1
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Zhou C, Cheng X, Liu C, Li P. Interpersonal coordination enhances brain-to-brain synchronization and influences responsibility attribution and reward allocation in social cooperation. Neuroimage 2022; 252:119028. [PMID: 35217208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fair distribution of resources matters to both individual interests and group harmony during social cooperation. Different allocation rules, including equity- and equality-based rules, have been widely discussed in reward allocation research; however, it remains unclear whether and how individuals' cooperative manner, such as interpersonal coordination, influence their subsequent responsibility attribution and reward allocation. Here, 46 dyads conducted a time estimation task-either synergistically (the coordination group) or solely (the control group)-while their brain activities were measured using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning approach. Dyads in the coordination group showed higher behavioral synchrony and higher interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the time estimation task than those in the control group. They also showed a more egalitarian tendency of responsibility attribution for the task outcome. More importantly, dyads in the coordination group who had higher IBS in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) were more inclined to make egalitarian reward allocations, and this effect was mediated by responsibility attribution. Our findings elucidate the influence of interpersonal coordination on reward allocation and the critical role of the prefrontal cortex in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, No 3688, Nanhai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, No 3688, Nanhai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, No 3688, Nanhai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Ding H, Lu Y, Wang X, Cai D. Neural Responses to Mandatory and Voluntary Donation Impact Charitable Giving Decisions: An Event-Related Potentials Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:783825. [PMID: 34975675 PMCID: PMC8719600 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the influence of donation amounts on donation decisions in different donation contexts and to reveal the psychological mechanisms. Furthermore, we focused on how to enhance individuals' intention to donate voluntarily. We designed an experiment on donation decisions, employing event-related potentials (ERPs) to probe the effect of psychological mechanisms on donation decisions by detecting the neural basis of donation decision-making. Based on S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) theory, we used donation contexts and donation amounts (stimuli) to induce psychological activity in the participants (organism) and then influence individual donation decision behaviors (response). Moreover, we applied psychological reactance (PR) theory to discuss the effect of donation context on decisions and the corresponding psychological process. The behavioral results showed that donation contexts (mandatory vs. voluntary) were significantly related to the donation amounts (i.e., less vs. more money that the charity received than money that the participants donated). At the ERP level, compared with mandatory donation, voluntary donation evoked a larger P2 amplitude when the charity received less money. In addition, a larger mean amplitude of LPP was elicited by voluntary donation compared to mandatory donation. This study provides practical implications for charity organizers to guide people to donate voluntarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- M.I.C.E and Tourism Development Research Base of Ningbo City, Ningbo, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Danfeng Cai
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Neuromanagement, College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Li M, Li J, Tan M, Li H, Zhong Y. Exposure to money modulates the processing of charitable donation: An event-related potentials study. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136277. [PMID: 34597706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to monetary cues might affect charitable donations, but little is known about how monetary cues affect charitable donations from the neural perspective. The present study examined the effect of monetary cues on charitable donations by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants primed with monetary or neutral images decided whether to accept donation offers with the high, moderate, and low costs. The behavioural results showed that in the money-primed condition, participants took more time to decide for the high-cost than for the moderate and low-cost donation offers. The ERP results showed that the P2 and P3 were larger in the money-primed condition relative to the neutral images condition. Notably, participants primed with money demonstrated larger P3 for the high-cost donation offers than for the moderate and low-cost offers, but this difference was not observed in the control condition. These findings indicate that people primed with money may pay more attention to the cost-relevant information related to their self-interests when conducting prosocial behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, China.
| | - Min Tan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui'e Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, China.
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4
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Li J, Liu L, Sun Y, Fan W, Li M, Zhong Y. Exposure to money modulates neural responses to outcome evaluations involving social reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:111-121. [PMID: 32064532 PMCID: PMC7171377 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that exposure to monetary cues strengthens an individual's motivation to pursue monetary rewards by inducing the 'market mode' (i.e. thinking and behaving in accordance with market principles). Here, we examined the effect of market mode on social reward processes by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants primed with monetary images or neutral images acted as advisors who selected one of two options for a putative advisee. Subsequently, all participants passively observed the advisee accepting or rejecting their advice and receiving a gain or loss outcome. After money priming, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) to the advisee's gain/loss outcome was larger following incorrect as compared to correct advice irrespective of whether the advice had been accepted or rejected. A smaller P3 following incorrect advice showed only when the advice was rejected. After neutral priming, the FRN was larger for incorrect relative to correct advice only when the advice had been rejected. However, the P3 was larger for correct relative to incorrect advice irrespective of the advisee's final choice. These findings suggest that the market mode facilitates early and automatic feedback processing but reduces later and controlled responding to outcomes that had been accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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5
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Sorokowska A, Marczak M, Misiak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Niemczyk A, Wróbel M, Sorokowski P. Humans tend to share food more generously than money and other objects: Preliminary evidence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michał Misiak
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology TU Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - Monika Wróbel
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
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6
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Wang X, Chen Z, G Krumhuber E, Chen H. Money and flexible generosity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:1262-1278. [PMID: 33604913 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on money and prosociality has described a monotonic pattern, showing that money reduces generosity. The present research aimed to examine whether money differently impairs generosity when arising from altruistic versus egoistic motives. To this end, we employed economic games designed to study generosity (e.g., the Dictator game) and varied experimental currency (i.e., money vs. candy/food). The results (N = 850) showed that although money made people ignore others when others were not crucial for their future gain, generosity was not impacted when egoistic motives (Study 1: avoiding sanctions; Studies 2 and 3: building reputation) were present. In other words, although people in general showed flexible prosociality by adjusting their generosity level according to game type, this was much more strongly the case when money rather than candy/food was the currency. In addition, we demonstrate a boundary condition of money on flexible generosity, namely imbuing money with prosocial meaning (Study 3). Some implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Wang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Social Psychology, Nankai University, China
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7
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Genschow O, Schuler J, Cracco E, Brass M, Wänke M. The Effect of Money Priming on Self-Focus in the Imitation-Inhibition Task. Exp Psychol 2020; 66:423-436. [PMID: 32054430 PMCID: PMC8210575 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming
individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on
others. However, recently, research supporting this claim has been heavily
criticized and some attempts to replicate have failed. A reason for the
inconsistent findings in the field may lay in the common use of explicit
measures, because they tend to rely on one or just a few items and are thus
prone to demand effects and low reliability. In the present research, we
administered, in two experiments, the imitation-inhibition task – a
robust, unobtrusive, and reliable paradigm that is sensitive to self-other focus
on a trial-by-trial basis. A pilot study found an increased focus on the self as
compared to others when primed with money. Building on this finding, a
preregistered high-powered experiment replicated this effect, suggesting that
money primes may indeed increase a focus on the self. An additionally carried
out meta-analysis indicates that automatic imitation is modulated by self-other
focus and that money primes lead to a smaller focus on the self than
conventional methods. Overall, the found effects are rather small and several
limitations, such as order effects, call for a cautious interpretation of the
findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Schuler
- Fraunhofer Institute for System and Innovation Research, Germany
| | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Michaela Wänke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
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8
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Li J, Zhan Y, Fan W, Liu L, Li M, Sun Y, Zhong Y. Sociality Mental Modes Modulate the Processing of Advice-Giving: An Event-Related Potentials Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:42. [PMID: 29467689 PMCID: PMC5808223 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People have different motivations to get along with others in different sociality mental modes (i.e., communal mode and market mode), which might affect social decision-making. The present study examined how these two types of sociality mental modes affect the processing of advice-giving using the event-related potentials (ERPs). After primed with the communal mode and market mode, participants were instructed to decide whether or not give an advice (profitable or damnous) to a stranger without any feedback. The behavioral results showed that participants preferred to give the profitable advice to the stranger more slowly compared with the damnous advice, but this difference was only observed in the market mode condition. The ERP results indicated that participants demonstrated more negative N1 amplitude for the damnous advice compared with the profitable advice, and larger P300 was elicited in the market mode relative to both the communal mode and the control group. More importantly, participants in the market mode demonstrated larger P300 for the profitable advice than the damnous advice, whereas this difference was not observed at the communal mode and the control group. These findings are consistent with the dual-process system during decision-making and suggest that market mode may lead to deliberate calculation for costs and benefits when giving the profitable advice to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Youlong Zhan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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9
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Sorokowski P, Oleszkiewicz A, Niemczyk A, Marczak M, Huanca T, Velasco EC, Sorokowska A. Money, Food, and Daily Life Objects Are Similarly Shared in the Dictator Game. A Study among Poles and Tsimane'. Front Psychol 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28446888 PMCID: PMC5388742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dictator game (DG) is one of the most popular methods for measuring sharing behaviors. However, the matter of goods used in the game has rarely been examined and discussed. We conducted a study in which all participants played standard version of DG in one of the three versions - "money," "food," or "daily life objects" sharing. Further, we wanted to expand the generalizability of our findings by investigating whether patterns in sharing various goods are independent of culture and the level of market integration. Thus, the study was conducted among people who function daily under the conditions of low market integration (109 Tsimane' - forager-horticulturists from Bolivian Amazon) and in a society highly integrated with the market-based economy (85 Polish people). We observed that among both Polish and Tsimane' people the participants were equally likely to share money, food and small, daily life objects with an unknown partner, which implies that generosity might not be related with the type of possessed resources. However, regardless of the kind of goods given, Tsimane' people were less eager to share with anonymous others than Polish people. We present several implications of our findings for studies on generosity and altruism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of WrocŁawWrocŁaw, Poland.,Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU DresdenDresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Tomas Huanca
- Centro Boliviano de Investigación y Desarrollo Socio IntegralSan Borja, Bolivia
| | - Esther C Velasco
- Centro Boliviano de Investigación y Desarrollo Socio IntegralSan Borja, Bolivia
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of WrocŁawWrocŁaw, Poland.,Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU DresdenDresden, Germany
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10
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Gasiorowska A, Chaplin LN, Zaleskiewicz T, Wygrab S, Vohs KD. Money Cues Increase Agency and Decrease Prosociality Among Children: Early Signs of Market-Mode Behaviors. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:331-44. [PMID: 26786823 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615620378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
People can get most of their needs broadly satisfied in two ways: by close communal ties and by dealings with people in the marketplace. These modes of relating-termed communal and market-often necessitate qualitatively different motives, behaviors, and mind-sets. We reasoned that activating market mode would produce behaviors consistent with it and impair behaviors consistent with communal mode. In a series of experiments, money-the market-mode cue-was presented to Polish children ages 3 to 6. We measured communal behavior by prosocial helpfulness and generosity and measured market behavior by performance and effort. Results showed that handling money (compared with other objects) increased laborious effort and reduced helpfulness and generosity. The effects of money primes were not due to the children's mood, liking for money, or task engagement. This work is the first to demonstrate that young children tacitly understand market mode and also understand that money is a cue to shift into it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gasiorowska
- Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | - Sandra Wygrab
- Faculty in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
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11
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The Effects of the Activation of Money and Credit Card vs. that of Activation of Spirituality - Which One Prompts Pro-Social Behaviours? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 35:344-353. [PMID: 27729764 PMCID: PMC5031715 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-014-9299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pro-social behaviours may be prompted or inhibited depending on the situation. Numerous experiments show that, when exposed to the idea of money, people are less willing to help, devote their time or share their resources with others (Vohs et al. Science, 314, 1154–1156, 2006, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 208–212, 2008). Conversely, when exposed to the idea of spirituality, they often cheat less and are more willing to help others (Mazar and Ariely Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633–644, 2008; Randolph-Seng and Nielsen The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(4), 303–315, 2007). The aim of this article is to present the results of two experiments in which we activated thoughts about money, i.e. both cash and credit cards, and thoughts about spirituality in order to find out in what way these two kinds of activation may influence pro-social behaviours. In experiment 1, participants, when reminded of money, offered lower donations to others whereas those reminded of spirituality offered higher donations. In experiment 2, those participants reminded of money offered to devote less time to help others whereas those reminded of spirituality offered to devote more time to help others.
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