0·97; p=0·021) and in children younger than 5 years (0·59, 0·41-0·86; p=0·0058). Adding primaquine reduced the risk of recurrence to 4·9% (95% CI 3·1-7·7) by day 42, which is lower than with chloroquine alone (AHR 0·10, 0·05-0·17; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Chloroquine is commonly under-dosed in the treatment of vivax malaria. Increasing the recommended dose to 30 mg/kg in children younger than 5 years could reduce substantially the risk of early recurrence when primaquine is not given. Radical cure with primaquine was highly effective in preventing early recurrence and may also improve blood schizontocidal efficacy against chloroquine-resistant P vivax. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Commons
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Clinical module, Darwin, NT, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kamala Thriemer
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Georgina S Humphreys
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tesfay Abreha
- ICAP, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay G Alemu
- College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Arletta Añez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Organización Panamericana de Salud, Oficina de país Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ghulam R Awab
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Nangarhar Medical Faculty, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad Afghanistan
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Cindy S Chu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Unit of Malariology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Prabin Dahal
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - André Daher
- Institute of Drug Technology (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Vice-Presidency of Research and Reference Laboratories, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter J de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tergooi Hospital, Hilversum, Netherlands
| | - Annette Erhart
- Unit of Malariology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia; Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margarete S M Gomes
- Superintendência de Vigilância em Saúde do Estado do Amapá -SVS/AP, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil; Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Jimee Hwang
- US President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Piet A Kager
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tsige Ketema
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ-Amazonas), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Toby Leslie
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; HealthNet-TPO, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Kartini Lidia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Giao T Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Tropical Diseases Clinical Research Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Aung P Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Mark Rowland
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; Manipal McGill Center for Infectious Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Carol H Sibley
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - André M Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Inge Sutanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Walter R J Taylor
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Binh Q Tran
- Tropical Diseases Clinical Research Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hien T Tran
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Sonam Wangchuk
- Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Charles J Woodrow
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Philippe J Guerin
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ric N Price
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Clinical module, Darwin, NT, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Anvikar AR, Kuepfer I, Mishra V, Bruce J, Arya T, Mishra DR, Mohanty S, Mohanty R, Srivastava B, Sharma S, Mishra N, Greenwood B, Chandramohan D, Valecha N. Efficacy of two artemisinin-based combinations for the treatment of malaria in pregnancy in India: a randomized controlled trial. Malar J 2018; 17:246. [PMID: 29973212 PMCID: PMC6030775 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In India, the recommended first-line treatment for malaria in the second and third trimester of pregnancy is artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP). However, data on safety and efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in pregnancy is limited. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of AS+SP and artesunate + mefloquine (AS+MQ) for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy in India. Methods This open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted from October 2010 to December 2013 at three sites in India (Ranchi and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand state, and Rourkela in Odisha state). Pregnant women in the second or third trimester who had P. falciparum mono-infection of any parasite density with or without fever were randomized to receive AS+SP or AS+MQ. Blood slides and filter paper samples for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 63 post treatment. Women were followed up at delivery and at day 42 postpartum. Findings Two hundred and forty-eight women of 7064 pregnant women (3.5%) who were screened at monthly antenatal clinics had a P. falciparum mono-infection and were randomized to receive AS+SP (125) or AS+MQ (123) and all of these women were included in the intention to treat (ITT) analysis. The primary endpoint of an adequate clinical and parasite response (ACPR) on day 63 was not available for 9 women who were counted as treatment failure in the ITT analysis. In the ITT population, the ACPR was 121/125 (96.8%; 95% Confidence interval (CI) 92.0–99.1%) in the AS+SP group and 117/123 (95.1%; 95% CI 89.7–98.2) in the AS+MQ group. Among the 239 women (121 from the AS+SP arm and 118 from the AS+MQ arm) who completed the day 63 follow up (per protocol analysis) the ACPR was 100% in the AS+SP group and 99.2% (117/118) in the AS+MQ group. There were five serious adverse events (SAE) among pregnant women (4 in the AS+SP group and 1 in the AS+MQ group) and 13 fetal/neonatal SAEs (7 in the AS+SP group and 6 in the AS+MQ) but none of them were related to the study drugs. A higher proportion of women in the AS+MQ arm reported vomiting within 7 days post-treatment than did women in the AS+SP arm (6.9 vs. 1.6%; p = 0.001). Conclusion Both AS+SP and AS+MQ are safe and effective for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in pregnancy in India. Trial registrationCTRI This study is registered with Clinical Trial Registry India (CTRI), number CTRI/2009/091/001055. Date of Registration 11 January 2010, http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=1185&EncHid=&userName=anvikar Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2393-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Kuepfer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Jane Bruce
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tushar Arya
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Suryakant Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Rourkela, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
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Mishra S, Bharti PK, Shukla MM, Ali NA, Kashyotia SS, Kumar A, Dhariwal AC, Singh N. Clinical and molecular monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drug (artesunate+sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine) in two highly malarious district of Madhya Pradesh, Central India from 2012-2014. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:186-194. [PMID: 28549390 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1331875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of P. falciparum resistant strain has led to a significant resurgence of malaria morbidity and mortality. The current cornerstone in malaria treatment in India is Artemisinin based Combination (Artesunate + Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine) Therapy (ACT) for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria since 2010. In the present study we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of ACT and molecular monitoring of antimalarial resistance. Therapeutic efficacy was determined by in vivo method using 28 days follow-up. Molecular genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) and kelch13 genes were analyzed. msp-1 and msp-2 genotyping were used to differentiate recrudescence. Therapeutic efficacy of ACT was determined in 237 patients over the three year period. Most of the patients showed adequate clinical and parasitological response (99.6%). Molecular study revealed that 72% parasites were of mutant genotype (27.2% single mutants, 43.5% double mutants and 1.3% triple mutants) for pfdhfr while pfdhps showed 78.2% wild type alleles and 21.8% mutants (18.1% single mutants and 3.7% double mutants). Analysis of total 135 samples revealed mutation in k13 gene along with non-synonymous single mutation at codon M579T (1.5%) and double mutations at codon M579T & N657H in 37%. ACT remains effective for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Madhya Pradesh, Central India. However, increasing mutation in pfdhfr (particularly triple mutations) and pfdhps may reduce susceptibility to partner drug SP and mutation in k13 propeller gene, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Mishra
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , ICMR , Jabalpur , India
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , ICMR , Jabalpur , India
| | - Man M Shukla
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , ICMR , Jabalpur , India
| | - Nazia A Ali
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , ICMR , Jabalpur , India
| | - Sher S Kashyotia
- b National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme , Delhi , India
| | - Avdhesh Kumar
- b National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme , Delhi , India
| | | | - Neeru Singh
- a National Institute for Research in Tribal Health , ICMR , Jabalpur , India
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Ali M, Miller K, Folz R, Johnson BR, Kiarie J. Study protocol on establishment of sentinel sites network for contraceptive and abortion trends, needs and utilization of services in Zika virus affected countries. Reprod Health 2017; 14:19. [PMID: 28153056 PMCID: PMC5289038 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-017-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZIKV(Zika Virus) during pregnancy can result in many adverse events such as fetal deaths or newborns with congenital abnormalities including microcephaly and other neural irregularities. Due to these harmful outcomes of pregnancy associated with the Zika virus, we can expect to see a change in the type and scale of demand for family planning and safe abortion services in areas affected by the Zika virus. The monitoring and reporting capacities of the local health clinics in these areas could benefit from the introduction of infrastructural improvements necessary to establish a sentinel site network. Through these sites, the WHO will collect data on the situation from local health professionals to get real time information from the population group and act accordingly to mitigate the consequences of the Zika virus outbreak in a localized and culturally appropriate way. The objectives are to establish a sentinel sites surveillance network for reporting on uptake and utilization of contraception and safe abortion care services; to strengthen monitoring, and data quality assurance in the selected sentinel surveillance sites; and finally to assess the contraception and safe abortion care service utilization trends in the affected sites on a regular basis. METHODS The proposal includes a set of objectives and actions that enable the creation of a set of criteria for the selection of the sentinel sites, as well the implementation of monitoring and reporting systems that will be used in data collection. DISCUSSION The data collected will be used to better understand the changing demand for family planning and safe abortion needs. This will ultimately be used to inform local health workers and policy makers as to how best to track the continued Zika virus outbreak and mitigate the consequences. The learning from establishment of surveillance sentinel sites will help to strengthen health systems at regional and subregional levels that are more adaptable and capable of providing reproductive healthcare services and of responding to future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazzam Ali
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva 27, CH-1211, Switzerland.
| | - Kelsey Miller
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva 27, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Folz
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva 27, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Ronald Johnson
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva 27, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - James Kiarie
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, Geneva 27, CH-1211, Switzerland
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20
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Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from three highly malarious states in India. Malar J 2016; 15:498. [PMID: 27737665 PMCID: PMC5064902 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-malarial drug resistance continues to be a leading threat to malaria control efforts and calls for continued monitoring of waning efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (AS + SP) is used for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. However, resistance against AS + SP is emerged in northeastern states. Therefore, artemether–lumefantrine (AL) is the recommended first line treatment for falciparum malaria in north eastern states. This study investigates the therapeutic efficacy and safety of AL for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in three malaria-endemic states in India. The data generated through this study will benefit the immediate implementation of second-line ACT as and when required. Methods This was a one-arm prospective evaluation of clinical and parasitological responses for uncomplicated falciparum malaria using WHO protocol. Patients diagnosed with uncomplicated mono P. falciparum infection were administered six-dose regimen of AL over 3 days and subsequent follow-up was carried out up to 28 days. Molecular markers msp-1 and msp-2 were used to differentiate recrudescence and re-infection and K13 propeller gene was amplified and sequenced covering the codon 450–680. Results A total of 402 eligible patients were enrolled in the study from all four sites. Overall, adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was 98 % without PCR correction and 99 % with PCR correction. At three study sites, ACPR rates were 100 %, while at Bastar, cure rate was 92.5 % on day 28. No early treatment failure was found. The PCR-corrected endpoint finding confirmed that one late clinical failure (LCF) and two late parasitological failures (LPF) were recrudescences. The PCR corrected cure rate was 96.5 %. The mean fever clearance time was 27.2 h ± 8.2 (24–48 h) and the mean parasite clearance time was 30.1 h ± 11.0 (24–72 h). Additionally, no adverse event was recorded. Analysis of total 186 samples revealed a mutation in the k13 gene along with non-synonymous mutation at codon M579T in three (1.6 %) samples. Conclusion AL is an efficacious drug for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. However, regular monitoring of AL is required in view of malaria elimination initiatives, which will be largely dependent on therapeutic interventions, regular surveillance and targeted vector control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1555-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Anvikar AR, Shah N, Dhariwal AC, Sonal GS, Pradhan MM, Ghosh SK, Valecha N. Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:108-120. [PMID: 27708188 PMCID: PMC5201217 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, malaria in India was predominantly caused by Plasmodium vivax, accounting for 53% of the estimated cases. After the spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the 1990s, the prevalence of the two species remained equivalent at the national level for a decade. By 2014, the proportion of P. vivax has decreased to 34% nationally, but with high regional variation. In 2014, P. vivax accounted for around 380,000 malaria cases in India; almost a sixth of all P. vivax cases reported globally. Plasmodium vivax has remained resistant to control measures, particularly in urban areas. Urban malaria is predominantly caused by P. vivax and is subject to outbreaks, often associated with increased mortality, and triggered by bursts of migration and construction. The epidemiology of P. vivax varies substantially within India, including multiple relapse phenotypes with varying latencies between primary infection and relapse. Moreover, the hypnozoite reservoir maintains transmission potential and enables reestablishment of the parasite in areas in which it was thought eradicated. The burden of malaria in India is complex because of the highly variable malaria eco-epidemiological profiles, transmission factors, and the presence of multiple Plasmodium species and Anopheles vectors. This review of P. vivax malaria in India describes epidemiological trends with particular attention to four states: Gujarat, Karnataka, Haryana, and Odisha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupkumar R Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Naman Shah
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Susanta K Ghosh
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Bangalore, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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22
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Sharma VP, Dev V, Phookan S. Neglected Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern States of India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:546-55. [PMID: 26139771 PMCID: PMC4510752 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The northeastern States of India are co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria. The transmission intensity is low-to-moderate resulting in intermediate to stable malaria. Malaria control prioritized P. falciparum being the predominant and life threatening infection (>70%). P. vivax malaria remained somewhat neglected. The present study provides a status report of P. vivax malaria in the northeastern States of India. METHODS Data on spatial distribution of P. vivax from seven northeastern States (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura) were analysed retrospectively from 2008-2013. In addition, cross-sectional malarial surveys were conducted during 1991-2012 in malaria endemic pockets across the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura to ascertain the prevalence of P. vivax in different age groups. RESULTS Vivax malaria was encountered in all northeastern States but there existed a clear division of two malaria ecotypes supporting ≤30 and >30 per cent of total malaria cases. High proportions of P. vivax cases (60-80%) were seen in Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in the north with alpine environment, 42-67 per cent in Manipur, whereas in Assam it varied from 23-31 per cent with subtropical and tropical climate. Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram had the lowest proportion of P. vivax cases. Malaria cases were recorded in all age groups but a higher proportion of P. vivax consistently occurred among <5 yr age group compared to P. falciparum (P<0.05). P. vivax cases were recorded throughout the year with peak coinciding with rainy season although transmission intensity and duration varied. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS In northeast India, P. vivax is a neglected infection. Estimating the relapsing pattern and transmission dynamics of P. vivax in various ecological settings is an important pre-requisite for planning malaria elimination in the northeastern States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vas Dev
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Station) (ICMR), Guwahati, Assam, India
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23
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Valecha N, Savargaonkar D, Srivastava B, Rao BHK, Tripathi SK, Gogtay N, Kochar SK, Kumar NBV, Rajadhyaksha GC, Lakhani JD, Solanki BB, Jalali RK, Arora S, Roy A, Saha N, Iyer SS, Sharma P, Anvikar AR. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate with chloroquine in acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a phase III, multicentric, open-label study. Malar J 2016; 15:42. [PMID: 26818020 PMCID: PMC4728808 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine has been the treatment
of choice for acute vivax malaria for more than 60 years. Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax has recently shown resistance to chloroquine in some places. This study compared the efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination (FDC) of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate (PQP) with chloroquine in the treatment of uncomplicated vivax malaria. Methods Patients aged 13–65 years with confirmed mono-infection of P. vivax along with fever or fever in the previous 48 h were included. The 317 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP (n = 159) or chloroquine (n = 158) for 3 days. Primaquine was given as an anti-relapse measure on day 3 and continued for 14 consecutive days. Primary efficacy analysis included assessment of the proportion of aparasitaemic and afebrile patients at 72 h. Safety endpoints were analysis of adverse events, vital signs, laboratory data, and abnormalities on electrocardiograph. Patients participated in the study for at least 42 days. Results In per protocol population, the proportion of aparasitaemic and afebrile patients at 72 h was 100 % (140/140) in the FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP group, and 99.3 % (145/146) in the chloroquine group (Fisher, p > 0.9999). In intent to treat population, the corresponding value was reported to be 96.9 % (154/159) in the FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP group and 98.7 % (156/158) in the chloroquine group (Fisher, p = 0.4479). The median parasite clearance time was 24 h in FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP group and 26 h in chloroquine group (Log-rank, p = 0.2264). Similarly, median fever clearance time was 24 h in both the groups (Log-rank, p = 0.7750). In PP population, day 28 cure rates were 100 % in both the groups (95 % CI (96.52, 100.0 for FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP and 96.73, 100.0 in chloroquine group)). Incidence of adverse events was 82.4 % in the FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP group and 85.4 % in the chloroquine group. Most of the adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. The commonly reported clinical adverse events in the FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP versus chloroquine group were vomiting (5.0 vs 5.1 %), headache (1.3 vs 3.2 %) and prolonged QT (1.9 vs 3.2 %). No deaths were reported. The pharmacokinetic analysis indicates that arterolane maleate is well absorbed and has a relatively short t1/2 of 3.2 h. Piperaquine is also well absorbed after oral administration with a t1/2 of about 228.33 h. Conclusions The study showed that FDC of arterolane maleate and PQP effectively cured vivax malaria and attained acceptable level of cure up to day 28. Both the groups showed similar safety profile. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registry India: CTRI/2011/11/002129 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1084-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
| | - Deepali Savargaonkar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
| | - Bina Srivastava
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
| | | | - Santanu K Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India.
| | - Nithya Gogtay
- Department of Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.
| | | | - Nalli Babu Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Andhra Medical College and King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India.
| | | | | | | | - Rajinder K Jalali
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Sudershan Arora
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Arjun Roy
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Nilanjan Saha
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Sunil S Iyer
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (erstwhile Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Gurgaon, India), Gurgaon, India.
| | - Anupkumar R Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
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No Polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum K13 Propeller Gene in Clinical Isolates from Kolkata, India. J Pathog 2015; 2015:374354. [PMID: 26688755 PMCID: PMC4673352 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers associated with artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum are yet to be well defined. Recent studies showed that polymorphisms in K13 gene are associated with artemisinin resistance. The present study was designed to know the pattern of polymorphisms in propeller region of K13 gene among the clinical isolates collected from urban Kolkata after five years of ACT implementation. We collected 59 clinical isolates from urban Kolkata and sequenced propeller region of K13 gene in 51 isolates successfully. We did not find any mutation in any isolate. All patients responded to the ACT, a combination of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. The drug regimen is still effective in the study area and there is no sign of emergence of resistance against artemisinin as evidenced by wild genotype of K13 gene in all isolates studied.
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Gonzalez-Ceron L, Rodriguez MH, Sandoval MA, Santillan F, Galindo-Virgen S, Betanzos AF, Rosales AF, Palomeque OL. Effectiveness of combined chloroquine and primaquine treatment in 14 days versus intermittent single dose regimen, in an open, non-randomized, clinical trial, to eliminate Plasmodium vivax in southern Mexico. Malar J 2015; 14:426. [PMID: 26518132 PMCID: PMC4628368 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Mexico, combined chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) treatment has been used since the late 1950s to treat Plasmodium vivax infections. Although malaria transmission has declined, current treatment strategies must be evaluated to advance towards malaria elimination. Methods The clinical and parasitological outcome of treating symptomatic P. vivax with the 14-day (T14) treatment or intermittent single dose (ISD) regimen was evaluated in southern Mexico between February 2008 and September 2010. Patients over 12 months old with P. vivax mono-infection and asexual parasitaemia ≥500 parasites/µl were treated under supervision. After diagnosis (day 0), treatment began immediately. T14 patients received CQ for 3 days (10, 10 and 5 mg/kg) and PQ daily for 14 days (0.25 mg/kg), while ISD patients received a single dose of CQ (10 mg/kg) and PQ (0.75 mg/kg) on days 0, 30, 60, 180, 210, and 240. Follow-up was done by observing clinical and laboratory (by microscopy, serology and PCR) outcome, considering two endpoints: primary blood infection clearance and clinical response at ~28 days, and the incidence of recurrent blood infection during 12 months. Parasite genotypes of primary/recurrent blood infections were analysed. Results During the first 28 days, no differences in parasite clearance or clinical outcome were observed between T14 (86 patients) and ISD (67 patients). On day 3, 95 % of patients in both groups showed no blood parasites, and no recurrences were detected on days 7–28. Contrarily, the therapeutic effectiveness (absence of recurrent parasitaemia) was distinct for T14 versus ISD at 12 months: 83.7 versus 50 %, respectively (p = 0.000). Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were recorded on days 31–352. Some parasite recurrences were detected by PCR and/or serological testing. Conclusions T14 was effective for opportune elimination of the primary blood infection and preventing relapse episodes. The first single dose of CQ-PQ eliminated primary blood infection as efficiently as the initial three-dose scheme of T14, but the ISD regimen should be abandoned. A single combined dose administered to symptomatic patients in remote areas while awaiting parasitological diagnosis may contribute to halting P. vivax transmission. Alternatives for meeting the challenge of T14 supervision are discussed. Trial registration: NIH-USA, ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT02394197 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0938-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Mario H Rodriguez
- Centre for Research of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Sandoval
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Frida Santillan
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Galindo-Virgen
- Laboratory of Malaria, National Institute for Diagnosis and Epidemiological Reference, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Angel F Betanzos
- Centre for Research of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Angel F Rosales
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Olga L Palomeque
- Regional Centre for Public Health Research, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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Gupta R, Mishra N, Kumar A, Rana R, Srivastava B, Tyagi PK, Anvikar AR, Valecha N. Monitoring artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: comparison of parasite clearance time by microscopy and real-time PCR and evaluation of mutations in Pfatpase6 gene in Odisha state of India. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3487-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Surveillance of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in India using the kelch13 molecular marker. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2548-53. [PMID: 25691626 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04632-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria treatment in Southeast Asia is threatened with the emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Genome association studies have strongly linked a locus on P. falciparum chromosome 13 to artemisinin resistance, and recently, mutations in the kelch13 propeller region (Pfk-13) were strongly linked to resistance. To date, this information has not been shown in Indian samples. Pfk-13 mutations were assessed in samples from efficacy studies of artemisinin combination treatments in India. Samples were PCR amplified and sequenced from codon 427 to 727. Out of 384 samples, nonsynonymous mutations in the propeller region were found in four patients from the northeastern states, but their presence did not correlate with ACT treatment failures. This is the first report of Pfk-13 point mutations from India. Further phenotyping and genotyping studies are required to assess the status of artemisinin resistance in this region.
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Rahimi BA, Thakkinstian A, White NJ, Sirivichayakul C, Dondorp AM, Chokejindachai W. Severe vivax malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies since 1900. Malar J 2014; 13:481. [PMID: 25486908 PMCID: PMC4364574 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax was long considered to have a low mortality, but recent reports from some geographical areas suggest that severe and complicated vivax malaria may be more common than previously thought. METHODS The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe the reported clinical characteristics and the geographical variation in prevalence of reported severe vivax malaria and its change over time derived from English-language articles published since 1900. Medline and Scopus databases were searched for original papers on severe vivax malaria, using as inclusion criteria modified 2010 WHO criteria for the diagnosis of severe falciparum malaria. Articles before 1949 were identified through reference lists in journals, textbooks, and personal collections of colleagues. RESULTS A total of 77 studies with reported severe vivax malaria and 63 studies with no reported severe vivax malaria (totaling 46,411 and 6,753 vivax malaria patients, respectively) were included. The 77 studies with reported severe vivax malaria were mainly from India (n = 33), USA (n = 8), Indonesia (n = 6), and Pakistan (n = 6). Vivax endemic countries not reporting severe vivax malaria beyond individual case reports included: the Greater Mekong Sub-region, China, North Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Middle East (except Qatar), the horn of Africa, and Madagascar. Only 17/77 reports were from before 2000. Vivax mono-infection was confirmed by PCR in 14 studies and co-morbidities were ruled out in 23 studies. Among the 77 studies reporting severe vivax malaria, severe thrombocytopenia (<50,000/mm3) was the most common "severe" manifestation (888/45,775 with pooled prevalence of 8.6%). The case fatality was 0.3% (353/46,411). Severity syndromes varied widely between different geographical areas, with severe anaemia being most prominent in areas of high transmission and chloroquine resistance. CONCLUSION Plasmodium vivax can cause severe and even fatal disease, but there is a recent increase in reports over the past 15 years with larger series restricted to a limited number of geographical areas. The biological basis of these variations is currently not known. More detailed epidemiological studies are needed which dissociate causation from association to refine the definition and estimate the prevalence of severe vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU); Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3rd Floor, 60th Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Mishra N, Kaitholia K, Srivastava B, Shah NK, Narayan JP, Dev V, Phookan S, Anvikar AR, Rana R, Bharti RS, Sonal GS, Dhariwal AC, Valecha N. Declining efficacy of artesunate plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in northeastern India. Malar J 2014; 13:284. [PMID: 25052385 PMCID: PMC4127069 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in India has historically travelled from northeast India along the Myanmar border. The treatment policy for P. falciparum in the region was, therefore, changed from chloroquine to artesunate (AS) plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in selected areas in 2005 and in 2008 it became the first-line treatment. Recognizing that resistance to the partner drug can limit the useful life of this combination therapy, routine in vivo and molecular monitoring of anti-malarial drug efficacy through sentinel sites was initiated in 2009. METHODS Between May and October 2012, 190 subjects with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled in therapeutic efficacy studies in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, and Mizoram. Clinical and parasitological assessments were conducted over 42 days of follow-up. Multivariate analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with treatment failure. Genotyping was done to distinguish re-infection from recrudescence as well as to determine the prevalence of molecular markers of antifolate resistance among isolates. RESULTS A total of 169 patients completed 42 days of follow-up at three sites. The crude and PCR-corrected Kaplan-Meier survival estimates of AS + SP were 60.8% (95% CI: 48.0-71.4) and 76.6% (95% CI: 64.1-85.2) in Gomati, Tripura; 74.6% (95% CI: 62.0-83.6) and 81.7% (95% CI: 69.4-89.5) in Lunglei, Mizoram; and, 59.5% (95% CI: 42.0-73.2) and 82.3% (95% CI: 64.6-91.6) in Changlang, Arunachal Pradesh. Most patients with P. falciparum cleared parasitaemia within 24 hours of treatment, but eight, including three patients who failed treatment, remained parasitaemic on day 3. Risk factors associated with treatment failure included age < five years, fever at the time of enrolment and AS under dosing. No adverse events were reported. Presence of dhfr plus dhps quintuple mutation was observed predominantly in treatment failure samples. CONCLUSION AS + SP treatment failure was widespread in northeast India and exceeded the threshold for changing drug policy. Based on these results, in January 2013 the expert committee of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme formulated the first subnational drug policy for India and selected artemether plus lumefantrine as the new first-line treatment in the northeast. Continued monitoring of anti-malarial drug efficacy is essential for effective malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neena Valecha
- ECR Division, National Institute of Malaria Research, ICMR Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110 077, India.
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Anvikar AR, Arora U, Sonal G, Mishra N, Shahi B, Savargaonkar D, Kumar N, Shah NK, Valecha N. Antimalarial drug policy in India: past, present & future. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139:205-15. [PMID: 24718394 PMCID: PMC4001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimalarial drugs in India has evolved since the introduction of quinine in the 17 th century. Since the formal establishment of a malaria control programme in 1953, shortly after independence, treatments provided by the public sector ranged from chloroquine, the mainstay drug for many decades, to the newer, recently introduced artemisinin based combination therapy. The complexity of considerations in antimalarial treatment led to the formulation of a National Antimalarial Drug Policy to guide procurement as well as communicate best practices to both public and private healthcare providers. Challenges addressed in the policy include the use of presumptive treatment, the introduction of alternate treatments for drug-resistant malaria, the duration of primaquine therapy to prevent relapses of vivax malaria, the treatment of malaria in pregnancy, and the choice of drugs for chemoprophylaxis. While data on antimalarial drug resistance and both public and private sector treatment practices have been recently reviewed, the policy process of setting national standards has not. In this perspective on antimalarial drug policy, this review highlights its relevant history, analyzes the current policy, and examines future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr Anupkumar R. Anvikar, Scientist D, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR) Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110 077, India e-mail:
| | - Usha Arora
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India
| | - G.S. Sonal
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India
| | - Neelima Mishra
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Navin Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Naman K. Shah
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
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Srivastava P, Ratha J, Shah NK, Mishra N, Anvikar AR, Sharma SK, Das MK, Srivastava B, Valecha N. A clinical and molecular study of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in three districts of central and eastern India. Malar J 2013; 12:247. [PMID: 23866298 PMCID: PMC3726327 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS + SP) is recommended throughout India as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Due to the presence of several eco-epidemiological zones of malaria and variable drug pressure, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this combination in different regions of India. The objective of this study was to use clinical and molecular methods to monitor the efficacy of AS + SP in three diverse sites. Methods The study was undertaken in three high endemic sites of central and eastern India. Patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were enrolled and followed for 28 days. Molecular genotyping was conducted for merozoite surface protein (msp1 and msp2) to differentiate between re-infection and recrudescence and for the dhfr and dhps genes to monitor antifolate drug resistance. Results In all, 149 patients were enrolled at the three sites. The crude cure rates were 95.9%, 100%, and 100% in Ranchi, Keonjhar, and West Garo Hills respectively. PCR-corrected cure rates were 100% at all sites. In dhfr, 27% of isolates had triple mutations, while 46% isolates were double-mutants. The most prevalent mutation was S108N followed by C59R. 164 L mutation was observed in 43/126 (34%) isolates. In dhps, most (76%) of the isolates were wild-type. Only 2.5% (2/80) isolates showed double mutation. dhfr-dhps two locus mutation were observed in 16% (13/80) isolates. Parasite clearance time was not related with antifolate mutations. Conclusions AS + SP combination therapy remained effective against falciparum malaria despite common mutations promoting resistance to antifolate drugs. Although the prevalence of double and triple mutations in dhfr was high, the prevalence of dhfr-dhps two locus mutations were low. Even isolates with dhfr triple and dhfr-dhps two locus mutations achieved adequate clinical and parasitological response.
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Shah NK, Poole C, MacDonald PDM, Srivastava B, Schapira A, Juliano JJ, Anvikar A, Meshnick SR, Valecha N, Mishra N. Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in India: prevalence, age structure, risk factors and the role of a predictive score for detection. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:800-9. [PMID: 23627694 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and determine the prevalence, age structure and the viability of a predictive model for detection. METHODS We collected data from 21 therapeutic efficacy trials conducted in India during 2009-2010 and estimated the contribution of each age group to the reservoir of transmission. We built a predictive model for gametocytemia and calculated the diagnostic utility of different score cut-offs from our risk score. RESULTS Gametocytemia was present in 18% (248/1 335) of patients and decreased with age. Adults constituted 43%, school-age children 45% and under fives 12% of the reservoir for potential transmission. Our model retained age, sex, region and previous antimalarial drug intake as predictors of gametocytemia. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.76 (95%CI:0.73,0.78), and a cut-off of 14 or more on a risk score ranging from 0 to 46 provided 91% (95%CI:88,95) sensitivity and 33% (95%CI:31,36) specificity for detecting gametocytemia. CONCLUSIONS Gametocytemia was common in India and varied by region. Notably, adults contributed substantially to the reservoir for potential transmission. Predictive modelling to generate a clinical algorithm for detecting gametocytemia did not provide sufficient discrimination for targeting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman K Shah
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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