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Chowdhury K, Sinha S, Ahmad R, Lugova H, Mehta M, Kumar S, Haque M. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Prospects: A Rapid Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e65808. [PMID: 39092382 PMCID: PMC11293072 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases are among the major altruists to the international liability of disease. The lifestyle and dietary changes attributable to economic growth have resulted in an epidemiological transition towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as the leading causes of death. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a more substantial disease burden due to limited healthcare sector capacities to address the rapidly growing number of chronic disease patients. The purpose of this narrative review paper was to explore the interrelationships between CMS, T2DM, and cardiovascular impairments in the context of NCDs, as well as major preventative and control interventions. The role of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of T2DM and the development of severe cardiovascular impairments was highlighted. This paper elaborated on the pivotal role of lifestyle modifications, such as healthy diets and physical activity, as cornerstones of addressing the epidemics of metabolic diseases. Foods high in calories, refined sugar, red meat, and processed and ready-to-eat meals were associated with an amplified risk of CMS and T2DM. In contrast, diets based on fruits, legumes, vegetables, and whole grain, home-cooked foods demonstrated protective effects against metabolic diseases. Additionally, the role of a psychological and behavioral approach in addressing metabolic diseases was highlighted, especially regarding its impact on patient empowerment and the patient-centered approach to preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kona Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics, Enam Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Enam Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Halyna Lugova
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI (University College Sedaya International) University Bandar Springhill Campus, Port Dickson, MYS
| | - Miral Mehta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Research, Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC) School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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Song D, Hightow-Weidman L, Yang Y, Wang J. Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2024; 23:23259582241275819. [PMID: 39155592 PMCID: PMC11331478 DOI: 10.1177/23259582241275819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people living with HIV (PLWH) are sedentary. This study aimed to synthesize the findings of qualitative studies to understand barriers and facilitators of physical activity (PA) among PLWH, categorized using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). METHODS Systematic searches of four databases were conducted to identify eligible studies. Thematic synthesis was used to inductively code, develop, and generate themes from the barriers and facilitators identified. Inductive data-driven themes were deductively categorized using the relevant domains of the COM-B model and the TDF. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included. The most prominent TDF domain for barriers was skills, particularly symptoms/health issues such as fatigue and pain, while the most prominent TDF domain for facilitators was reinforcement, particularly experiencing benefits from PA. CONCLUSION The breadth of factors identified suggests the need for comprehensive strategies to address these challenges effectively and support PLWH in adopting and sustaining PA routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- College of Nursing, Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Hightow-Weidman
- College of Nursing, Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yijiong Yang
- College of Nursing, Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing, Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Melo G, Aguilar-Farias N, López Barrera E, Chomalí L, Moz-Christofoletti MA, Salgado JC, Swensson LJ, Caro JC. Structural responses to the obesity epidemic in Latin America: what are the next steps for food and physical activity policies? LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 21:100486. [PMID: 37096192 PMCID: PMC10122054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most complex public health challenges, particularly in Latin America, where obesity rates have increased faster than in any other region. Many countries have proposed or enacted comprehensive policies to promote adequate diet and physical activity under a structural framework. We summarize articles discussing the scope and impact of recently implemented obesity-related interventions in the light of a structural response framework. Overall, we find that: (1) market-based food interventions, including taxes on junk food, nutrition labelling, and marketing restrictions, decrease the consumption of targeted foods, (2) programs directly providing healthy foods are effective in reducing obesity, and (3) the construction of public areas for recreation increases the average frequency of physical activity. Although obesity-related interventions in the region have somewhat improved health behaviours, obesity prevalence remains on an upward trend. We discuss some opportunities to continue tackling the obesity epidemic in LATAM under a structural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Melo
- Accountability, Climate, Equity, and Scholarship (ACES), Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas Aguilar-Farias
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de la Frontera, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Juan Carlos Salgado
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health and National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico
| | - Luana Joppert Swensson
- Policy and Legal Specialist for Sustainable Public Procurement, Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Caro
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Concepción, Chile
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The Built Environment and Population Physical Activity: Methods for Mapping the Relevant Laws. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:157-168. [PMID: 36640775 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of policies that promote and enable physical activity (PA) is a global health priority. Laws are an important policy instrument that can enable enduring beneficial outcomes for individuals, organizations, and environments through multiple mechanisms. This article presents a systematic process for mapping laws relevant to PA, which can be used to understand the role of laws as a powerful PA policy lever. METHODS Building on methods used in public health law research, we developed a protocol for scientific mapping of laws influencing the built environment for PA in Australia. The MonQcle online legal research platform was used for data coding, analysis, and presentation. RESULTS We describe the 10 key stages of legal mapping that we applied to examine state and territory laws that influence walking and cycling in Australia. CONCLUSIONS Law is a neglected element of policy research for PA. There is a need for accessible legal data to drive the design, investment, and implementation of legal interventions to improve population PA. Legal mapping is a first step toward evaluation of such laws for PA. This paper provides a practical case study and guidance for the 10 stages in legal mapping of laws that influence the built environment for PA.
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Oldridge-Turner K, Kokkorou M, Vlad I, Klepp KI, Rutter H, Helleve A, Fanian D, Sing F, O'Mara J, Mitrou G, Wiseman M, Allen K. Scan of physical activity policy actions in Europe: Lessons learned from populating the MOVING database. Obes Rev 2023; 24 Suppl 1:e13523. [PMID: 36416193 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adequate levels of physical activity are important for population health. Policy databases can track, monitor, and compare the development and implementation of physical activity policy actions and are populated by different methods. The new MOVING database, developed through the Confronting Obesity: Co-creating Policy with Youth (CO-CREATE) project, collates governmental policy actions designed to increase physical activity and is populated by an in-depth scan of implemented national policy actions. This paper presents lessons learned from conducting the policy scan across 27 European countries. Policy actions were identified using a structured search protocol from preselected sources, assessed against pre-specified inclusion criteria and verified by an in-country expert. 625 eligible national implemented policy actions were identified. Challenges included policy actions falling out of scope, a lack of available information on policy actions, difficulty in identifying policy actions using specific search terms, and increased resource requirements for translation of policy actions into English. The scan indicated improvements, which informed protocol modifications. Identifying the challenges and opportunities around conducting a policy scan is necessary to understand and assess the reliability, validity, and utility of a policy database. The policy scan will help to deliver a comprehensive picture of physical activity policy actions across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioana Vlad
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | - Knut-Inge Klepp
- Public Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Arnfinn Helleve
- Public Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diva Fanian
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | - Fiona Sing
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | | | - Giota Mitrou
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
| | | | - Kate Allen
- World Cancer Research Fund International, London, UK
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Nau T, Perry S, Giles-Corti B, Bellew W, Bauman A, Smith BJ. Mapping and analysis of laws influencing built environments for walking and cycling in Australia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:108. [PMID: 36647061 PMCID: PMC9841659 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern, with limited signs of improvement despite a global commitment to achieving the World Health Organization's target of 15% reduction by 2030. A systems approach is required to tackle this issue, involving the creation of environments that are conducive to physical activity. Laws represent an important tool for regulating the built environment for physical activity, are a mechanism for systems change, and have the capacity to reorient the goals and rules of a system. However, they are understudied and potentially underutilised for physical activity. Scientific legal mapping is a first step towards understanding how laws could impact the built environment to facilitate greater population physical activity. METHOD We conducted a legal assessment of state and territory laws in Australia, to systematically characterise how they address built environment considerations with specific relevance to walking and cycling. An interdisciplinary team of researchers with public health, law and urban planning expertise was formed to complete the multistage process. Key steps included a systematic search of laws using a combination of original legal research, consultation of secondary sources, and review and verification by an urban planning expert; development of a coding scheme; and completion of coding and quality control procedures. RESULTS Most jurisdictions in Australia do not currently embed objectives in primary legislation that would promote physical activity and support an integrated approach to land use and transport planning that encourages active and sustainable lifestyles. Only two jurisdictions addressed the large majority of evidence-based standards that promote active living. Of the standards addressed in law, few fully met evidence-based recommendations. While most jurisdictions legislated responsibility for enforcement of planning law, few legislated obligations for monitoring implementation. CONCLUSION Increasing physical activity is a systems issue, requiring actions across multiple sectors. An in-depth examination of the legal environment is an important step towards understanding and influencing the existing physical activity system, why it may not be generating desired outcomes, and potential opportunities for improvement. Our findings reveal opportunities where laws could be strengthened to promote more active environments. Updating this dataset periodically will generate longitudinal data that could be used to evaluate the impact of these laws on the built environment and physical activity behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Nau
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XPrevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.507593.dThe Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Sean Perry
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney Law School, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- grid.507593.dThe Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1017.70000 0001 2163 3550Healthy Liveable Cities Lab, RMIT University, Centre for Urban Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - William Bellew
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XPrevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.507593.dThe Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XPrevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.507593.dThe Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Ben J. Smith
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XPrevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.507593.dThe Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Systems Approaches to Physical Activity: New Tools and Resources. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:645. [PMID: 36087932 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF, López-Pérez PJ, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Overweight and executive functions, psychological and behavioral profile of Spanish adolescents. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113901. [PMID: 35810837 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has risen dramatically increasing a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases and cognitive dysfunctions. This study aimed to analyze differences in the executive function´s development between overweight and normal-weight adolescents. As a secondary objective, we aimed to assess differences in adolescents' psychological and behavioral profiles between groups. In order to achieve the study's aim, 105 adolescent students (17.61 ± 7.43 years) completed an online questionnaire that analyzed variables regarding their executive functions' processes, their psychological and physical health as well as lifestyle habits. Results showed that executive functions development is associated with adolescent weight. A higher range of weight presents a lower ability to assess abstract reasoning and to shift cognitive strategies. Nevertheless, no differences were found between groups in the capacity to hold information in mind nor the ability to control impulsive responses. Furthermore, groups showed differences in the number of meals and gastritis, but no significant differences have been found in lifestyle variables such as mobile usage, smoking, physical activity, and hours of sleep per day. The results from the present study could be used to implement multidisciplinary programs to develop healthier habits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Javier López-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, 080002 Colombia
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid. Faculty of Sports Sciences. Tajo Street, s/n, Madrid, 28670 Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia.
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Nau T, Bauman A, Smith BJ, Bellew W. A scoping review of systems approaches for increasing physical activity in populations. Health Res Policy Syst 2022; 20:104. [PMID: 36175916 PMCID: PMC9524093 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-022-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The past decade has increasingly seen systems approaches as a featured theme in public health studies and policy documents. This trend is evident in the area of physical activity, which is a significant global health risk factor that is addressed in WHO’s Global Action Plan on Physical Activity. We undertook a comprehensive scoping review to characterize the application of systems approaches to physical activity, to develop a typology of the objectives, themes and methods of research papers that purported to apply systems thinking to this issue. Methods We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO) for studies published during the period 2010–2021 that explicitly applied systems approaches or methods to investigate and/or address population physical activity. A framework using systems-based methodological approaches was adapted to classify physical activity studies according to their predominant approach, covering basic descriptive, complex analytical and advanced forms of practice. We selected case studies from retained studies to depict the current “state of the art”. Results We included 155 articles in our narrative account. Literature reporting the application of systems approaches to physical activity is skewed towards basic methods and frameworks, with most attention devoted to conceptual framing and predictive modelling. There are few well-described examples of physical activity interventions which have been planned, implemented and evaluated using a systems perspective. There is some evidence of “retrofitted” complex system framing to describe programmes and interventions which were not designed as such. Discussion We propose a classification of systems-based approaches to physical activity promotion together with an explanation of the strategies encompassed. The classification is designed to stimulate debate amongst policy-makers, practitioners and researchers to inform the further implementation and evaluation of systems approaches to physical activity. Conclusion The use of systems approaches within the field of physical activity is at an early stage of development, with a preponderance of descriptive approaches and a dearth of more complex analyses. We need to see movement towards a more sophisticated research agenda spanning the development, implementation and evaluation of systems-level interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12961-022-00906-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Nau
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Smith
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Bellew
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rubenstein D, Pacek LR, McClernon FJ. Multiple Tobacco Product Use Conceptual Framework: A 2021 Update on Evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1208-1217. [PMID: 35137194 PMCID: PMC9278823 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other noncombusted tobacco products increases-making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common-it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use. AIMS AND METHODS In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations or contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons or purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution and complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework. IMPLICATIONS A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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