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Weidinger D, Jacobsen J, Alisch D, Uebner H, Heinen N, Greune L, Westhoven S, Jamal Jameel K, Kronsbein J, Pfaender S, Taube C, Reuter S, Peters M, Hatt H, Knobloch J. Olfactory receptors impact pathophysiological processes of lung diseases in bronchial epithelial cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151408. [PMID: 38583306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic options for steroid-resistant non-type 2 inflammation in obstructive lung diseases are limited. Bronchial epithelial cells are key in the pathogenesis by releasing the central proinflammatory cytokine interleukine-8 (IL-8). Olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed in various cell types. This study examined the drug target potential of ORs by investigating their impact on associated pathophysiological processes in lung epithelial cells. METHODS Experiments were performed in the A549 cell line and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. OR expression was investigated using RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemical staining. OR-mediated effects were analyzed by measuring 1) intracellular calcium concentration via calcium imaging, 2) cAMP concentration by luminescence-based assays, 3) wound healing by scratch assays, 4) proliferation by MTS-based assays, 5) cellular vitality by Annexin V/PI-based FACS staining, and 6) the secretion of IL-8 in culture supernatants by ELISA. RESULTS By screening 100 potential OR agonists, we identified two, Brahmanol and Cinnamaldehyde, that increased intracellular calcium concentrations. The mRNA and proteins of the corresponding receptors OR2AT4 and OR2J3 were detected. Stimulation of OR2J3 with Cinnamaldehyde reduced 1) IL-8 in the absence and presence of bacterial and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 2) proliferation, and 3) wound healing but increased cAMP. In contrast, stimulation of OR2AT4 by Brahmanol increased wound healing but did not affect cAMP and proliferation. Both ORs did not influence cell vitality. CONCLUSION ORs might be promising drug target candidates for lung diseases with non-type 2 inflammation. Their stimulation might reduce inflammation or prevent tissue remodeling by promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weidinger
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Julian Jacobsen
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Desiree Alisch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Hendrik Uebner
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, Essen 45239, Germany
| | - Natalie Heinen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lea Greune
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Saskia Westhoven
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany; Research Unit Emerging Viruses, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaschin Jamal Jameel
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Juliane Kronsbein
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany; Research Unit Emerging Viruses, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, Essen 45239, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Tüschener Weg 40, Essen 45239, Germany
| | - Marcus Peters
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Cell Physiology ND4/35, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knobloch
- Medical Clinic III for Pneumology, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Bergmannsheil University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany.
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Yamaya M, Kikuchi A, Sugawara M, Nishimura H. Anti-inflammatory effects of medications used for viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Respir Investig 2023; 61:270-283. [PMID: 36543714 PMCID: PMC9761392 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses like rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus cause several respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and coronavirus disease 2019, and exacerbate bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. The production of inflammatory mediators and mucin and the accumulation of inflammatory cells have been reported in patients with viral infection-induced respiratory diseases. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted are produced in the cells, including human airway and alveolar epithelial cells, partly through the activation of toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These mediators are associated with the development of viral infection-induced respiratory diseases through the induction of inflammation and injury in the airway and lung, airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness, and mucus secretion. Medications used to treat respiratory diseases, including corticosteroids, long-acting β2-agonists, long-acting muscarinic antagonists, mucolytic agents, antiviral drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza virus, macrolides, and Kampo medicines, reduce the production of viral infection-induced mediators, including cytokines and mucin, as determined in clinical, in vivo, or in vitro studies. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of these medications on viral infection-induced respiratory diseases may be associated with clinical benefits, such as improvements in symptoms, quality of life, and mortality rate, and can prevent hospitalization and the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai 980-0803, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
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Wu W, Alexander JS, Metcalf JP. In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Cigarette Smoke Effects on Innate Responses to Influenza Virus: A Matter of Models? Viruses 2022; 14:1824. [PMID: 36016446 PMCID: PMC9415757 DOI: 10.3390/v14081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a significant public health problem and a leading risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the developed world. Respiratory viral infections, such as the influenza A virus (IAV), are associated with acute exacerbations of COPD and are more severe in cigarette smokers. To fight against viral infection, the host has developed an innate immune system, which has complicated mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of cytokines and chemokines to maximize the innate and adaptive antiviral response, as well as limiting the immunopathology that leads to exaggerated lung damage. In the case of IAV, responders include airway and alveolar epithelia, lung macrophages and dendritic cells. To achieve a successful infection, IAV must overcome these defenses. In this review, we summarize the detrimental role of CS in influenza infections. This includes both immunosuppressive and proinflammatory effects on innate immune responses during IAV infection. Some of the results, with respect to CS effects in mouse models, appear to have discordant results, which could be at least partially addressed by standardization of animal viral infection models to evaluate the effect of CS exposure in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Alexander
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Liew KY, Koh SK, Hooi SL, Ng MKL, Chee HY, Harith HH, Israf DA, Tham CL. Rhinovirus-Induced Cytokine Alterations With Potential Implications in Asthma Exacerbations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:782936. [PMID: 35242128 PMCID: PMC8886024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.782936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus (RV) infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. Unlike other respiratory viruses, RV causes minimal cytotoxic effects on airway epithelial cells and cytokines play a critical role in its pathogenesis. However, previous findings on RV-induced cytokine responses were largely inconsistent. Thus, this study sought to identify the cytokine/chemokine profiles induced by RV infection and their correlations with airway inflammatory responses and/or respiratory symptoms using systematic review, and to determine whether a quantitative difference exists in cytokine levels between asthmatic and healthy individuals via meta-analysis. Methods Relevant articles were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. Studies that compared RV-induced cytokine responses between asthmatic and healthy individuals were included in the systematic review, and their findings were categorized based on the study designs, which were ex vivo primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs), ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and human experimental studies. Data on cytokine levels were also extracted and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Results Thirty-four articles were included in the systematic review, with 18 of these further subjected to meta-analysis. Several studies reported the correlations between the levels of cytokines, such as IL-8, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and respiratory symptoms. Evidence suggests that IL-25 and IL-33 may be the cytokines that promote type 2 inflammation in asthmatics after RV infection. Besides that, a meta-analysis revealed that PBECs from children with atopic asthma produced significantly lower levels of IFN-β [Effect size (ES): -0.84, p = 0.030] and IFN-λ (ES: -1.00, p = 0.002), and PBECs from adult atopic asthmatics produced significantly lower levels of IFN-β (ES: -0.68, p = 0.009), compared to healthy subjects after RV infection. A trend towards a deficient production of IFN-γ (ES: -0.56, p = 0.060) in PBMCs from adult atopic asthmatics was observed. In lower airways, asthmatics also had significantly lower baseline IL-15 (ES: -0.69, p = 0.020) levels. Conclusion Overall, RV-induced asthma exacerbations are potentially caused by an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines, which may be contributed by defective innate immune responses at cellular levels. Exogenous IFNs delivery may be beneficial as a prophylactic approach for RV-induced asthma exacerbations. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=184119, identifier CRD42020184119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Yen Liew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sue Kie Koh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suet Li Hooi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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TLR3 inhibitor and tyrosine kinase inhibitor attenuate cigarette smoke/poly I:C-induced airway inflammation and remodeling by the EGFR/TLR3/MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173654. [PMID: 33068589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is the major risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Viral infection is a major cause of COPD exacerbation, which lacks effective drug treatments. In the present study, to mimic the pathogenesis of COPD, we employed a TLR3 ligand [Poly (I:C), PIC] to mimic viral infection to determine whether it enhances the effects of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. Our results showed that PIC enhanced the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression and remodeling factor E-cadherin, α-SMA and TGF-β1 mRNA expression with TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation in pulmonary epithelial NCI-H292 cells. These responses were inhibited by a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor (TLR3i) or a tyrosine kinase inhibitor icotinib (Ico). Similarly, in the PIC-enhanced CS-induced airway inflammation and remodeling mouse model, treatment with TLR3i or Ico reduced the mRNA and protein expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and the remodeling factors α-SMA, TGF-β1, MMP-9 and MUC5AC, while increasing E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, we found that TLRi and Ico can attenuate the airway hyperreactivity induced by PIC, which is enhanced by CS. Finally, PIC enhanced the effects of CS on TLR3 upregulation and EGFR phosphorylation and significantly increased Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation, whereas TLR3i and Ico markedly suppressed TLR3 upregulation and EGFR, Erk1/2 and P38 phosphorylation in the model. Our findings suggest that TLR3/EGFR may be a potential target for the treatment of airway inflammation and remodeling in COPD.
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Joshua V, Chatzidionisyou K, Catrina AI. Role of the lung in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Catrina AI, Joshua V, Klareskog L, Malmström V. Mechanisms involved in triggering rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:162-74. [PMID: 26683152 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory syndrome with a strong autoimmune component. The autoantigens in RA are neither tissue nor organ-specific, but comprise a broad collection of post-translational modified proteins, such as citrullinated proteins. These modifications are likely to be triggered by innate stimuli. In genetically susceptible hosts, they can lead to a more substantiated secondary autoimmune reaction targeting the joints and precipitating the clinical onset of RA. Both innate and adaptive mechanisms will then closely interplay to promote chronic joint inflammation in the several absence of appropriate treatment. This scenario, is shared with other autoimmune diseases where potentially pathogenic immune responses are present already before disease onset. Better understanding of these processes will allow both earlier diagnosis of RA and identification of those healthy individuals that are at risk of developing disease, opening possibilities for disease prevention. In this review, we discuss the iterative processes of innate and adaptive immunity responsible for the (longitudinal) development of immune reactions that may contribute to the development of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ross CL, Galloway-Phillipps N, Armstrong PC, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Brearley C, Ito M, Tunstall T, Elkin S, Kon OM, Hansel TT, Paul-Clark MJ. Protocol for a human in vivo model of acute cigarette smoke inhalation challenge in smokers with COPD: monitoring the nasal and systemic immune response using a network biology approach. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e005750. [PMID: 25631307 PMCID: PMC4316420 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoke contributes to a diverse range of diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disorders and many cancers. There currently is a need for human challenge models, to assess the acute effects of a controlled cigarette smoke stimulus, followed by serial sampling of blood and respiratory tissue for advanced molecular profiling. We employ precision sampling of nasal mucosal lining fluid by absorption to permit soluble mediators measurement in eluates. Serial nasal curettage was used for transcriptomic analysis of mucosal tissue. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Three groups of strictly defined patients will be studied: 12 smokers with COPD (GOLD Stage 2) with emphysema, 12 matched smokers with normal lung function and no evidence of emphysema, and 12 matched never smokers with normal spirometry. Patients in the smoking groups are current smokers, and will be given full support to stop smoking immediately after this study. In giving a controlled cigarette smoke stimulus, all patients will have abstained from smoking for 12 h, and will smoke two cigarettes with expiration through the nose in a ventilated chamber. Before and after inhalation of cigarette smoke, a series of samples will be taken from the blood, nasal mucosal lining fluid and nasal tissue by curettage. Analysis of plasma nicotine and metabolites in relation to levels of soluble inflammatory mediators in nasal lining fluid and blood, as well as assessing nasal transcriptomics, ex vivo blood platelet aggregation and leucocyte responses to toll-like receptor agonists will be undertaken. IMPLICATIONS Development of acute cigarette smoke challenge models has promise for the study of molecular effects of smoking in a range of pathological processes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the West London National Research Ethics Committee (12/LO/1101). The study findings will be presented at conferences and will be reported in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Ross
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU) and Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Paul C Armstrong
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Jane A Mitchell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Timothy D Warner
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | - Mari Ito
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Regulation for intractable Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tanushree Tunstall
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU) and Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sarah Elkin
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU) and Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU) and Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU) and Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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Wu W, Zhang W, More S, Booth JL, Duggan ES, Liu L, Zhao YD, Metcalf JP. Cigarette smoke attenuates the RIG-I-initiated innate antiviral response to influenza infection in two murine models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L848-58. [PMID: 25260755 PMCID: PMC4254961 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure increases the frequency and severity of respiratory tract infections. Despite this association, the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to respiratory virus infection are poorly understood. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an important regulator of influenza virus-induced expression of antiviral cytokines, mainly interferons (IFNs), which are necessary to clear viral infections. In this study, we compared the innate cytokine responses of two mouse CS exposure models following a challenge with influenza A virus (IAV): 1) exposure of the mice to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) intratracheally and 2) exposure of the mice to CS in a whole body exposure chamber. Both intratracheal CSE treatment and whole body CS exposure caused antiviral immunosuppression in these mice, and both CS exposure methods inhibited RIG-I induction. CS attenuated influenza-induced antiviral IFNs and IP-10 expression in vivo. However, we did not find that CS inhibited induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, whose expression was induced by IAV. Interestingly, IAV infection also increased Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression in mouse lung, but CS exposure did not impact TLR3 induction in these mice. Together, the results support our previous finding in a human lung organ culture model that the suppression of RIG-I induction and antiviral cytokine responses by CS are likely important in the enhanced susceptibility of smokers to influenza infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sunil More
- The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Elizabeth S Duggan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Lin Liu
- The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Yan D Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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10
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Wu W, Metcalf JP. Cigarette smoking and innate immune responses to influenza infection. World J Immunol 2014; 4:20-25. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) suppresses the immune system, and smoking is a well-known major risk factor for respiratory tract infections, including influenza infection. Both smoking cigarettes and passive smoking alter a wide range of immunological functions, including innate and adaptive immune responses. Past reviews on CS and innate immunity have been focused on the effects of CS on structural changes of the lung, as well as the effects on the function of alveolar macrophages, leukocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. The study of innate immunity has developed rapidly in the last decade with the discovery of new receptors for virus recognition and interferon responses. This review aims to give a brief summary of recent findings on the suppressive effects of CS on the innate response to influenza virus, especially as it pertains to suppression of the function of pattern recognition receptors for influenza virus.
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Hallstrand TS, Hackett TL, Altemeier WA, Matute-Bello G, Hansbro PM, Knight DA. Airway epithelial regulation of pulmonary immune homeostasis and inflammation. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:1-15. [PMID: 24503171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic, structural and functional studies have identified the airway and lung epithelium as a key orchestrator of the immune response. Further, there is now strong evidence that epithelium dysfunction is involved in the development of inflammatory disorders of the lung. Here we review the characteristic immune responses that are orchestrated by the epithelium in response to diverse triggers such as pollutants, cigarette smoke, bacterial peptides, and viruses. We focus in part on the role of epithelium-derived interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), as well as CC family chemokines as critical regulators of the immune response. We cite examples of the function of the epithelium in host defense and the role of epithelium dysfunction in the development of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Comer DM, Elborn JS, Ennis M. Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of acrolein, nicotine, acetylaldehyde and cigarette smoke extract on human nasal epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 24581246 PMCID: PMC3945717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke induces a pro-inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells but it is not clear which of the various chemicals contained within cigarette smoke (CS) should be regarded as predominantly responsible for these effects. We hypothesised that acrolein, nicotine and acetylaldehyde, important chemicals contained within volatile cigarette smoke in terms of inducing inflammation and causing addiction, have immunomodulatory effects in primary nasal epithelial cell cultures (PNECs). METHODS PNECs from 19 healthy subjects were grown in submerged cultures and were incubated with acrolein, nicotine or acetylaldehyde prior to stimulation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (PA LPS). Experiments were repeated using cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for comparison. IL-8 was measured by ELISA, activation of NF-κB by ELISA and Western blotting, and caspase-3 activity by Western blotting. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin-V staining and the terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS CSE was pro-inflammatory after a 24 h exposure and 42% of cells were apoptotic or necrotic after this exposure time. Acrolein was pro-inflammatory for the PNEC cultures (30 μM exposure for 4 h inducing a 2.0 fold increase in IL-8 release) and also increased IL-8 release after stimulation with PA LPS. In contrast, nicotine had anti-inflammatory properties (0.6 fold IL-8 release after 50 μM exposure to nicotine for 24 h), and acetylaldehyde was without effect. Acrolein and nicotine had cellular stimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects respectively, as determined by NF-κB activation. Both chemicals increased levels of cleaved caspase 3 and induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Acrolein is pro-inflammatory and nicotine anti-inflammatory in PNEC cultures. CSE induces cell death predominantly by apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Comer
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Joseph Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Madeleine Ennis
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Icaritin attenuates cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells via activation of PI3K-AKT and Nrf2 signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hudy MH, Proud D. Cigarette smoke enhances human rhinovirus-induced CXCL8 production via HuR-mediated mRNA stabilization in human airway epithelial cells. Respir Res 2013; 14:88. [PMID: 23988199 PMCID: PMC3848374 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) triggers exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for the development of COPD and 25% of asthmatics smoke. Smoking asthmatics have worse symptoms and more frequent hospitalizations compared to non-smoking asthmatics. The degree of neutrophil recruitment to the airways correlates with disease severity in COPD and during viral exacerbations of asthma. We have previously shown that HRV and cigarette smoke, in the form of cigarette smoke extract (CSE), each induce expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant and activator, CXCL8, in human airway epithelial cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that the combination of HRV and CSE induces expression of levels of CXCL8 that are at least additive relative to induction by each stimulus alone, and that enhancement of CXCL8 expression by HRV+CSE is regulated, at least in part, via mRNA stabilization. Here we further investigate the mechanisms by which HRV+CSE enhances CXCL8 expression. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were cultured and treated with CSE alone, HRV alone or the combination of the two stimuli. Stabilizing/destabilizing proteins adenine/uridine-rich factor-1 (AUF-1), KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) and human antigen R (HuR) were measured in cell lysates to determine expression levels following treatment. siRNA knockdown of each protein was used to assess their contribution to the induction of CXCL8 expression following treatment of cells with HRV and CSE. RESULTS We show that total expression of stabilizing/de-stabilizing proteins linked to CXCL8 regulation, including AUF-1, KHSRP and HuR, are not altered by CSE, HRV or the combination of the two stimuli. Importantly, however, siRNA-mediated knock-down of HuR, but not AUF-1 or KHSRP, abolishes the enhancement of CXCL8 by HRV+CSE. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with student Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis and values of p≤ 0.05 were considered significant. CONCLUSIONS Induction of CXCL8 by the combination of HRV and CSE is regulated by mRNA stabilization involving HuR. Thus, targeting the HuR pathway may be an effective method of dampening CXCL8 production during HRV-induced exacerbations of lower airway disease, particularly in COPD patients and asthmatic patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena H Hudy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, HRIC 4AC60, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive N,W,, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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15
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Koarai A, Yanagisawa S, Sugiura H, Ichikawa T, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Nakanishi M, Matsunaga K, Minakata Y, Ichinose M. Cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of toll-like receptor 3 in human macrophages. Respirology 2013; 17:1018-25. [PMID: 22591330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was shown to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, especially viral-derived double-stranded RNA, and to be involved in immune responses. However, the effects of cigarette smoke on TLR3 remain unclear. In this study, it was examined whether cigarette smoke affects the expression and responses of TLR3 in human macrophages. METHODS The expression of TLR3 in alveolar macrophages from human lung tissues was analysed by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation of TLR3 expression with smoking history and lung function was evaluated. In addition, the effect of cigarette smoke on the expression and responses of TLR3 in macrophage lineage cells was investigated. RESULTS TLR3-positive alveolar macrophage numbers were significantly increased in smokers and COPD patients compared with non-smoking control subjects, but there was no difference between smokers and COPD patients. TLR3-positive macrophage numbers were positively correlated with smoking history and inversely correlated with corrected carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, but were not correlated with % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Furthermore, cigarette smoke extract potentiated the expression of TLR3 in monocyte-derived macrophages and significantly augmented the release of interleukin-8, as well as total matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, in cells treated with TLR3 ligand. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of TLR3 in human macrophages, and this may contribute to neutrophilic airway inflammation and parenchymal destruction in the lungs of smokers and patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Koarai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Schreiber MT, Schuler B, Li L, Hall DJ. Activation of the small G-protein Rac by human rhinovirus attenuates the TLR3/IFN-α axis while promoting CCL2 release in human monocyte-lineage cells. Innate Immun 2012; 19:278-89. [PMID: 23060458 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rhinoviral infections, a major cause of asthma exacerbations, occur predominantly in upper airway bronchial epithelial cells, monocytic-lineage cells are implicated in establishing the inflammatory microenvironment observed during the disease. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is unique in that nearly genetically identical viruses bind either the ICAM-1 or low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R). Within minutes of binding, HRV is capable of eliciting a signaling response in both epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. It is unclear whether this signaling response is important to the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators, particularly in cells not capable of supporting viral replication. We show here that the small molecular mass G-protein Rac is activated following exposure of macrophages to HRV serotypes known to be ICAM-1- and LDL-R-tropic. We demonstrate that inhibiting Rac resulted in the upregulation of TLR3 in macrophages exposed to major- and minor-group HRV, and resulted in increased release of IFN-α. Furthermore, inhibiting Rac in HRV-exposed macrophages attenuated activation of the stress kinase p38 and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL2, but inhibiting Rac did not affect release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL5. These findings suggest that Rac is an important regulator in establishing the inflammatory microenvironment that is initiated in the human airway upon exposure to rhinovirus.
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17
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Chun YH, Kim HS, Lee H, Won S, Yoon JS, Kim HH, Kim JT, Lee JS. Sodium sulfite enhances rhinovirus-induced chemokine production in airway epithelial cells. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 89:718-722. [PMID: 22898886 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of sodium sulfite (Na(2)SO(3)) on rhinovirus (RV)-induced chemokine production in A549 airway epithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that the treatment of A549 cells with 2,500 μM Na(2)SO(3) enhanced the mRNA expression of RV-induced interleukin (IL)-8 1.8 fold (p = 0.025); and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), 2.9 fold (p = 0.025). Moreover, the secretion of IL-8, RANTES, and interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10 was increased in a statistically significant manner without affecting cell viability and RV replication. Our results suggest that Na(2)SO(3) may potentiate RV infection by enhancing chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hong Chun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Comer DM, Elborn JS, Ennis M. Comparison of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with COPD. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32924. [PMID: 22412951 PMCID: PMC3295776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For in vitro studies of airway pathophysiology, primary epithelial cells have many advantages over immortalised cell lines. Nasal epithelial cells are easier to obtain than bronchial epithelial cells and can be used as an alternative for in vitro studies. Our objective was to compare nasal and bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with COPD to establish if these cells respond similarly to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Cell cultures from paired nasal and bronchial brushings (21 subjects) were incubated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) prior to stimulation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by ELISA and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) message and expression by RT-PCR and FACS respectively. IL-8 release correlated significantly between the two cell types. IL-6 secretion was significantly less from bronchial compared to nasal epithelial cells and secreted concentrations did not correlate. A 4 h CSE incubation was immunosuppressive for both nasal and bronchial cells, however prolonged incubation for 24 h was pro-inflammatory solely for the nasal cells. CSE reduced TLR-4 expression in bronchial cells only after 24 h, and was without effect on mRNA expression. In subjects with COPD, nasal epithelial cells cannot substitute for in vitro bronchial epithelial cells in airway inflammation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Comer
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - J. Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Ennis
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Amineva SP, Aminev AG, Gern JE, Palmenberg AC. Comparison of rhinovirus A infection in human primary epithelial and HeLa cells. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2549-2557. [PMID: 21752966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HeLa cells are used to study the life cycles of many different viruses, including the human rhinoviruses (HRV) in the family Picornaviridae. Although the natural targets of HRV are human bronchial epithelial cells (hBE), it is generally more difficult to obtain and maintain the relevant primary cell cultures, relative to HeLa cells. Given that the HRV are now identified as a major cause of human asthma exacerbations, it becomes important to document how much of the virus biology learned from HeLa cells is common also to natural primary cells. When compared directly in matched infections using A01a virus, the kinetics of RNA replication, the synthesis and processing of viral proteins and the general subcellular localization of key non-structural proteins were resembled in hBE and HeLa cells. Viral-induced shutoff of host cell processes (e.g. nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking) was also comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Amineva
- School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A G Aminev
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J E Gern
- School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - A C Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zhou J, Eksioglu EA, Fortenbery NR, Chen X, Wang H, Epling-Burnette PK, Djeu JY, Wei S. Bone marrow mononuclear cells up-regulate toll-like receptor expression and produce inflammatory mediators in response to cigarette smoke extract. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21173. [PMID: 21738617 PMCID: PMC3126797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports link cigarette smoking with leukemia. However, the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on bone marrow hematopoiesis remain unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate the direct effects of cigarette smoke on human bone marrow hematopoiesis and characterize the inflammatory process known to result from cigarette smoking. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) from healthy individuals when exposed to CSE had significantly diminished CFU-E, BFU-E and CFU-GM. We found increased nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and, independently, enhanced activation of AKT and ERK1/2. Exposure of BMCs to CSE induced IL-8 and TGF-β1 production, which was dependent on NF-κB and ERK1/2, but not on AKT. CSE treatment had no effect on the release of TNF-α, IL-10, or VEGF. Finally, CSE also had a significant induction of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4, out of which, the up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR3 was found to be dependent on ERK1/2 and NF-κB activation, but not AKT. These results indicate that CSE profoundly inhibits the growth of erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in the bone marrow. Further, CSE modulates NF-κB- and ERK1/2-dependent responses, suggesting that cigarette smoking may impair bone marrow hematopoiesis in vivo as well as induce inflammation, two processes that proceed malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhou
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erika A. Eksioglu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Fortenbery
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Chen
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Huaquan Wang
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pearlie K. Epling-Burnette
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julie Y. Djeu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sheng Wei
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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