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Loncarevic I, Mutlu S, Dzepic M, Keshavan S, Petri-Fink A, Blank F, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Current Challenges to Align Inflammatory Key Events in Animals and Lung Cell Models In Vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39115970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
With numerous novel and innovative in vitro models emerging every year to reduce or replace animal testing, there is an urgent need to align the design, harmonization, and validation of such systems using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches. In particular, in inhalation toxicology, there is a lack of predictive and prevalidated in vitro lung models that can be considered a valid alternative for animal testing. The predictive power of such models can be enhanced by applying the Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOP) framework, which casually links key events (KE) relevant to IVIVE. However, one of the difficulties identified is that the endpoint analysis and readouts of specific assays in in vitro and animal models for specific toxicants are currently not harmonized, making the alignment challenging. We summarize the current state of the art in endpoint analysis in the two systems, focusing on inflammatory-induced effects and providing guidance for future research directions to improve the alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Loncarevic
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Seyran Mutlu
- Lung Precision Medicine (LPM), Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Dzepic
- Lung Precision Medicine (LPM), Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Lung Precision Medicine (LPM), Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Leanpolchareanchai J, Teeranachaideekul V. Topical Microemulsions: Skin Irritation Potential and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbal Substances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:999. [PMID: 37513911 PMCID: PMC10384732 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions (MEs) have gained prominence as effective drug delivery systems owing to their optical transparency, low viscosity, and thermodynamic stability. MEs, when stabilized with surfactants and/or co-surfactants, exhibit enhanced drug solubilization, prolonged shelf life, and simple preparation methods. This review examines the various types of MEs, explores different preparation techniques, and investigates characterization approaches. Plant extracts and bioactive compounds are well established for their utilization as active ingredients in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Being derived from natural sources, they serve as preferable alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Furthermore, they have demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. However, the topical application of plant extracts and bioactive compounds has certain limitations, such as low skin absorption and stability. To overcome these challenges, the utilization of MEs enables enhanced skin absorption, thereby making them a valuable mode of administration. However, considering the significant surfactant content in MEs, this review evaluates the potential skin irritation caused by MEs containing herbal substances. Additionally, the review explores the topical application of MEs specifically for herbal substances, with an emphasis on their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Pellevoisin C, Coleman KP, Hoffmann S. ISO 10993-23 In vitro irritation testing for medical devices: Substantiating applicability to mild irritants and non-extractables. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105371. [PMID: 35487444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Irritation testing is an integral part of the biocompatibility assessment of medical devices and has historically been conducted on animals, either by direct contact or with polar and non-polar solvent extracts. In 2018 an ISO-sponsored interlaboratory validation study demonstrated that two reconstituted human epidermis (RhE) based assays, which were adapted from validated methods used for industrial chemicals, produced results essentially equivalent to those obtained with in vivo tests. This led to the publication of the ISO 10993-23:2021 standard on irritation testing, which states that RhE-based assays are now the preferred method. The 2018 validation study evaluated strong irritants, so we tested nine mild irritants (GHS Category 3), neat and spiked at different concentrations into medical device extracts, per ISO 10993-23:2021. The results substantiated the applicability of RhE-based assays for evaluating mild irritants in medical device extracts. Moreover, the 2018 validation study tested solid extractable medical device materials but did not consider non-extractable medical device materials (e.g., creams, gels, or sprays). By testing nine marketed non-extractable materials, either neat or spiked with irritants, we also confirmed that RhE-based assays are readily applicable to such medical device materials.
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Han J, Lee GY, Bae G, Kang MJ, Lim KM. ChemSkin Reference Chemical Database for the Development of an In Vitro Skin Irritation Test. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110314. [PMID: 34822705 PMCID: PMC8625019 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the animal test ban on cosmetics in the EU in 2013, alternative in vitro safety tests have been actively researched to replace in vivo animal tests. For the development and evaluation of a new test method, reference chemicals with quality in vivo data are essential to assess the predictive capacity and applicability domain. Here, we compiled a reference chemical database (ChemSkin DB) for the development and evaluation of new in vitro skin irritation tests. The first candidates were selected from 317 chemicals (source data n = 1567) searched from the literature from the last 20 years, including previous validation study reports, ECETOC, and published papers. Chemicals showing inconsistent classification or those that were commercially unavailable, difficult or dangerous to handle, prohibitively expensive, or without quality in vivo or in vitro data were removed, leaving a total of 100 chemicals. Supporting references, in vivo Draize scores, UN GHS/EU CLP classifications and commercial sources were compiled. Test results produced by the approved methods of OECD Test No. 439 were included and compared using the classification table, scatter plot, and Pearson correlation analysis to identify the false predictions and differences between in vitro skin irritation tests. These results may provide an insight into the future development of new in vitro skin irritation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Han
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Green Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Mi-Jeong Kang
- Korea Water Resources Environment Institute, Gyeongsan 38650, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-J.K.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-53-741-6671 (M.-J.K.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.-J.K.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-53-741-6671 (M.-J.K.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
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Bouhoute M, Nakajima M, Isoda H. Design of nanoemulgel using Argania spinosa microfibrillated cellulose and natural emulsifiers foreseeing melanogenesis enhancement. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118632. [PMID: 34702455 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a route of choice that improves administration and efficacy of bioactive compounds. In this study, nanoemulgels were prepared using microfibrillated cellulose from Argania spinosa shell (AS-MFC) and Argan shell (ASE) or Argan press cake extracts (APC) as natural emulsifiers. Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were prepared using different natural emulsifiers or synthetic emulsifiers and presented a nano size (d3,2 < 140 nm). Following that, the nanoemulsions were incorporated within AS-MFC matrix and rheological properties confirmed a shear thinning behavior. Confocal micrographs of nanoemulgels confirmed the dispersion of nanoemulsions in the AS-MFC network without affecting the nanoemulsions stability. Finally, in vitro bioassay on B16F10 using ASE or APC nanoemulsions was conducted. This study confirmed cell permeation in B16F10 cells of formulated nanoemulsions and the upregulation of melanin content up to 30% more that the untreated cells. This study designed novel MFC nanoemulgel with high potential application in healthcare and cosmetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bouhoute
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakajima
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
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Ritmaleni, Susilo Putri DS, Wulandari T, Zulkarnain AK, Murrukmihadi M. The effect of variation of tetrahydropentagamavunon-0 concentration in lotion and emulgel formula toward acute dermal irritation study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:127-131. [PMID: 34159142 PMCID: PMC8177156 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_270_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydropentagamavunon-0 (THPGV-0) is a curcumin metabolite analog which known has a higher antioxidant activity than Vitamin E. This compound has been formulated in lotion as antiaging cosmetics, but the irritation effect is unknown yet. This study aims to analyze the effect of variation of THPGV-0 concentration in lotion and emulgel formula toward acute dermal irritation. The concentrations of THPGV-0 varied to 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% in lotion/emulgel and tested for their physical properties such as organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion. Acute dermal irritation test is done in accordance with the In vivo Nonclinical Toxicity Test Guidelines by the Indonesian Food and Drug Administration (BPOM). This study showed that Primary Irritation Index (PII) value concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% THPGV-0 in lotion formula are 0.014, 0.014, and 0.028 (close to 0) and in emulgel formula are 0.08 at concentration of 0.1%, 0.33 at concentration of 0.2%, and 0.25 at concentration of 0.4%. PII of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% THPGV-0 in lotion and emulgel is included in negligible irritation response. Hence, the both of THPGV-0 formula in lotion and emulgel are considered safe to use on skin according to this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritmaleni
- Department of Pharmaceutial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dina Suci Susilo Putri
- Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tia Wulandari
- Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
- Department of Pharmaceutic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mimiek Murrukmihadi
- Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Bas A, Burns N, Gulotta A, Junker J, Drasler B, Lehner R, Aicher L, Constant S, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Understanding the Development, Standardization, and Validation Process of Alternative In Vitro Test Methods for Regulatory Approval from a Researcher Perspective. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006027. [PMID: 33480475 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to economic, practical, ethical, and scientific reasons, researchers, among others, are pushing for alternative in vitro test methods to replace or reduce existing animal experiments. In order for these tests to be more broadly used by the industrial sector and regulatory bodies, orchestrated efforts are required to show the robustness and reliability of in vitro methods, which can accelerate the use for early screening testing. Another way of increasing the use of alternatives is to coordinate validation studies, that is, multi-laboratory trials, and to gain regulatory approval and instatement as test guidelines or standard method. However, awareness of the exact standardization, validation, and approval process has been a major obstacle for many researchers. Herein, the process has been broken down into three main phases: i) test method development; ii) intra- and inter-laboratory validation; and iii) regulatory acceptance. This general process applies to all alternative methods seeking validation and approval, although the intricacies of different toxicological endpoints and/or chemical sectors may lead to additional work, particularly in the validation stage. The authors' aim is to provide insight in the development process of alternative methods with a focus on in vitro cell culture methods over validation to regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bas
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Nicole Burns
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Andrew Gulotta
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - James Junker
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Aicher
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, 4055, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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Digital Twins for Tissue Culture Techniques—Concepts, Expectations, and State of the Art. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques to provide in vitro tissue culture have undergone significant changes during the last decades, and current applications involve interactions of cells and organoids, three-dimensional cell co-cultures, and organ/body-on-chip tools. Efficient computer-aided and mathematical model-based methods are required for efficient and knowledge-driven characterization, optimization, and routine manufacturing of tissue culture systems. As an alternative to purely experimental-driven research, the usage of comprehensive mathematical models as a virtual in silico representation of the tissue culture, namely a digital twin, can be advantageous. Digital twins include the mechanistic of the biological system in the form of diverse mathematical models, which describe the interaction between tissue culture techniques and cell growth, metabolism, and the quality of the tissue. In this review, current concepts, expectations, and the state of the art of digital twins for tissue culture concepts will be highlighted. In general, DT’s can be applied along the full process chain and along the product life cycle. Due to the complexity, the focus of this review will be especially on the design, characterization, and operation of the tissue culture techniques.
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Matarrese P, Beauchef G, Peno-Mazzarino L, Lati E, Fitoussi R, Vié K. Assessment of an ex vivo irritation test performed on human skin explants and comparison of its results with those of a 24-/48-h human patch test for the evaluation of cosmetics. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of Epidermal Equivalent from Electrospun Synthetic Polymers for In Vitro Irritation/Corrosion Testing. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122528. [PMID: 33339410 PMCID: PMC7766501 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of products for topical applications requires analyses of their skin effects before they are destined for the market. At present, the ban on animal use in several tests makes the search for in vitro models (such as artificial skin) necessary to characterize the risks involved. In this work, tissue engineering concepts were used to manufacture collagen-free three-dimensional scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation. Two different human skin models-reconstructed human epidermis and full-thickness skin-were developed from electrospun scaffolds using synthetic polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and nylon 6/6. After the construction of these models, their histology was analyzed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. The results revealed a reconstructed epidermal tissue, duly stratified, obtained from the nylon scaffold. In this model, the presence of proteins involved in the epidermis stratification process (cytokeratin 14, cytokeratin 10, involucrin, and loricrin) was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The nylon reconstructed human epidermis model's applicability was evaluated as a platform to perform irritation and corrosion tests. Our results demonstrated that this model is a promising platform to assess the potential of dermal irritation/corrosion of chemical products.
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Jeon B, Lee G, Wufuer M, Huang Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Choi TH. Enhanced predictive capacity using dual-parameter chip model that simulates physiological skin irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mertl E, Riegel E, Glück N, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Lin G, Auer S, Haller M, Wlodarczyk A, Steurer C, Kirchnawy C, Czerny T. A dual luciferase assay for evaluation of skin sensitizing potential of medical devices. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5089-5102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jeong S, Kim HY, Kim AR, Yun CH, Han SH. Propionate Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection by Attenuating Bacterial Growth. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1363. [PMID: 31275281 PMCID: PMC6591440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various diseases including skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and sepsis. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant S. aureus is a serious threat in healthcare-associated settings and in the communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of short-chain fatty acids, metabolites produced by commensal bacteria, on the growth of S. aureus both in vitro and in vivo. Sodium propionate (NaP) most potently inhibited the growth of MRSA and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Of note, only NaP, but not sodium acetate (NaA) or sodium butyrate (NaB), ameliorated MRSA skin infection, significantly lowering bacterial load, excessive cytokine production, and the size and weight of abscesses approximately by twofold. In addition, interestingly, S. aureus deficient of lipoteichoic acids (LTA) or wall teichoic acids (WTA), which are important in bacterial physiology and antimicrobial susceptibility, was more susceptible to NaP than the wild-type. Furthermore, S. aureus deficient of D-alanine motifs common in LTA and WTA was more susceptible to NaP, its growth being almost completely inhibited. Concordantly, MRSA treated with an inhibitor of D-alanylation on LTA and WTA was more susceptible to NaP, and co-treatment of NaP and a D-alanylation inhibitor further decreased the pathology of MRSA skin infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NaP ameliorates MRSA skin infection by attenuating the growth of S. aureus, and suggest an alternative combination treatment strategy against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Pellevoisin C, Videau C, Briotet D, Grégoire C, Tornier C, Alonso A, Rigaudeau AS, Bouez C, Seyler N. SkinEthic™ RHE for in vitro evaluation of skin irritation of medical device extracts. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:418-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Bioengineering of a Full-Thickness Skin Equivalent in a 96-Well Insert Format for Substance Permeation Studies and Organ-On-A-Chip Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5020043. [PMID: 29880746 PMCID: PMC6027510 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is involved in protecting the inner body from constant exposure to outer environmental stimuli. There is an evident need to screen for toxicity and the efficacy of drugs and cosmetics applied to the skin. To date, animal studies are still the standard method for substance testing, although they are currently controversially discussed Therefore, the multi-organ chip is an attractive alternative to replace animal testing. The two-organ chip is designed to hold 96-well cell culture inserts (CCIs). Small-sized skin equivalents are needed for this. In this study, full-thickness skin equivalents (ftSEs) were generated successfully inside 96-well CCIs. These skin equivalents developed with in vivo-like histological architecture, with normal differentiation marker expressions and proliferation rates. The 96-well CCI-based ftSEs were successfully integrated into the two-organ chip. The permeation of fluorescein sodium salt through the ftSEs was monitored during the culture. The results show a decreasing value for the permeation over time, which seems a promising method to track the development of the ftSEs. Additionally, the permeation was implemented in a computational fluid dynamics simulation, as a tool to predict results in long-term experiments. The advantage of these ftSEs is the reduced need for cells and substances, which makes them more suitable for high throughput assays.
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16
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De Jong WH, Coleman KP, Blaauboer BJ. Reconstructed human epidermis models for irritant testing of medical devices. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:399-400. [PMID: 29371136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim H De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Corvaro M, Gehen S, Andrews K, Chatfield R, Macleod F, Mehta J. A retrospective analysis of in vivo eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitisation studies with agrochemical formulations: Setting the scene for development of alternative strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:131-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Each year, the United States spends about $20 billion to treat people who have been infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria. Even so, the development of new antibiotics has slowed considerably since the mid-20th century. As a result, researchers are looking into developing synthetic compounds and materials with antimicrobial activities such as those made by the Schanze and Whitten groups [ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 2820 (2011)]. Previously, they have demonstrated that poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) based electrolytes and oligomeric end-only phenylene ethynylene (EO-OPE) based electrolytes possess strong biocidal activity. However, before the PPE and OPE can be used with humans, skin irritation tests are required to ensure their safety. In this work, in vitro skin assays are used to predict in vivo irritation. Tissues were conditioned for 24 h, exposed to test substances for 1 h, and then tested for viability using colorimetric and cytokine assays. Concentrations up to 50 μg/ml were tested. Viability assays and cytokine (IL-1α) assays demonstrated that the two polymers, three symmetric oligomers, and three "end only" oligomers were nonirritants. In addition, electrospun mats consisting of several promising compounds, including poly(caprolactone), were evaluated. Therefore, all test substances are conservatively classified as nonirritants after a 1 h exposure time period.
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Kim H, Choi J, Lee H, Park J, Yoon BI, Jin SM, Park K. Skin Corrosion and Irritation Test of Nanoparticles Using Reconstructed Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model, EpiDerm TM. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:311-316. [PMID: 27818733 PMCID: PMC5080854 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.4.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on skin corrosion and irritation using three-dimensional human skin models were investigated based on the test guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD TG431 and TG439). EpiDermTM skin was incubated with NPs including those harboring iron (FeNPs), aluminum oxide (AlNPs), titanium oxide (TNPs), and silver (AgNPs) for a defined time according to the test guidelines. Cell viabilities of EpiDermTM skins were measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthi-azol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based method. FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs were non-corrosive because the viability was more than 50% after 3 min exposure and more than 15% after 60 min exposure, which are the non-corrosive criteria. All NPs were also non-irritants, based on viability exceeding 50% after 60 min exposure and 42 hr post-incubation. Release of interleukin 1-alpha and histopathological analysis supported the cell viability results. These findings suggest that FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs are ‘non-corrosive’ and ‘non-irritant’ to human skin by a globally harmonized classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jonghye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seon Mi Jin
- College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Mewes KR, Fischer A, Zöller NN, Laubach V, Bernd A, Jacobs A, van Rompay A, Liebsch M, Pirow R, Petersohn D. Catch-up validation study of an in vitro skin irritation test method based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (phase I). Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:238-253. [PMID: 27432483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new in vitro skin irritation test based on an open source reconstructed epidermis (OS-REp) with openly accessible protocols for tissue production and test performance. Due to structural, mechanistic and procedural similarity, a blinded catch-up validation study for skin irritation according to OECD Performance Standards (PS) was conducted in three laboratories to promote regulatory acceptance, with OS-REp models produced at a single production site only. While overall sensitivity and predictive capacity met the PS requirements, overall specificity was only 57%. A thorough analysis of the test results led to the assumption that some of the false-positive classifications could have been evoked by volatile skin-irritating chemicals tested in the same culture plate as the non-irritants falsely predicted as irritants. With GC/MS and biological approaches the cross-contamination effect was confirmed and the experimental set-up adapted accordingly. Retesting of the affected chemicals with the improved experimental set-up and otherwise identical protocol resulted in correct classifications as non-irritants. Taking these re-test results into account, 93% overall sensitivity, 70% specificity and 82% accuracy was achieved, which is in accordance with the OECD PS. A sufficient reliability of the method was indicated by a within-laboratory-reproducibility of 85-95% and a between-laboratory-reproducibility of 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Mewes
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - A Fischer
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N N Zöller
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V Laubach
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Bernd
- Goethe-University, Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Jacobs
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - A van Rompay
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - M Liebsch
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Pirow
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Petersohn
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Marone PA, Birkenbach VL, Hayes AW. Newer Approaches to Identify Potential Untoward Effects in Functional Foods. Int J Toxicol 2015; 35:186-207. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815616781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globalization has greatly accelerated the numbers and variety of food and beverage products available worldwide. The exchange among greater numbers of countries, manufacturers, and products in the United States and worldwide has necessitated enhanced quality measures for nutritional products for larger populations increasingly reliant on functionality. These functional foods, those that provide benefit beyond basic nutrition, are increasingly being used for their potential to alleviate food insufficiency while enhancing quality and longevity of life. In the United States alone, a steady import increase of greater than 15% per year or 24 million shipments, over 70% products of which are food related, is regulated under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This unparalleled growth has resulted in the need for faster, cheaper, and better safety and efficacy screening methods in the form of harmonized guidelines and recommendations for product standardization. In an effort to meet this need, the in vitro toxicology testing market has similarly grown with an anticipatory 15% increase between 2010 and 2015 of US$1.3 to US$2.7 billion. Although traditionally occupying a small fraction of the market behind pharmaceuticals and cosmetic/household products, the scope of functional food testing, including additives/supplements, ingredients, residues, contact/processing, and contaminants, is potentially expansive. Similarly, as functional food testing has progressed, so has the need to identify potential adverse factors that threaten the safety and quality of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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22
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Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Choi J, Kim H, Choi J, Oh SM, Park J, Park K. Skin corrosion and irritation test of sunscreen nanoparticles using reconstructed 3D human skin model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:e2014004. [PMID: 25116366 PMCID: PMC4152941 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2014.29.e2014004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models (KeraSkin ((TM)) ) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. METHODS Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. RESULTS Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-1α release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Fusion Technology Laboratory, Hoseo University, Asan, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Miles A, Berthet A, Hopf N, Gilliet M, Raffoul W, Vernez D, Spring P. A new alternative method for testing skin irritation using a human skin model: A pilot study. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ishii S, Ishii K, Nakadate M, Yamasaki K. Correlation study in skin and eye irritation between rabbits and humans based on published literatures. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:596-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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