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Sioud R, Hammami R, Gene-Morales J, Juesas A, Colado JC, van den Tillaar R. Effects of Game Weekly Frequency on Subjective Training Load, Wellness, and Injury Rate in Male Elite Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010579. [PMID: 36612898 PMCID: PMC9819951 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To compare the effects of playing one or two games per week on subjective perceived exertion (RPE) and (RPE-based) training load, monotony index, sleep, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness (Hooper index), total mood disturbance, and injury rate in elite soccer players. Fourteen males from a first-division soccer club (age: 24.42 ± 4.80 years) competed in two games per week for six weeks and one game per week for twelve weeks (a total of 24 games). Paired t-tests and non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks evaluated the significance of the differences (p < 0.05). The main findings were that RPE was significantly larger when playing two games per week compared with one game. However, subject total and mean training load, mood disturbance, monotony, and subjective perception of sleep, stress, fatigue, muscle soreness monitoring (Hooper index), and the number of injuries were not different. The findings suggested that competing in two matches per week does not negatively influence injury rate and playersâ perceptions of training load or wellness, even though players perceive two games per week as more physically demanding compared with one game per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Sioud
- Tunisian Research Laboratory âSports Performance Optimizationâ, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Tunisian Research Laboratory âSports Performance Optimizationâ, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic, and Body Expression, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Juesas
- Research Group Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 7601 Levanger, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Does maturity estimation, 2D:4D and training load measures explain physical fitness changes of youth football players? BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:726. [PMID: 36539728 PMCID: PMC9764734 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was two-fold: (1) To analyse physical fitness changes of youth football players after a full-season; and (2) to examine whether physical fitness changes are explainable by estimated maturity status, 2digit:4digit ratio (2D:4D) from each hand and training load (TL) measures. METHODS Twenty-seven youth elite Under-15 football players were daily monitored for training load measures during 38 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the season, all players were assessed for physical fitness. Also, the maturity status estimation and the length of the second and fourth digits of both hands were collected at the beginning of the season. RESULTS Significant differences were found for all physical fitness measures after the season. The second and fourth digits of left and right hands had negative moderate correlations with change of direction (COD) changes (r=-.39 to -â0.45 | pâ=â.05 to 0.02). Also, the maturity offset measure had negative moderate correlations with COD changes (r=-.40 | pâ=â.04). From the reported significant correlations, the maturity offset, Left 4D, Right 2D and Right 4D significantly predicted the Mod.505 COD test changes (ÎČâ=â0.41, pâ=â.04; ÎČ = -0.41, pâ=â.04; ÎČ = -0.45, pâ=â.02; and ÎČ = -0.44, pâ=â.03, respectively). CONCLUSION The maturity offset and the 2D:4D measures have the potential to predict COD performance changes over-time in youth football players. Given the lack of associations between the maturity estimation, 2D:4D and training load measures, with the overall physical fitness measures, coaches should rely only at COD changes.
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Silva AF, Aghidemand MH, Kharatzadeh M, Ahmadi VK, Oliveira R, Clemente FM, Badicu G, Murawska-CiaĆowicz E. Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Physical Fitness, Hormonal and Antioxidant Factors: A Randomized Controlled Study Conducted on Young Adult Male Soccer Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060909. [PMID: 35741430 PMCID: PMC9220039 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) intervention on the physical fitness, hormonal and antioxidant factors of adult male soccer players. Methods: A randomized controlled study design was implemented. Eighteen soccer players (age: 20.3 ± 0.66 years; stature: 174.0 ± 6.01 cm; body mass: 69.1 ± 6.4 kg; body mass index: 22.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Players were assessed before and after an intervention lasting 8 weeks, with three training sessions a week. Assessments of physical fitness included the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIRT1), 10-, 20-, and 30 m sprint time (ST), running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and change-of-direction time (COD). Hormonal tests included cortisol, testosterone and growth hormone (GH), whereas the antioxidant assessment included superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Results: Between-group analysis revealed no significant differences at baseline, whereas it revealed that HIRT presented significant better results than the control group on YYIRT (p = 0.032), 10 m ST (p = 0.041), 20 m ST (p = 0.040), 30 m ST (p = 0.044), RAST (p = 0.013), and COD (p = 0.031) after the intervention period. The within group analysis revealed that the HIRT group significantly improved the YYIRT1 (p < 0.001), VO2max (p < 0.001), 10 m ST (p < 0.001), 20 m ST (p = 0.006), 30 m ST (p < 0.001), RAST (p < 0.001) and COD (p < 0.001). Moreover, HIRT group significantly reduced the cortisol (p < 0.001) and MDA (p = 0.021), whereas it significantly increased the GH (p < 0.001), testosterone (p < 0.001), SOD (p = 0.009) and GSH (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The HIRT is effective for improving physical fitness, revealing significant better adaptations than controls. Moreover, hormonal and antioxidant adaptations are also confirmed after HIRT intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto PolitĂ©cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de NunâĂlvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Aghidemand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Q756+R4F Dehkadeh-ye-Olympic, Tehran 14896-84511, Iran; (M.H.A.); (V.K.A.)
| | - Masoud Kharatzadeh
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran;
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-7344, Iran
| | - Vahab Khan Ahmadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Q756+R4F Dehkadeh-ye-Olympic, Tehran 14896-84511, Iran; (M.H.A.); (V.K.A.)
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto PolitĂ©cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de NunâĂlvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de TelecomunicaçÔes, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Eugenia Murawska-CiaĆowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 WrocĆaw, Poland;
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Relationships between Fitness Status and Blood Biomarkers in Professional Soccer Players. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5135817. [PMID: 35449856 PMCID: PMC9017447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5135817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Physical conditions are recognized to be optimal after the pre-season (PS) phase in professional sports. Given that blood measures may also reveal variations, which in turn, may present associations with fitness changes. Objective The aim of this study is to test the changes of blood markers and physical fitness outcomes at the beginning and following the PS phase. Additionally, we aimed also to analyze the associations of training adaptations between blood markers and the physical fitness measures. Methodology. 25 professional male soccer players (28.1â±â4.6 years old, 2.0â±â7.8âkg, and 176.7â±â4.9âcm) were assessed for hematological and biochemical parameters, and physical fitness measures in the baseline and after the phase of PS. Results Increases in platelets were observed after the PS phase (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.39). Regarding the biochemical parameters, significant increases between PS were found for creatinine (Cre) (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.66), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.79), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.74), cortisol (C) (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.63), and testosterone (T) (pâ=â0.001, η2â=â0.76), whereas significant decreases were found for albumin (Alb) (pâ=â0.004, η2â=â0.29), and calcium corrected (Ca Corr.) (pâ=â0.002, η2â=â0.32). Moderate correlations were found between albumin and the 5-meter linear sprint split (râ=ââ0.44 (95%CI: â0.71; â0.05)) and CRP (râ=ââ0.48 (95%CI: â0.74; â0.10)). Moderate correlations were found between VAMEVAL and hemoglobin (râ=â0.44 (95%CI: 0.05; 0.71)). Conclusions The overall physical fitness measures improved after the PS phase. Also, significant variations (decreases/increases) were observed for the case of biomchemical and hematological outcomes. Coaches should carefully consider the adaptative changes observed in blood parameters as the changes in whole organism and metabolism after specific critical phases as the PS in professional players. Thus, optimal management of stimulus/recovery can be warranted to minimize illness and injury rate and to follow the direction and dynamics of adaptative changes.
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Clemente FM, GonzĂĄlez-FernĂĄndez FT, Ceylan HI, Silva R, Younesi S, Chen YS, Badicu G, WolaĆski P, Murawska-CiaĆowicz E. Blood Biomarkers Variations across the Pre-Season and Interactions with Training Load: A Study in Professional Soccer Players. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5576. [PMID: 34884288 PMCID: PMC8658324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-season training in soccer can induce changes in biological markers in the circulation. However, relationships between chosen hematological and biochemical blood parameters and training load have not been measured. Objective: Analyze the blood measures changes and their relationships with training loads changes after pre-season training. Methodology: Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures (derived from rate of perceived exertion- known as RPE) during the pre-season period. Additionally, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Results: For hematological parameters, significant increases were found for platelets (PLT) (dif: 6.42; p = 0.006; d = -0.36), while significant decreases were found for absolute neutrophils count (ANC) (dif: -3.98; p = 0.006; d = 0.11), and absolute monocytes count (AMC) (dif: -16.98; p = 0.001; d = 0.78) after the pre-season period. For biochemical parameters, there were significant increases in creatinine (dif: 5.15; p = 0.001; d = -0.46), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (dif: 12.55; p = 0.001; d = -0.84), C-reactive protein (CRP) (dif: 15.15; p = 0.001; d = -0.67), cortisol (dif: 2.85; p = 0.001; d = -0.28), and testosterone (dif: 5.38; p = 0.001; d = -0.52), whereas there were significant decreases in calcium (dif: -1.31; p = 0.007; d =0.49) and calcium corrected (dif: -2.18; p = 0.015; d = 0.82) after the pre-season period. Moreover, the Hooper Index (dif: 13.22; p = 0.01; d = 0.78), and all derived RPE measures increased after pre-season period. Moderate-to-very large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50-0.73) were found between the training load and hematological measures percentage of changes. Moderate-to-large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50-0.60) were found between training load and biochemical measures percentage of changes. Conclusions: The results indicated heavy physical loads during the pre-season, leading to a decrease in immune functions. Given the significant relationships between blood and training load measures, monitoring hematological and biochemical measures allow coaches to minimize injury risk, overreaching, and overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto PolitĂ©cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de NunâĂlvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de TelecomunicaçÔes, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco TomĂĄs GonzĂĄlez-FernĂĄndez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain;
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto PolitĂ©cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de NunâĂlvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Saeid Younesi
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - PaweĆ WolaĆski
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Eugenia Murawska-CiaĆowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 WrocĆaw, Poland;
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Associations between Physical Status and Training Load in Women Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910015. [PMID: 34639312 PMCID: PMC8508289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the variations of fitness status, as well as test the relationships between accumulated training load and fitness changes in women soccer players. This study followed an observational analytic cohort design. Observations were conducted over 23 consecutive weeks (from the preseason to the midseason). Twenty-two women soccer players from the same first Portuguese league team (22.7 ± 5.21 years old) took part in the study. The fitness assessment included anthropometry, hip adductor and abductor strength, vertical jump, change of direction, linear speed, repeated sprint ability, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The training load was monitored daily using session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE). A one-way repeated ANOVA revealed no significant differences for any of the variables analyzed across the three moments of fitness assessments (p > 0.05). The t-test also revealed no differences in the training load across the moments of the season (t = 1.216; p = 0.235). No significant correlations were found between fitness levels and accumulated training load (range: r = 0.023 to â0.447; p > 0.05). This study revealed no differences in the fitness status during the analyzed season, and the fitness status had no significant relationship with accumulated training load.
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