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Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Ramirez-Campillo R, Lloyd RS. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:623-643. [PMID: 37897637 PMCID: PMC10978689 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players. METHODS We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training. RESULTS From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sánchez-Sánchez J, Torres Martín L, Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J. The effects of jump training on measures of physical performance, lower extremities injury incidence and burden in highly trained male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:107-121. [PMID: 35616245 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2079989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effects of a 16-week jump training program on the physical performance and lower extremities injury profile in semi-professional male soccer players. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group (CG; n = 13; age = 21.7 ± 3.6 years) or the experimental group (EG; n = 10; age = 22.3 ± 3.5 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm), 30 m linear sprint time (s) with split times at 10 m and 20 m distances, and change of direction speed (CODS; 10 + 10 m with 90° turn) time (s) with turns using the dominant or non-dominant leg, were assessed before and after the intervention. Lower extremity injuries sustained throughout the intervention period were collected. Significant within-group improvements were found in EG in CMJ (p = 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.03; large). Additionally, between-group difference after intervention was found in CMJ (F = 4.42; p = 0.013) in favour of EG. Injury burden was 194.86 (CG) vs 71.37 (EG) days of absence/1,000 h (RR = 2.73; 95% CI 2.10-3.54; p < 0.001). No other significant within-group or between-group differences were found. In conclusion, compared to regular soccer training, jump training was effective to improve jumping ability and burden in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Torres Martín
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
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Honório S, Batista M, Santos J, Serrano J, Petrica J, Vieira F, Martins J. External and internal load during the effort tests in different ages in young futsal players: association between leg power, shot speed and fatigue levels. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Futsal is a sports game that features high intensity movements with change of speed or direction, present in several actions during the game. With this study is intended to analyse, compare and evaluate the predictive factor of leg power on shooting speed and fatigue levels in young futsal athletes in order to establish effort patterns in these ages, to prescribe training sessions adequately in terms of external/internal load. The study had 32 participants, male, aged between 12 and 17 years (Mean = 14.56}1.66). Participants were evaluated in relation to their lower limb power through the Chronojump system, the speed was measured through a radar placed on the goal line, and in relation to their fatigue levels through the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). To identify the differences between groups, the tests of Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney were used, and also a simple linear regression tests for predictive values between variables. In relation to the shots speed, higher values were found in the older groups (P≤0.001), which is directly and significantly related to the higher values of lower limb power, also verified in the older athletes (P≤0.001). In relation to the fatigue levels, it increases as the age of the athletes is higher, verifying that the power of the lower limbs is a predictor variable of the fatigue index (P≤0.001). The analysis conducted indicate that there are significant differences in the association between shooting speed, lower limb power and fatigue indices according to the players levels studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Honório
- SHERU – Sports, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Rua Prof. Faria de Vasconcelos, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - M. Batista
- SHERU – Sports, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Rua Prof. Faria de Vasconcelos, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - J. Santos
- SHERU – Sports, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Rua Prof. Faria de Vasconcelos, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - J. Serrano
- SHERU – Sports, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Rua Prof. Faria de Vasconcelos, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - J. Petrica
- SHERU – Sports, Health and Exercise Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Rua Prof. Faria de Vasconcelos, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - F. Vieira
- Institute Piaget/ISEIT, Kinesiolab – Laboratory of Human Movement Analysis, RECI – Research in Education and Community Intervention, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal
| | - J. Martins
- University of Beira Interior, Centre for Research in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Díez-Fernández DM, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Gazzo F, Giráldez J, Villaseca-Vicuña R, Gonzalez-Jurado JA. Can the Supido Radar Be Used for Measuring Ball Speed during Soccer Kicking? A Reliability and Concurrent Validity Study of a New Low-Cost Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7046. [PMID: 36146396 PMCID: PMC9505007 DOI: 10.3390/s22187046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to analyze the reliability and validity of a low-cost instrument, based on a radar system, to quantify the kicking ball speed in soccer. A group of 153 male soccer players (under-13, n = 53; under-15, n = 54; under-18, n = 46) participated in this study. Each player performed three kicks on the goal in a standardized condition while the ball speed was measured with three different devices: one Radar Stalker ATS II® (reference criterion) and two Supido Radar® (Supido-front of the goal and Supido-back of the goal). The standard error of measurement (SEM) expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were employed for assessing the reliability of each instrument. Stalker and Supido-back showed very high absolute (CV = 4.0-5.4%) and relative (ICC = 0.945-0.958) reliability, whereas Supido-front resulted in moderate to low reliability scores (CV = 7.4-15%, ICC = 0.134-0.693). In addition, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) values revealed an 'almost perfect' agreement between Stalker and Supido-back for the average (r = 0.99) and maximal (r = 0.98) ball speed, regardless of the ball speed range analyzed. However, Supido-front resulted in a poor degree of concordance (CCC = 0.688) and a high magnitude of error (17.0-37.5 km·h-1) with the reference Stalker radar gun. The Supido Radar® placed behind the goal could be considered a reliable and valid device for measuring ball speed in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research, Development, and Innovation (R&D+I) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, 41005 Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Federico Gazzo
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Julián Giráldez
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores (UFLO), Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Educación y Tecnología de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Universidad Católica, Silva Henríquez (UCSH), Santiago 8330225, Chile
| | - Jose A. Gonzalez-Jurado
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Hunter AH, Smith NMA, Camata TV, Crowther MS, Mather A, Souza NM, Ramos-Silva LF, Pazetto NF, Moura FA, Wilson RS. Age- and size-corrected kicking speed and accuracy in elite junior soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:29-39. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1899274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hunter
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas M A Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Thiago V Camata
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathew S. Crowther
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Mather
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicolau Melo Souza
- Department of Sport Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe A Moura
- Department of Sport Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Robbie S Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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The Effect of Eight Weeks of Sling-Based Training with Rotational Core Exercises on Ball Velocity in Female Team Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77:261-272. [PMID: 34168709 PMCID: PMC8008300 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sling-based training focused on rotational exercises would improve shooting performance in outfield handball players during the competitive season, and whether changes in performance were related to altered levels of core strength and rotational velocity. Twenty-five female outfield handball players (mean age 19.5 ± 2.0 years, height 1.72 ± 0.06 m, body mass 71.5 ± 8.6 kg, training experience 10.3 ± 2.4 years), performed 7 m shots, with and without a run-up, and jump shots. Maximal ball velocity, peak rotational velocity of the trunk with different loads and 1RM in a core strength test were measured before and after an 8-week training intervention. Players were divided into a sling-based and a plyometric/sprint training (control) group that trained three times per week for 8 weeks. The main findings were that sling-based training increased ball velocity by on average 3.2% across three techniques tested, while shooting performance decreased by 3% in the control group. However, both training groups demonstrated increased peak rotational velocity with different loads, but not the calculated 1RM core strength after the training period. It was concluded that sling-based training with rotational core exercises could improve maximal ball velocity in female handball players during a competitive season by around 3%. However, this increased ball velocity may have been caused by increased angular velocity in the core, rather than absolute maximal core strength. It is suggested that sling-based training has impacted timing variables of the different involved segments, or possibly power transfer between segments, which may explain the enhancement in ball velocity.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Álvarez C, García-Pinillos F, García-Ramos A, Loturco I, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Effects of Combined Surfaces vs. Single-Surface Plyometric Training on Soccer Players' Physical Fitness. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2644-2653. [PMID: 30664111 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ramirez-Campillo, R, Álvarez, C, García-Pinillos, F, García-Ramos, A, Loturco, I, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Effects of combined surfaces vs. single-surface plyometric training on soccer players' physical fitness. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2644-2653, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 8-week plyometric jump training (PJT) performed on different surfaces (grass, land-dirt, sand, wood, gym mat, and tartan-track) vs. a single-surface PJT (grass) on components of physical fitness (muscle power, speed, and change-of-direction speed [CODS] tasks) and sport-specific performance (i.e., maximal kicking velocity [MKV]) in male soccer players aged 11-14 years. Athletes were randomly assigned to a combined surfaces PJT (PJTc, n = 8), a single-surface PJT (PJTs, n = 8), or an active control (CON, n = 7). Although the PJT group trained on grass, the PJTc trained on 6 different surfaces and equally distributed the total jump volume according to the surface. Pre-post tests were conducted on grass. Significant main effects of time were observed for the countermovement jump, the standing-long-jump, the 20-cm drop jump, 30-m sprint time, CODS, and MKV (all p < 0.001; d = 0.53-0.87). Group × time interactions were identified for all jump tests, MKV, 30-m sprint time, and CODS (all p < 0.001; d = 0.58-0.71) in favor of PJTc. No significant pre-post changes were observed in the CON (all p > 0.05; d = 0.07-0.1). In conclusion, PJT is effective in improving physical fitness in young soccer players when conducted in combination with regular soccer training. Although general fitness testing and PJTs were performed on grass, larger physical fitness improvements were found after PJTc. Thus, PJTc is recommended, as it provides a better overload stimulus compared with more conventional training overload (e.g., increase in training volume or intensity). Future studies still have to address the underlying physiological adaptations after PJTc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos (University of Los Lagos), Osorno, Chile
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos (University of Los Lagos), Osorno, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera (University of La Frontera), Temuco, Chile
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of Most Holy Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport-NAR, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; and.,Department of Biological Sciences, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; and
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Comparison of effects of training order of explosive strength and plyometrics training on different physical abilities in adolescent handball players. Biol Sport 2020; 37:239-246. [PMID: 32879545 PMCID: PMC7433334 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.95634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While both plyometric and traditional resistance training methods are beneficial to athletic performance in a wide range of sports, their efficacy regarding training order has yet to be determined in a periodized training programme. Therefore, this study compared the effects of a 12-week training period where explosive strength training (six weeks) preceded plyometric training (six weeks), or vice versa. Forty-two competitive male (n = 12) and female (n = 30) adolescent handball players (age 14.9 ± 0.5 years, body mass 64.1 ± 9.1 kg, height 1.71 ± 0.09 m) conducted explosive strength training for six weeks followed by six weeks of plyometric training or vice versa. Variables included a 30 m sprint, a change of direction test, countermovement jump (CMJ) with and without arm swing, load-velocity back squat assessment, overhead throwing velocity with and without preliminary steps, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Both groups experienced similar improvements in the CMJ, change of direction and load-velocity squat assessments from pre- to posttest (p ≤ 0.013, η 2 = 0.194-0.378). Conversely, no improvements were observed in the Yo-Yo IR1, 30 m sprint or throwing velocity tests, regardless of group (p ≥ 0.081). No main effect of training order was observed for any of the tests employed (p ≥ 0.31). Training order does not appear to play a noticeable role in the physical development of young handball players. Therefore, practitioners could focus on implementing variations in exercise and loading to benefit athlete adherence and correspond to present needs.
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Petrigna L, Karsten B, Marcolin G, Paoli A, D’Antona G, Palma A, Bianco A. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31787902 PMCID: PMC6853898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of a public health physical fitness (PF) examination in adolescence, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a squat jump (SJ) are two vertical jump (VJ) tests widely used to evaluate lower limb muscle strength and power, respectively. The main criticism of both the CMJ and SJ test is the lack of test standardization. Therefore, the objectives of this review are: (a) to gather information about both jumps; (b) to investigate whether it is possible to identify common procedures referred to in the CMJ and SJ technical execution, and (c) to design standard operating procedures (SOPs) to promote CMJ and SJ standardization in an adolescent population aged 12-18 years. METHODS The review partially adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). Due to growing attention in monitoring physical health through field tests in recent years, articles were collected using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from January 2009 to July 2019. Original articles in which CMJ or SJ were used to assess the muscular strength in adolescents were eligible for further analysis. Articles written in English was imposed as a limit. RESULTS A total of 117 studies met the inclusion criteria. The description of the CMJ and SJ test procedures was different within the literature, with discrepancies in the jump technique, number of jumps, and measurement devices used. CONCLUSIONS A lack of method standardization for both the CMJ and the SJ test was identified. Based on the literature, SOPs for both VJs were proposed. These are useful in the context of public health PF examination in adolescents, as they facilitate an unbiased comparison of jump performance data between published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Petrigna
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bettina Karsten
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palma
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Ph.D. Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sport School of CONI Sicilia, Italian National Olympic Committee, Sicilia, Italy
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Zghal F, Colson SS, Blain G, Behm DG, Granacher U, Chaouachi A. Combined Resistance and Plyometric Training Is More Effective Than Plyometric Training Alone for Improving Physical Fitness of Pubertal Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1026. [PMID: 31447705 PMCID: PMC6692572 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training with plyometric/sprint training or typical soccer training alone on muscle strength and power, speed, change-of-direction ability in young soccer players. Thirty-one young (14.5 ± 0.52 years; tanner stage 3–4) soccer players were randomly assigned to either a combined- (COMB, n = 14), plyometric-training (PLYO, n = 9) or an active control group (CONT, n = 8). Two training sessions were added to the regular soccer training consisting of one session of light-load high-velocity resistance exercises combined with one session of plyometric/sprint training (COMB), two sessions of plyometric/sprint training (PLYO) or two soccer training sessions (CONT). Training volume was similar between the experimental groups. Before and after 7-weeks of training, peak torque, as well as absolute and relative (normalized to torque; RTDr) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors (KE) were monitored at time intervals from the onset of contraction to 200 ms. Jump height, sprinting speed at 5, 10, 20-m and change-of-direction ability performances were also assessed. There were no significant between–group baseline differences. Both COMB and PLYO significantly increased their jump height (Δ14.3%; ES = 0.94; Δ12.1%; ES = 0.54, respectively) and RTD at mid to late phases but with greater within effect sizes in COMB in comparison with PLYO. However, significant increases in peak torque (Δ16.9%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.58), RTD (Δ44.3%; ES = 0.71), RTDr (Δ27.3%; ES = 0.62) and sprint performance at 5-m (Δ-4.7%; p < 0.001; ES = 0.73) were found in COMB without any significant pre-to-post change in PLYO and CONT groups. Our results suggest that COMB is more effective than PLYO or CONT for enhancing strength, sprint and jump performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Zghal
- Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Motriciteì Humaine Expertise Sport Santeì, Nice, France
| | - Serge S Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Motriciteì Humaine Expertise Sport Santeì, Nice, France
| | - Grégory Blain
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Motriciteì Humaine Expertise Sport Santeì, Nice, France
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,PVF Football Academy, Hu'ng Yên, Vietnam
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Rađa A, Kuvačić G, De Giorgio A, Sellami M, Ardigò LP, Bragazzi NL, Padulo J. The ball kicking speed: A new, efficient performance indicator in youth soccer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217101. [PMID: 31100091 PMCID: PMC6524813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in different soccer skills like kicking depends on motor abilities achieved. Kicking is a soccer fundamental, which depends on many different and complex factors (technique, foot-ball interaction, ball flight, etc.). Therefore, it is important to identify players that are able to perform faster kicks using both dominant and non-dominant leg. The current study investigated some basic variables of different soccer kicking speed and their relevance to success in youth soccer academy. 119 players from the first and the second division participated to this study. They were randomly divided into age groups (U-15, U-17, and U19) and team status (first team, reserves). The diagnostic ability of the different ball kicking speed tests in capturing differences between first team players and reserves among different age categories were computed using the receiver operating characteristics analysis. Results demonstrated that first team players achieved better results when comparing to reserves in each category. In addition, differences were greater in the U-15 and the U-17 than in the U-19 age group. In conclusion, ball kicking speed could be one of the possible identification tools to evaluate players' success in youth soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Rađa
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Sport Performance Lab, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea De Giorgio
- Sport Performance Lab, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program (SSP), College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Sport Performance Lab, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
- Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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Marques DL, Travassos B, Sousa AC, Gil MH, Ribeiro JN, Marques MC. Effects of Low-Moderate Load High-Velocity Resistance Training on Physical Performance of Under-20 Futsal Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E69. [PMID: 30889811 PMCID: PMC6473890 DOI: 10.3390/sports7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) is an effective methodology to improve physical performance of athletes. However, up to now, no studies have addressed the RT benefits in under-20 futsal players. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of six weeks of RT with high-velocity movements, low-to-moderate loads, and low volume on physical performance of under-20 futsal players. A total of 21 players were divided into two groups: A control group (CG, n = 10) and a RT group (RTG, n = 11). The RTG performed two weekly training sessions constituted by leg-press, jumps, and sprints, along with three futsal training sessions, while the CG only performed the futsal training. Before and after the intervention, the sprint time in 0⁻10 m (T10), 10⁻20 m (T10⁻20), and 0⁻20 m (T20), the countermovement jump (CMJ) height, the T-Test time, the kicking ball speed (KBS), and the maximum dynamic strength in the leg-press, were assessed. In post-test, significant improvements in CMJ, T-Test, KBS, and leg-press were found for the RTG, whilst a significant decrease in T10⁻20 was evidenced in the CG. The present results suggested that RT based on high velocity movements, low-to-moderate loads, and low volume produce positive effects on physical performance of under-20 futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Luís Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - António Carlos Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Maria Helena Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João Nuno Ribeiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Mário Cardoso Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Álvarez C, García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P, Asadi A, Chaabene H, Moran J, Meylan C, García-de-Alcaraz A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Nakamura FY, Granacher U, Kraemer W, Izquierdo M. Methodological Characteristics and Future Directions for Plyometric Jump Training Research: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1059-1081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Quigley PJ, Low J, Li Y, Lima CD, Hodgson DD, Chaouachi A, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28713281 PMCID: PMC5491841 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Joseph H. D. Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Quigley
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan Low
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Camila D. Lima
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Daniel D. Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in SportsTunis, Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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Moran JJ, Sandercock GRH, Ramírez-Campillo R, Meylan CMP, Collison JA, Parry DA. Age-Related Variation in Male Youth Athletes' Countermovement Jump After Plyometric Training: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:552-565. [PMID: 28129282 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moran, J, Sandercock, GRH, Ramírez-Campillo, R, Meylan, CMP, Collison, J, and Parry, DA. Age-related variation in male youth athletes' countermovement jump after plyometric training: A meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 552-565, 2017-Recent debate on the trainability of youths has focused on the existence of periods of accelerated adaptation to training. Accordingly, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to identify the age- and maturation-related pattern of adaptive responses to plyometric training in youth athletes. Thirty effect sizes were calculated from the data of 21 sources with studies qualifying based on the following criteria: (a) healthy male athletes who were engaged in organized sport; (b) groups of participants with a mean age between 10 and 18 years; and (c) plyometric-training intervention duration between 4 and 16 weeks. Standardized mean differences showed plyometric training to be moderately effective in increasing countermovement jump (CMJ) height (Effect size = 0.73 95% confidence interval: 0.47-0.99) across PRE-, MID-, and POST-peak height velocity groups. Adaptive responses were of greater magnitude between the mean ages of 10 and 12.99 years (PRE) (ES = 0.91 95% confidence interval: 0.47-1.36) and 16 and 18 years (POST) (ES = 1.02 [0.52-1.53]). The magnitude of adaptation to plyometric training between the mean ages of 13 and 15.99 years (MID) was lower (ES = 0.47 [0.16-0.77]), despite greater training exposure. Power performance as measured by CMJ may be mediated by biological maturation. Coaches could manipulate training volume and modality during periods of lowered response to maximize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Moran
- 1Center for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom;2Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; and3Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, Canada
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16
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Di Giminiani R, Visca C. Explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players during two soccer seasons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171734. [PMID: 28192512 PMCID: PMC5305282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players who underwent a supervised training program for a period of two years. Nineteen players, with seven years of training experience (age: 13.3 ± 0.1 years; body weight: 57.9 ± 4.9 kg; height: 168.9 ± 4.7 cm; BMI: 20.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2), voluntarily participated in the present study. The testing sessions were performed at the beginning of the preparation period in the first (T1), second (T2), and third year (T3). The following performance variables were measured: explosive strength [squat-jump (SJ) and counter-movement-jump (CMJ)], pre-stretch augmentation (CMJ-SJ), leg stiffness [hopping test (HT)], short sprint performance [15 m (SSP15) and 30 m (SSP30)], aerobic endurance [test of Leger (VO2max)], maximal heart rate [at the last step of Leger (HR)], and speed-strength endurance [continuous counter-movement-jumps (CCMJ)]. A significant main effect on the VO2Max (+5.72%; F(2.49) = 3.822; p = 0.029; ES = 1.00), HR (-1.70%; F(2.54) = 3.472; p = 0.038; ES = 0.97), CCMJ (+7.64%; F(2.54) = 5.438; p = 0.007; ES = 1.15), SJ (+10.26%; F(2.54) = 15.254; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), CMJ (+7.36; F(2.54) = 8.270; p = 0.001; ES = 1.33), HT (+8.34%; F(2.48) = 3.297; p = 0.046; ES = 1.01), SSP15 (-3.50%; F(2.44) = 12.760; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), and SSP30 (-4.44%; F(2.44) = 5.797; p = 0.006; ES = 1.16) was observed in the two soccer seasons. These results highlight that, in long-term training, the monitoring of the adaptive responses in relation to the training load may provide a guideline to optimize the trainability of some performance variables in young elite soccer players (13-15 years). In the present study, we cannot exclude the influence of growth and maturation on some performance variables; therefore, the monitored adaptive responses should be considered as the possible results of an interaction between the applied training load and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Giminiani
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis-Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Christiano Visca
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis-Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
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17
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Slimani M, Chamari K, Miarka B, Del Vecchio FB, Chéour F. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2016; 53:231-247. [PMID: 28149427 PMCID: PMC5260592 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) is a very popular form of physical conditioning of healthy individuals that has been extensively studied over the last decades. In this article, we critically review the available literature related to PT and its effects on physical fitness in team sport athletes. We also considered studies that combined PT with other popular training modalities (e.g. strength/sprint training). Generally, short-term PT (i.e. 2-3 sessions a week for 4-16 weeks) improves jump height, sprint and agility performances in team sport players. Literature shows that short PT (<8 weeks) has the potential to enhance a wide range of athletic performance (i.e. jumping, sprinting and agility) in children and young adult amateur players. Nevertheless, 6 to 7 weeks training appears to be too short to improve physical performance in elite male players. Available evidence suggests that short-term PT on non-rigid surfaces (i.e. aquatic, grass or sand-based PT) could elicit similar increases in jumping, sprinting and agility performances as traditional PT. Furthermore, the combination of various plyometric exercises and the bilateral and unilateral jumps could improve these performances more than the use of single plyometric drills or traditional PT. Thus, the present review shows a greater effect of PT alone on jump and sprint (30 m sprint performance only) performances than the combination of PT with sprint/strength training. Although many issues related to PT remain to be resolved, the results presented in this review allow recommending the use of well-designed and sport-specific PT as a safe and effective training modality for improving jumping and sprint performance as well as agility in team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
- Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Foued Chéour
- High Institute of Applied Biology of Médenine, Tunisia
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18
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Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Sanchez-Molina JA, Martín-Acero R. Role of Vertical Jumps and Anthropometric Variables in Maximal Kicking Ball Velocities in Elite Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2016; 53:143-154. [PMID: 28149419 PMCID: PMC5260584 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kicking is one of the most important skills in soccer and the ability to achieve ma ximal kicking velocity with both legs leads to an advantage for the soccer player. This study examined the relationship be tween kicking ball velocity with both legs using anthropometric measurements and vertical jumps (a squat jump (SJ); a countermovement jump without (CMJ) and with the arm swing (CMJA) and a reactive jump (RJ)). Anthropome tric measurements did not correlate with kicking ball velocity. Vertical jumps correlated significantly with kicking ball velocity using the dominant leg only (r = .47, r = .58, r = .44, r = .51, for SJ, CMJ, CMJA and RJ, respectively) . Maximal kicking velocity with the dominant leg was significantly higher than with the non-dominant leg (t = 18.0 4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that vertical jumps may be an optimal test to assess neuromuscular skills involved in kicking at maximal speed. Lack of the relationship between vertical jumps and kicking velocity with the non-dominant leg may reflect a difficulty to exhibit the neuromuscular skills during dominant leg kicking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Martín-Acero
- Learning and Human Movement Control Group, University of A Coruña, A Coruña Spain
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19
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Inness MWH, Billaut F, Walker EJ, Petersen AC, Sweeting AJ, Aughey RJ. Heavy Resistance Training in Hypoxia Enhances 1RM Squat Performance. Front Physiol 2016; 7:502. [PMID: 27857693 PMCID: PMC5093137 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine if heavy resistance training in hypoxia (IHRT) is more effective at improving strength, power, and increasing lean mass than the same training in normoxia. Methods: A pair-matched, placebo-controlled study design included 20 resistance-trained participants assigned to IHRT (FIO2 0.143) or placebo (FIO2 0.20), (n = 10 per group). Participants were matched for strength and training. Both groups performed 20 sessions over 7 weeks either with IHRT or placebo. All participants were tested for 1RM, 20-m sprint, body composition, and countermovement jump pre-, mid-, and post-training and compared via magnitude-based inferences. Presentation of Results: Groups were not clearly different for any test at baseline. Training improved both absolute (IHRT: 13.1 ± 3.9%, effect size (ES) 0.60, placebo 9.8 ± 4.7%, ES 0.31) and relative 1RM (IHRT: 13.4 ± 5.1%, ES 0.76, placebo 9.7 ± 5.3%, ES 0.48) at mid. Similarly, at post both groups increased absolute (IHRT: 20.7 ± 7.6%, ES 0.74, placebo 14.1 ± 6.0%, ES 0.58) and relative 1RM (IHRT: 21.6 ± 8.5%, ES 1.08, placebo 13.2 ± 6.4%, ES 0.78). Importantly, the change in IHRT was greater than placebo at mid for both absolute [4.4% greater change, 90% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.0:8.0%, ES 0.21, and relative strength (5.6% greater change, 90% CI 1.0:9.4%, ES 0.31 (relative)]. There was also a greater change for IHRT at post for both absolute (7.0% greater change, 90% CI 1.3:13%, ES 0.33), and relative 1RM (9.2% greater change, 90% CI 1.6:14.9%, ES 0.49). Only IHRT increased countermovement jump peak power at Post (4.9%, ES 0.35), however the difference between IHRT and placebo was unclear (2.7, 90% CI –2.0:7.6%, ES 0.20) with no clear differences in speed or body composition throughout. Conclusion: Heavy resistance training in hypoxia is more effective than placebo for improving absolute and relative strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W H Inness
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football ClubMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Département de Kinesiologie, Université LavalQuebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Emily J Walker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Collingwood Football ClubMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron C Petersen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice J Sweeting
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Martín-Acero R. Strength and Kicking Performance in Soccer. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Davies G, Riemann BL, Manske R. CURRENT CONCEPTS OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10:760-86. [PMID: 26618058 PMCID: PMC4637913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As knowledge regarding rehabilitation science continues to increase, exercise programs following musculoskeletal athletic injury continue to evolve. Rehabilitation programs have drastically changed, especially in the terminal phases of rehabilitation, which include performance enhancement, development of power, and a safe return to activity. Plyometric exercise has become an integral component of late phase rehabilitation as the patient nears return to activity. Among the numerous types of available exercises, plyometrics assist in the development of power, a foundation from which the athlete can refine the skills of their sport. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide an overview of plyometrics including: definition, phases, the physiological, mechanical and neurophysiological basis of plyometrics, and to describe clinical guidelines and contraindications for implementing plyometric programs.
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22
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Wagner H, Finkenzeller T, Würth S, von Duvillard SP. Individual and team performance in team-handball: a review. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:808-816. [PMID: 25435773 PMCID: PMC4234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Team handball is a complex sport game that is determined by the individual performance of each player as well as tactical components and interaction of the team. The aim of this review was to specify the elements of team-handball performance based on scientific studies and practical experience, and to convey perspectives for practical implication. Scientific studies were identified via data bases of PubMed, Web of Knowledge, SPORT Discus, Google Scholar, and Hercules. A total of 56 articles met the inclusion criteria. In addition, we supplemented the review with 13 additional articles, proceedings and book sections. It was found that the specific characteristics of team-handball with frequent intensity changes, team-handball techniques, hard body confrontations, mental skills and social factors specify the determinants of coordination, endurance, strength and cognition. Although we found comprehensive studies examining individual performance in team-handball players of different experience level, sex or age, there is a lack of studies, particularly for team-handball specific training, as well as cognition and social factors. Key PointsThe specific characteristics of team-handball with frequent intensity changes, specific skills, hard body confrontations, mental skills and social factors define the determinants of coordination, endurance, strength and cognition.To increase individual and team performance in team-handball specific training based on these determinants have been suggested.Although there are comprehensive studies examining individual performance in team-handball players of different experience level, sex, or age are published, there is a lack of training studies, particularly for team-handball specific techniques and endurance, as well as cognition and social factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Wagner
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Austria
| | - Thomas Finkenzeller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Austria
| | - Sabine Würth
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg , Austria
| | - Serge P von Duvillard
- Department of Public and Allied Health Sciences, Delaware State University , Dover, Delaware, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two different strength-power training models on sprint performance. Forty-eight soldiers of the Brazilian brigade of special operations with at least one year of army training experience were divided into a control group (CG: n = 15, age: 20.2 ± 0.7 years, body height: 1.74 ± 0.06 m, and body mass: 66.7 ± 9.8 kg), a traditional training group (TT: n = 18, age: 20.1 ± 0.7 years, body height: 1.71 ± 0.05 m, and body mass: 64.2 ± 4.7 kg), and a complex training group (CT: n = 15, age: 20.3 ± 0.8 years, body height: 1.71 ± 0.07 m; and body mass: 64.0 ± 8.8 kg). Maximum strength (25% and 26%), CMJ height (36% and 39%), mean power (30% and 35%) and mean propulsive power (22% and 28%) in the loaded jump squat exercise, and 20-m sprint speed (16% and 14%) increased significantly (p≤0.05) following the TT and CT, respectively. However, the transfer effect coefficients (TEC) of strength and power performances to 20-m sprint performance following the TT were greater than the CT throughout the 9-week training period. Our data suggest that TT is more effective than CT to improve sprint performance in moderately trained subjects.
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