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Tan B, Kartal Y, Yesilyurt F, Akdoğan N, Doyduk D, Dişli A. Synthesis of new phenothiazine derivatives: Molecular docking, assessment of cytotoxic activity and oxidant-antioxidant properties on PCS-201-012, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400281. [PMID: 39058899 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazine (PTZ) derivatives have been acknowledged as versatile compounds with significant implications across various areas of medicine, particularly, in cancer research. The cytotoxic effects of synthesized compounds on both normal and cancerous cells, along with their oxidant-antioxidant properties, are pivotal factors in cancer treatment strategies. In the current study, eight new PTZ derivatives were synthesized and the compounds' cytotoxic activities were assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while the oxidant-antioxidant properties were evaluated by oxidative stress index (OSI) calculation in SH-SY5Y (a human neuroblastoma cell line), HT-29 (a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line), and PCS-201-012 (a human primary dermal fibroblast cell line) cells. Consequently, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of compound 3a were determined to be 218.72, 202.85, and 227.86 μM while the IC50 values of compound 3b were defined to be 227.42, 199.27, and 250.11 μM in PCS-201-012, HT-29, and SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. Additionally, it was determined that the synthesized compounds demonstrated the lowest OSI in PCS-201-012 cells as compared to the other cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Kartal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Yesilyurt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Nurdan Akdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Doğukan Doyduk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ali Dişli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Shao WB, Luo RS, Meng J, Lv XK, Xiang HM, Xiao WL, Zhou X, Liu LW, Wu ZB, Yang S. Engineering Phenothiazine-Based Functional Mimics of Host Defense Peptides as New Agrochemical Candidates: Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37906428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In the protracted "arms race" between host and plant pathogenic bacteria, host organisms have evolved powerful weapons known as host defense peptides (HDPs). However, natural HDPs are not suitable for large-scale applications; therefore, researchers have chosen to develop bespoke small-molecule functional mimics. Phenothiazine derivatives were developed as functional HDPs mimics, owing to their broad biological activity and high lipophilicity. The phenothiazine analogues designed in this study exhibited excellent in vitro bioactivity against the three Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, and Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae, with optimal EC50 values of 0.80, 0.31, and 1.91 μg/mL, respectively. Preliminary evidence suggests that compound C2 may act on bacterial cell membranes and interact with bacterial Deoxyribonucleic acid in the groove binding mode. In vivo trials showed that compound C2 was highly effective against rice leaf blight (51.97-56.69%), with activity superior to those of bismerthiazol (40.7-43.4%) and thiodiazole copper (30.2-37.1%). Our study provides strong evidence to support the development of phenothiazine derivatives into pesticide candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Bin Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong-Shuang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wan-Lin Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M. Lipophilicity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of New Anticancer Dipyridothiazine with 1,2,3-Triazole Substituents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041253. [PMID: 35209047 PMCID: PMC8878114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipophilicity parameters (logPcalcd, RM0 and logPTLC) of 10 new active anticancer dipirydothiazines with a 1,2,3-triazole ring were determined theoretically using computational methods and experimentally by reversed-phase TLC. Experimental lipophilicity was assessed using mobile phases (a mixture of TRIS buffer and acetone) using a linear correlation between the RM retention parameter and the volume of acetone. The RM0 parameter was correlated with the specific hydrophobic surface b, revealing two congenerative subgroups: 1,2,3-triazole-1,6-diazaphenothiazines and 1,2,3-triazole-1,8-diazaphenothiazines hybrids. The RM0 parameter was converted into the logPTLC lipophilicity parameter using a calibration curve. The investigated compounds appeared to be moderately lipophilic. Lipophilicity has been compared with molecular descriptors and ADME properties. The new derivatives followed Lipinski’s, Ghose’s and Veber’s rules.
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Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M, Pluta K. Phenothiazines Modified with the Pyridine Ring as Promising Anticancer Agents. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:206. [PMID: 33807874 PMCID: PMC8001302 DOI: 10.3390/life11030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines are the largest and most perspective group of modified phenothiazines, and they exhibit variety of biological activities. The review sums up the current knowledge on the anticancer activity of isomeric pyridobenzothiazines and dipyridothiazines, which are modified azaphenothiazines with one and two pyridine rings, respectively, against 10 types of cancer cell lines. Some 10-substituted dipyridothiazines and even 10-unsubstituted parent compounds, such as 10H-1,9-diazaphenothiazine and 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine, exhibited very potent action with the IC50 values less than 1 µg/mL and 1 µM against selected cancer cell lines. The strength of the anticancer action depends both on the tricyclic ring scaffolds and the substituents at the thiazine nitrogen atom. The review discusses the kind of the substituents, nature of tricyclic ring scaffolds with the location of the azine nitrogen atoms, the types of the cancer cell lines, and the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.J.); (K.P.)
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Evaluation of the Lipophilicity of New Anticancer 1,2,3-Triazole-Dipyridothiazine Hybrids Using RP TLC and Different Computational Methods. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new anticancer-active 1,2,3-triazole-dipyridothiazine hybrids were evaluated for their lipophilicity using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and computational methods. The experimental lipophilicity was evaluated with mobile phases (mixtures of TRIS buffer and acetone), exploiting a linear correlation between the retention parameter (RM) and the volume of acetone. The relative lipophilicity parameter (RM0) was obtained by extrapolation to 0% acetone concentration. This parameter was intercorrelated with a specific hydrophobic surface area (b) revealing two congeneric subgroups: hybrids of 1,2,3-triazole-2,7-diazaphenothiazines and 1,2,3-triazole-3,6-diazaphenothiazines. The parameter RM0 was converted into the absolute lipophilicity parameter logPTLC using a calibration curve prepared on the basis of compounds of known logP values. Triazole–dipyridothiazine hybrids turned out to be medium lipophilic with logPTLC values of 1.232–2.979. The chromatographically established parameter logPTLC was compared to the calculated lipophilic parameter logPcalcd obtained with various algorithms. The lipophilicity was correlated with molecular descriptors and ADME properties. The new triazole–dipyridothiazine hybrids followed Lipinski’s rule of five. The lipophilicity of these hybrids was dependent on the substituents attached to the triazole ring and the location of the azine nitrogen atoms.
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Latocha M, Jeleń M, Kuśmierz D, Suwińska K, Shkurenko A, Czuba Z, Jurzak M. 10 H-1,9-diazaphenothiazine and its 10-derivatives: synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation as potential anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1298-1306. [PMID: 31307242 PMCID: PMC6691808 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1639695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
10H-1,9-diazaphenothiazine was obtained in the sulphurisation reaction of diphenylamine with elemental sulphur and transformed into new 10-substituted derivatives, containing alkyl and dialkylaminoalkyl groups at the thiazine nitrogen atom. The 1,9-diazaphenothiazine ring system was identified with advanced 1H and 13C NMR techniques (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of the methyl derivative. The compounds exhibited significant anticancer activities against the human glioblastoma SNB-19, melanoma C-32 and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The most active 1,9-diazaphenothiazines were the derivatives with the propynyl and N, N-diethylaminoethyl groups being more potent than cisplatin. For those two compounds, the expression of H3, TP53, CDKN1A, BCL-2 and BAX genes was detected by the RT-QPCR method. The proteome profiling study showed the most probable compound action on SNB-19 cells through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The 1,9-diazaphenotiazine system seems to be more potent than known isomeric ones (1,6-diaza-, 1,8-diaza-, 2,7-diaza- and 3,6-diazaphenothiazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Kinga Suwińska
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warszawa, Poland
- A. M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aleksander Shkurenko
- Division of Physical Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Sciences and Engineering Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials (AMPM), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAU ST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jurzak
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Latocha M, Jeleń M, Kuśmierz D. Design, Synthesis, and Structural Characterization of Novel Diazaphenothiazines with 1,2,3-Triazole Substituents as Promising Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234388. [PMID: 31801304 PMCID: PMC6930555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 1,2,3-triazole-diazphenothiazine hybrids was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anticancer activity against four selected human tumor cell lines (SNB-19, Caco-2, A549, and MDA-MB231). The majority of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant potent activity against the investigated cell lines. Among them, compounds 1d and 4c showed excellent broad spectrum anticancer activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.25 to 4.66 μM and 0.25 to 6.25 μM, respectively. The most promising compound 1d, possessing low cytotoxicity against normal human fibroblasts NHFF, was used for gene expression analysis using reverse transcription–quantitative real-time PCR (RT–qPCR). The expression of H3, TP53, CDKN1A, BCL-2, and BAX genes revealed that these compounds inhibited the proliferation in all cells (H3) and activated mitochondrial events of apoptosis (BAX/BCL-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-364-16-04
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.L.); (D.K.)
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Kochanowska I, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Strządała L, Zioło E, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Prolongation of skin graft survival in mice by an azaphenothiazine derivative. Immunol Lett 2019; 208:1-7. [PMID: 30825456 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines are predominantly immunosuppressive compounds. We evaluated the efficacy of an azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine (DQT) in prolongation of survival of skin allografts between BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. The mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μg of DQT on alternate days, on days 1-13 of the experiment (7 doses). The effect of DQT on a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the human model, as well as its effect on production of TNF α and IL-10 in a whole blood cell culture, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were evaluated. In addition, DQT effects were investigated regarding the proportion of T cell subsets in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) by flow cytometry. Lastly, the effect of DQT on expression of signaling molecules involved in pro apoptotic pathways was determined by RT PCR. The results showed that DQT significantly extended skin graft survival. The compound also strongly suppressed two-way MLR in the human model at a concentration range of 2.5-5.0 μM. In addition, DQT inhibited LPS-inducible TNF α, but not IL-10 production. The compound preferentially caused a loss of the CD3-CD8+CD11b + PBMC cell subset, and transformed CD3+CD8+high into CD3+CD8+low cells. Lastly, we demonstrated significant increases in expression of caspases (in particular caspase 8) and of p53 in a culture of Jurkat T cells. We conclude that the immunosuppressive actions of the compound in allograft rejection may be predominantly associated with induction of cell apoptosis and inhibition of TNF α production. The apoptosis could be predominantly selective for the CD3-CD8+CD11b + cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zioło
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Latocha M, Jeleń M, Kuśmierz D. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Apoptosis Induction of Novel 3,6-Diazaphenothiazines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020267. [PMID: 30642021 PMCID: PMC6359424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
New 10-substituted derivatives of 3,6-diazaphenothiazine, containing the triple bond linker terminated with tertiary cyclic and acyclic amine groups, were synthesized and screened for their anticancer action. The compounds exhibited varied anticancer activities against human glioblastoma SNB-19, melanoma C-32, and breast cancer MDA-MB231 cell lines, depending on the nature of the substituents. The most active 3,6-diazaphenothiazine, 4, was the derivative with the N,N-diethylamino-2-butynyl substituent against glioblastoma SNB-19, and was ten times more potent than cisplatin. For this compound, the expression of H3, TP53, CDKN1A, BCL-2, and BAX genes was detected by the RT-qPCR method. The gene expression ratio BAX/BCL-2 indicated the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in cancer cell lines. The transformation of the propynyl substituent into amino-2-butynyl can be a method applicable to the search for more anticancer-active azaphenothiazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Onoabedje EA, Egu SA, Ezeokonkwo MA, Okoro UC. Highlights of molecular structures and applications of phenothiazine & phenoxazine polycycles. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Strzadala L, Fiedorowicz A, Wysokinska E, Ziolo E, Grudzień M, Jelen M, Pluta K, Morak-Mlodawska B, Zimecki M, Kalas W. An Anti-Inflammatory Azaphenothiazine Inhibits Interferon β Expression and CXCL10 Production in KERTr Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102443. [PMID: 30250011 PMCID: PMC6222831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2′,3′-e][1,4]thiazine (DQT), has recently been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activities in mouse models. It also inhibited the expression of CXCL10 at the protein level, at non-toxic concentrations, in the culture of KERTr cells treated with double-stranded RNA, poly(I:C). In this report, we demonstrated that DQT inhibits the transcription of the CXCL10 gene. Although CXCL10 is an IFNγ-inducible protein, we found that the CXCL10 protein was induced without the detectable release of IFNγ or IκB degradation. Hence, we concluded that IFNγ or NFκB was not involved in the regulation of the CXCL10 gene in KERTr cells transfected with poly(I:C), nor in the inhibitory activity of DQT. On the other hand, we found that IFNβ was induced under the same conditions and that its expression was inhibited by DQT. Kinetic analysis showed that an increase in IFNβ concentrations occurred 4–8 h after poly(I:C) treatment, while the concentration of CXCL10 was undetectable at that time and started to increase later, when IFNβ reached high levels. Therefore, DQT may be regarded as a new promising inhibitor of IFNβ expression and IFNβ-dependent downstream genes and proteins, e.g., CXCL10 chemokine, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Strzadala
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Wysokinska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ziolo
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grudzień
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Jelen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Beata Morak-Mlodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kalas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Kochanowska I, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Fiedorowicz A, Pawlak A, Strządała L, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Madej JP, Kuropka P, Kuryszko J. Topically applied azaphenothiazines inhibit experimental psoriasis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:276-286. [PMID: 29674255 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of topically applied azaphenothiazine derivatives: 9-chloro-6-acetylaminobutylquinobenzo[3,2-b][1,4]thiazine (compound 4) and 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2';3'-e][1,4]thiazine (compound 5) in the amelioration of inflammatory symptoms of imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice was investigated. Clobederm®, containing clobetasol propioniate, served as a reference drug. The application of the compounds led to thinning of the epidermis and reduction of the cell layers. The suppressive actions of the compounds were even stronger with regard to pathological changes of the dermis. The compounds also exerted generalized, anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the number of circulating leukocytes, lowering subiliac lymph node weight and partially normalizing an altered blood cell composition. The changes in the composition of main cell types in the epidermis and dermis were less affected by the compounds. In addition, both compounds inhibited to a similar degree production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) in human whole blood cell culture. Whereas compound 5 strongly inhibited IL-8 and CXCL10 chemokines in human keratinocytes - KERTr cell line, transfected with poly(I:C), the suppressive action of compound 4 in this model was weak. In addition, compound 5, but not compound 4, exhibited at low doses proapoptotic properties with regard to colonic cell lines. In summary, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of two selected azaphenotiazines in the amelioration of the skin pathology elicited in a mouse experimental model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Pawlak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Jan P Madej
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Kuryszko
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Zhang J, Ming C, Zhang W, Okechukwu PN, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Jeleń M, Akim AM, Ang KP, Ooi KK. 10 H-3,6-Diazaphenothiazine induces G 2/M phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibits cell invasion of A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells through the regulation of NF-κB and (BIRC6-XIAP) complexes. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:3045-3063. [PMID: 29123378 PMCID: PMC5661483 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s144415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The asymptomatic properties and high treatment resistance of ovarian cancer result in poor treatment outcomes and high mortality rates. Although the fundamental chemotherapy provides promising anticancer activities, it is associated with severe side effects. The derivative of phenothiazine, namely, 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (PTZ), was synthesized and reported with ideal anticancer effects in a previous paper. In this study, detailed anticancer properties of PTZ was examined on A2780 ovarian cancer cells by investigating the cytotoxicity profiles, mechanism of apoptosis, and cell invasion. Research outcomes revealed PTZ-induced dose-dependent inhibition on A2780 cancer cells (IC50 =0.62 µM), with significant less cytotoxicity toward HEK293 normal kidney cells and H9C2 normal heart cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) suggests PTZ-induced cell death through oxidative damage. The RT2 Profiler PCR Array on apoptosis pathway demonstrated PTZ-induced apoptosis via intrinsic (mitochondria-dependent) and extrinsic (cell death receptor-dependent) pathway. Inhibition of NF-κB and subsequent inhibition of (BIRC6-XIAP) complex activities reduced the invasion rate of A2780 cancer cells penetrating through the Matrigel™ Invasion Chamber. Lastly, the cell cycle analysis hypothesizes that the compound is cytostatic and significantly arrests cell proliferation at G2/M phase. Hence, the exploration of the underlying anticancer mechanism of PTZ suggested its usage as promising chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing
| | - Chen Ming
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang
| | | | - Kah Kooi Ooi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.,Research Centre for Crystaline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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14
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Pluta K, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Zimecki M, Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E. Azaphenothiazines - promising phenothiazine derivatives. An insight into nomenclature, synthesis, structure elucidation and biological properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:774-806. [PMID: 28734245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades, classical phenothiazines have attracted attention of researchers, as the hitherto investigations have revealed many significant biological activities within this class of compounds, other than originally discovered neuroleptic ones. Important, new pharmaceutical results on phenothiazines, as 10-substituted dibenzothiazines, were recently highlighted in several reviews. Azaphenothiazines are structurally modified phenothiazines by substitution of one or both benzene rings in the phenothiazine ring system with the azine rings, such as: pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,4-triazine, quinoline, quinoxaline, benzoxazine and benzothiazine. They form over 50 different heterocyclic systems, of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexacyclic structures, and contain from one to even four azine nitrogen atoms. This review summarizes the methodical knowledge on azaphenothiazines, referring to their nomenclature, synthesis, structure analysis and above all significant varied biological activities, examined in vitro and in vivo. It describes, in addition, current trends in the synthesis of azaphenothiazines. The influence of the azaphenothiazine ring system, the nature of the substituents, predominantly at the thiazine nitrogen atom, as well as at the azine nitrogen atom and carbon atom, on the biological activities, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Suwińska K, Jeleń M. The double Smiles rearrangement in neutral conditions leading to one of 10-(nitropyridinyl)dipyridothiazine isomers. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Pluta K, Szmielew M, Suwińska K, Latocha M. Synthesis, spectroscopic structure identification, X-ray study and anticancer activities of new angularly fused quinobenzothiazines. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Selected azaphenothiazines inhibit delayed type hypersensitivity and carrageenan reaction in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:265-268. [PMID: 27632704 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several, previously selected azaphenothiazines, as strongly antiproliferative agents in in vitro models, were subjected to evaluation for their potential immunosuppressive effects in the model of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ovalbumin (OVA) in BALB/c mice and in foot pad inflammation induced by carrageenan in CBA mice. In the DTH model the compounds were given to mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) in 50μg or 250μg doses, 1h before the elicitation of the response. In the carrageenan-induced foot pad inflammation the compounds were given i.p. in 50μg or 250μg doses, 24h and 2h before administration of carrageenan. Among the compounds, the significantly suppressive activities in both models were exhibited only by compound 5 (6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine) and compound 4 (6-acetylaminobutyl-9-chloroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazine). Structure-activity relationship, plausible mechanism of action and potential application in therapy of the compounds are discussed.
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Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and anticancer activity of new 10-substituted 1,6-diazaphenothiazines. Med Chem Res 2016; 25:2425-2433. [PMID: 27818603 PMCID: PMC5075014 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New phenothiazine derivatives as 10-substituted dipyridothiazines of the 1,6-diazaphenothiazine structure were obtained in the cyclization reaction of 3-amino-3′-nitro-2,2′-dipyridinyl sulfide and 3,3′-dinitro-2,2′-dipyridinyl disulfide, and in the reaction of 2-chloro-3-ntropyridine with sodium 3-amino-2-pyridinethiolate followed by various alkylation and arylation reactions. The reaction of the thiazine ring formation ran via the Smiles rearrangement of the S-N type. As the alkylation reactions could proceed at the thiazine, azine or both nitrogen atoms, the product structure elucidation was based on the 2D NMR (Rotating-frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy, Correlated Spectroscopy, Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence, and Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation) spectra of the N-methylated product. Some 10-substituted 1,6-diazaphenothizines (5, 10, 12, 13) were at least anticancer active against melanoma C-32 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines as a reference drug – cisplatin. The monoazaphenothiazine drug, prothipendyl, turned out to be less active than least 6 derivatives of the 1,6-diazaphenothiazine structure.
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Zimecki M, Morak-Młodawska B, Artym J, Kocięba M, Kochanowska I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel propargylquinobenzothiazines and their derivatives as potential antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:83-88. [PMID: 27404955 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1205046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines containing the quinoline ring, 8-10-substituted 6H-quinobenzothiazines and 6H-diquinothiazine were transformed into new 6-propargyl and 6-dialkylaminobutynyl derivatives containing the triple bond. Most of them displayed strong antiproliferative actions against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin A (PHA), strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α production by whole blood human cell cultures, and exhibited low cytotoxicity. Three propargylquinobenzothiazines with the bromine, trifluoromethyl, and methylthio groups at position 9 and propargyldiquinothiazine exhibited comparable actions to cisplatin against the L-1210 and SW-948 tumor lines. 6-Propargyl-9-trifluoromethylquinobenzothiazine was shown to block caspase 3 expression and inhibit expression of caspase 8 and 9 in Jurkat cells indicating its possible mechanism of action. These derivatives could be promising, potential therapeutics for treatment of neoplastic diseases and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Michał Zimecki
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Jolanta Artym
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Latocha M, Suwińska K, Jeleń M, Kuśmierz D. 3,6-Diazaphenothiazines as potential lead molecules - synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1512-9. [PMID: 26950280 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1151014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3,6-Diazaphenothiazines were obtained in cyclization of 3-amino-3'-nitro-2,4'-dipyridinyl sulfide and the reaction of sodium 3-amino-2-pyridinethiolate with 4-chloro-3-nitropyridine followed by alkylation and heteroarylation. The thiazine ring formation ran via the Smiles rearrangement. The structure elucidation was based on 2D NMR and X-ray analysis of N-methylated product. 3,6-Diazaphenothiazines were investigated for antitumor activity using glioblastoma SNB-19, melanoma C-32 and breast cancer MCF-7 cells. 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine was 10 times more active (IC50 < 0.72 μg/mL) than cisplatin. Two diazaphenothiazines with the 2-pyrimidinyl and dimethylaminopropyl substituents were selectively active against MCF-7 and C-32 cells. The expressions of H3 (proliferation marker), TP53, CDKN1A (cell cycle regulators), BAX and BCL-2 (proapoptopic and antiapoptopic genes) were detected by RT-QPCR method. The expression analysis suggests the cell cycle arrest and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway activation in MCF-7 and SNB-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- b Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland , and
| | - Kinga Suwińska
- c Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- a Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- b Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland , and
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21
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Latocha M, Jeleń M, Kuśmierz D. Synthesis and anticancer and lipophilic properties of 10-dialkylaminobutynyl derivatives of 1,8- and 2,7-diazaphenothiazines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1132-8. [PMID: 27677322 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New derivatives of two isomeric types of azaphenothiazines, 1,8- and 2,7-diazaphenothiazine, containing the triple bond substituents and additionally tertiary cyclic and acyclic amine groups, were synthesized and tested for their anticancer activity. The compounds exhibited differential inhibitory activities. Better results were obtained when the acetylenic group was transformed via the Mannich reaction to the dialkylaminobutynyl groups. The most active was 2,7-diazaphenothiazine with the N-methylpiperazine-2-butynyl substituent against the human ductal breast epithelial tumor cell line T47D, more potent than cisplatin. The 2,7-diazaphenothiazine system turned out to be more active than isomeric 1,8-diaza one. For the most active compound, the expression of TP53, CDKN1A, BCL-2 and BAX genes was detected by the RT-QPCR method. The gene expression ratio BACL-2/BAX suggests the mitochondrial apoptosis in T47D cells. The synthesis makes possible to obtain many new bioactive phenothiazines with the dialkylaminoalkynyl substituents inserting various tertiary cyclic and acyclic amine moieties to the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland and
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland and
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- b School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- a School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland and
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- b School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Poland
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Zimecki M, Morak-Młodawska B, Artym J, Kocięba M. 6-Substituted 9-fluoroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines display strong antiproliferative and antitumor properties. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:411-20. [PMID: 25462256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
6-Substituted 9-fluoroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines - a new type of tetracyclic azaphenothiazines-were obtained from of 6H-9-fluoroquinobenzothiazine by the introduction of appropriate substituents to the thiazine nitrogen atom (alkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, sulfonamidoalkyl and nitrogen half-mustard groups). The compounds displayed differential cytotoxic as well as antiproliferative actions against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin A (PHA). In addition, they suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by whole blood human cell cultures. Two compounds (4 and 15, with the propargyl and methanesulfonamidopropyl groups) were selected for further experiments because of lack of cytotoxicity and strong antiproliferative actions. Compound 4 showed strong suppressive actions on growth of L1210, SW948, A-431 and CX-1 tumor cell lines which were close to those of cisplatin, the reference drug (e.g. GI50 of 2.28 μg/mL vs. 1.86 μg/mL for L1210 cells). Further, the compound appeared to be equally effective as cyclosporine A (CsA) in the inhibition of human two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The compound did not significantly inhibit interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced growth of CTLL-2 cell line. In addition, inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by indomethacin or block of PG receptors did not interfere with the inhibitory effect of the compound on PHA-induced cell proliferation. Therefore, it is likely that the compound acts by inhibiting cell cycle as proposed for other phenothiazines. Further studies are required for the elucidation of the mechanism of action and therapeutic utility of these compounds in more advanced in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Jeleń M, Bavavea EI, Pappa M, Kourounakis AP, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Synthesis of quinoline/naphthalene-containing azaphenothiazines and their potent in vitro antioxidant properties. Med Chem Res 2014; 24:1725-1732. [PMID: 25750501 PMCID: PMC4344555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
New tetracyclic and pentacyclic azaphenothiazines containing one or two quinoline rings instead of benzene rings were obtained in the original reactions of isomeric diquinodithiins, dichlorodiquinolinyl sulfides, and disulfide with aromatic amines. The type of ring fusion in the azaphenothiazine system was concluded from the 1H NMR spectra. The obtained azaphenothiazines were evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant activity on rat hepatic microsomal membranes for protection of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation promoted by the Fe2+/ascorbic acid redox system. Most compounds exhibited a very significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values between 1 and 23 μM. The degree of antioxidant activity depends on the lipophilicity and molecular size as well as the (non)substitution of the thiazine nitrogen atom and type of ring system fusion. It is the first time to our knowledge that azaphenothiazines are shown to exhibit such potent antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Eugenia I Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pappa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Zimecki M, Jeleń M, Artym J, Kocięba M. Synthesis and selected immunological properties of 10-substituted 1,8-diazaphenothiazines. Med Chem Res 2014; 24:1408-1418. [PMID: 25750499 PMCID: PMC4344556 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new type of tricyclic azaphenothiazines-1,8-diazaphenothiazines-was obtained in the reaction of 2,3- and 3,4-disubstituted pyridines. The reaction ran as the Smiles rearrangement. The 1,8-diazaphenothiazine system was determined using NOE experiment and 2D NMR spectra (COSY, HSQC, HMBC). 10H-1,8-diazaphenothiazine was transformed into 10-derivatives with alkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, sulfonamidoalkyl, and nitrogen half-mustard groups. The compounds were tested for their effects on phytohemagglutinin A-induced proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production by human whole blood cultures. The compounds exhibited differential, dose-dependent inhibitory activities in these tests. All the compounds were low toxic against PBMC. The compounds showing the highest antiproliferative activity strongly inhibited the growth of leukemia L-1210 and colon cancer SW-948 cell lines, similarly as cisplatin, a reference drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Jeleń M. Estimation of the lipophilicity of new anticancer and immunosuppressive 1,8-diazaphenothiazine derivatives. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:462-6. [PMID: 24981982 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilicity of anticancer and immunosuppressant active 1,8-diazaphenothiazine derivatives ( 1: - 16: ) has been investigated. Their lipophilicity (RM0 and log PTLC) was determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with mixtures of acetone and TRIS buffer as mobile phases. The parameter RM0 and specific hydrophobic surface area b were significantly intercorrelated showing congeneric classes of dipyridothiazines. The parameter RM0 was discussed in the terms of the structure-lipophilicity relationships and transformed into parameter log PTLC by use of the calibration curve. The lipophilicity was correlated with molecular and biomolecular descriptors (human intestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier, plasma protein binding, MDCK) and in vitro tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition and antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
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Lodarski K, Jończyk J, Guzior N, Bajda M, Gładysz J, Walczyk J, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Malawska B. Discovery of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors among derivatives of azaphenothiazines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:98-106. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.889127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B. DETERMINATION OF THE LIPOPHILICITY PARAMETERS OF NEW ANTIPROLIFERATIVE 8-10-SUBSTITUTED QUINOBENZOTHIAZINES BY COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND RP TLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.789805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Jagiellońska , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Jagiellońska , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Jagiellońska , Sosnowiec , Poland
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Zimecki M, Morak-Młodawska B, Artym J, Kocięba M. Synthesis and selected immunological properties of substituted quino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:444-56. [PMID: 23517733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new type of azaphenothiazines - tetracyclic quino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines, possessing common substituents (H, CH3, Cl, Br, F, CF3, SCH3) in positions 8-10 and pharmacophoric aminoalkyl substituents in position 6, were obtained from diquinodithiin and 2,2'-dichloro-3,3'-diquinolinyl disulfide in several-step syntheses. Sixty one compounds, grouped as the 6H, 6-dialkylaminoalkyl, 6-acylaminoalkyl and sulfonylaminoalkyl derivatives, were tested for cytotoxicity, their effects on phytohemagglutin A (PHA)-induced proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by these cells. The compounds exhibited differential inhibitory activities in these tests and significantly varied in terms of cytotoxicity. The most promising compounds were tested for growth inhibition of leukemia L-1210 cells, colon cancer SV-948 cells and epidermal carcinoma A-341 cells. The most active compounds exhibited anticancer activity against these cell lines comparable to that of cisplatin. The structure-activity relationship of the compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Suwińska K, Pluta K, Jeleń M. 10-(Prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,7-diaza-phenothia-zine. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o1590-o1591. [PMID: 22719400 PMCID: PMC3379202 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812018879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the title mol-ecule [systematic name: 10-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)dipyrido[3,4-b:3',4'-e][1,4]thia-zine], C(13)H(9)N(3)S, the dihedral angle between the two pyridine rings is 146.33 (7)° and the angle between two halves of the thia-zine ring is 138.84 (8)°, resulting in a butterfly shape for the tricyclic system. The central thia-zine ring adopts a boat conformation, with the 2-propynyl substituent at the thia-zine N atom located in a pseudo-equatorial position and oriented to the concave side of the diaza-phenothia-zine system. In the crystal, mol-ecules are arranged via π-π inter-actions between the pyridine rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.838 (1) and 3.845 (1) Å] into stacks extending along [001]. There are C-H⋯C and C-H⋯N inter-actions between mol-ecules of neighbouring stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Kinga Suwińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, ul. Wóycickiego 1/3, 01 938 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Suwińska K, Pluta K, Jeleń M. 10-(3′-Nitro-4′-pyridyl)-1,8-diazaphenothiazine as the double Smiles rearrangement product. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pluta K, Jeleń M, Suwińska K, Besnard C, Morak-Młodawska B. The Structures of 8- and 10-Trifluoromethylquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines and Their Benzyl Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Thin-layer chromatographic detection of new azaphenothiazines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:466-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M. Recent progress in biological activities of synthesized phenothiazines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3179-89. [PMID: 21620536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent medicinal chemistry investigations in vitro and in vivo in search for new phenothiazines of promising biological activities. New phenothiazine derivatives (over 50 main structures) contain dialkylaminoalkyl, cycloaminoalkyl and aminoalkyl substituents and their acyl and sulfonyl derivatives, and other substituents with varied the monocyclic (pyrazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole) and bicyclic (quinolizine, pyrazolopyrimidine, thiazolopyridine, azabicyclononane and spiro[chromanpyrimidine] heterocycles linked directly or via the alkyl chain with the thiazine nitrogen atom or with the benzene ring. The modifications of the tricyclic ring system with the bicyclic homoaromatic ring (naphthalene) and monocyclic and bicyclic azine rings (pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine and quinoline) led to compounds of significant biological activities. Recently obtained phenothiazines exhibit promising antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifilarial, trypanocidal, anticonvulsant, analgesic, immunosuppressive and multidrug resistance reversal properties. These activities were the results of the actions of phenothiazines on biological systems via the interaction of the pharmacophoric substituent (in some cases of strict length), via the interaction of the multicyclic ring system (π-π interaction, intercalation in DNA) and via the lipophilic character allowing the penetration through the biological membranes. The activities were examined by using various biological systems such as cell lines, bacteria, viruses, parasites, laboratory mice, rats and rabbits, and monolayer and bilayer membranes. Some mechanisms of the actions are discussed. This review shows current tendency in the phenothiazine synthesis (without synthetic routes) and reveals the phenothiazine core to be very potent pharmacophoric moiety which can be a rich source of new compounds having desirable biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M, Pluta K. DETERMINATION OF THE LIPOPHILICITY PARAMETERS LOG P CALCD, RM0 AND LOG P TLC OF NEW ANTICANCER ACYLAMINOALKYL- AND SULFONYLAMINOALKYLAZAPHENOTHIAZINES BY COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND REVERSED-PHASE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.551609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , The Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec, Poland
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Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Matralis AN, Kourounakis AP. Antioxidant activity of newly synthesized 2,7-diazaphenothiazines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:268-73. [PMID: 20232371 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of 19 derivatives of 2,7-diazaphenothiazine was synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activity bearing in mind the structural similarity with "classical" phenothiazines several of which are considered powerful antioxidants. Among the new derivatives that inhibited in vitro Fe(2+)/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomal membranes, several exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC(50 )values in the range of 64-125 microM. Although N-substitution led to a variable degree of antioxidant activity, the latter appears to correlate with the lipophilicity (expressed as clogP values) of the substituted derivatives. Reduced lipophilicity may also explain the relatively lower protection offered by these derivatives against lipid peroxidation when compared to their "classical" phenothiazine counterparts. Thus, modification of the phenothiazine structure by a substitution of two benzene rings with pyridine rings to form this new type of azaphenothiazines does not enhance antioxidant activity, although it retains it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B, Suwińska K, Jeleń M. Alkylations of 10H-2,7-Diazaphenothiazine to Alkyl-2,7-diazaphenothiazinium Salts and 7-Alkyl-2,7-diazaphenothiazines. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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