1
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Zhuo J, Wang C, Kai Y, Xu Y, Cheng K. The role of autophagy regulated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and innate lymphoid cells in eosinophilic chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1310. [PMID: 38888464 PMCID: PMC11184929 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and autophagy are important physiological processes. But their roles in eCRSwNP remains controversial. METHODS In this study, we used the eCRSwNP mouse model, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors, and autophagy inhibitors and activators to investigate the regulatory effects of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway on autophagy, and their effects on eosinophilic inflammation, and tissue remodeling. The role of ILC2s in eCRSwNP was also studied, and the relationship between ILC2s and autophagy was preliminarily determined. RESULTS Our results show that eosinophilic inflammation in eCRSwNP mice could be inhibited by promoting the autophagy; otherwise, eosinophilic inflammation could be promoted. Meanwhile, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway can further promote autophagy and inhibit eosinophilic inflammation. Meanwhile, inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and promoting autophagy can reduce the number of ILC2s and the severity of tissue remodeling in the nasal polyps of eCRSwNP mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays roles in eosinophilic inflammation and tissue remodeling of eCRSwNP, in part by regulating the level of autophagy. The downregulation of autophagy is a pathogenesis of eCRSwNP; therefore, the recovery of normal autophagy levels might be a new target for eCRSwNP therapy. Furthermore, autophagy might inhibit eosinophilic inflammation and tissue remodeling, in part by reducing the number of ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Jing Zhuo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yi‐Long Kai
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ke‐Jia Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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2
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Salminen A. AMPK signaling inhibits the differentiation of myofibroblasts: impact on age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration. Biogerontology 2024; 25:83-106. [PMID: 37917219 PMCID: PMC10794430 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an accumulation of fibrotic lesions within tissues are two of the distinctive hallmarks of the aging process. Tissue fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which display an impressive plasticity in the regulation of ECM integrity and thus on tissue homeostasis. Single-cell transcriptome studies have revealed that tissue fibroblasts exhibit a remarkable heterogeneity with aging and in age-related diseases. Excessive stress and inflammatory insults induce the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which are fusiform contractile cells and abundantly secrete the components of the ECM and proteolytic enzymes as well as many inflammatory mediators. Detrimental stresses can also induce the transdifferentiation of certain mesenchymal and myeloid cells into myofibroblasts. Interestingly, many age-related stresses, such as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, ECM stiffness, inflammatory mediators, telomere shortening, and several alarmins from damaged cells are potent inducers of myofibroblast differentiation. Intriguingly, there is convincing evidence that the signaling pathways stimulated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are potent inhibitors of myofibroblast differentiation and accordingly AMPK signaling reduces fibrotic lesions within tissues, e.g., in age-related cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. AMPK signaling is not only an important regulator of energy metabolism but it is also able to control cell fate determination and many functions of the immune system. It is known that AMPK signaling can delay the aging process via an integrated signaling network. AMPK signaling inhibits myofibroblast differentiation, e.g., by suppressing signaling through the TGF-β, NF-κB, STAT3, and YAP/TAZ pathways. It seems that AMPK signaling can alleviate age-related tissue fibrosis and degeneration by inhibiting the differentiation of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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3
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Gong X, Han Z, Fan H, Wu Y, He Y, Fu Y, Zhu T, Li H. The interplay of inflammation and remodeling in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: current understanding and future directions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238673. [PMID: 37771597 PMCID: PMC10523020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a common clinical condition characterized by persistent mucosal inflammation and tissue remodeling, has a complex pathogenesis that is intricately linked to innate and adaptive immunity. A number of studies have demonstrated that a variety of immune cells and cytokines that play a vital role in mediating inflammation in CRS are also involved in remodeling of the nasal mucosa and the cells as well as different cytokines involved in remodeling in CRS are also able to exert some influence on inflammation, even though the exact relationship between inflammation and remodeling in CRS has not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, the potential role of immune cells and cytokines in regulating inflammation and remodeling of CRS mucosa has been described, starting with the immune cells and cytokines that act together in inflammation and remodeling. The goal is to aid researchers in understanding intimate connection between inflammation and remodeling of CRS and to offer novel ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Gong
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhoutong Han
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongli Fan
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanqiong He
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijie Fu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Zhu
- Health and Rehabilitation College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Kidney Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071123. [PMID: 35887620 PMCID: PMC9324204 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disease, characterized by diffuse fibrosis and abnormalities of microcirculation and small arterioles in the skin, joints and visceral organs. Material and Methods: We searched for the relevant articles on systemic sclerosis and kidney involvement in systemic sclerosis in the NIH library of medicine, transplant, rheumatologic and nephrological journals. Results: Half of patients with systemic sclerosis have clinical evidence of kidney involvement. Scleroderma renal crisis represents the most specific and serious renal event associated with this condition. It is characterized by an abrupt onset of moderate to marked hypertension and kidney failure. Early and aggressive treatment is mandatory to prevent irreversible organ damage and death. The advent of ACE-inhibitors revolutionized the management of scleroderma renal crisis. However, the outcomes of this serious complication are still poor, and between 20 to 50% of patients progress to end stage renal disease. Conclusions: Scleroderma renal crisis still represents a serious and life-threatening event. Thus, further studies on its prevention and on new therapeutic strategies should be encouraged.
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5
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Biodegradable Stent with mTOR Inhibitor-Eluting Reduces Progression of Ureteral Stricture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115664. [PMID: 34073521 PMCID: PMC8199408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) drug-eluting biodegradable stent (DE stent), a putative restenosis-inhibiting device for coronary artery, on thermal-injury-related ureteral stricture in rabbits. In vitro evaluation confirmed the dose-dependent effect of mTORi, i.e., rapamycin, on fibrotic markers in ureteral component cell lines. Upper ureteral fibrosis was induced by ureteral thermal injury in open surgery, which was followed by insertion of biodegradable stents, with or without rapamycin drug-eluting. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed 4 weeks after the operation to determine gross anatomy changes, collagen deposition, expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, including Smad, α-SMA, and SNAI 1. Ureteral thermal injury resulted in severe ipsilateral hydronephrosis. The levels of type III collagen, Smad, α-SMA, and SNAI 1 were increased 28 days after ureteral thermal injury. Treatment with mTORi-eluting biodegradable stents significantly attenuated thermal injury-induced urinary tract obstruction and reduced the level of fibrosis proteins, i.e., type III collagen. TGF-β and EMT signaling pathway markers, Smad and SNAI 1, were significantly modified in DE stent-treated thermal-injury-related ureteral stricture rabbits. These results suggested that intra-ureteral administration of rapamycin by DE stent provides modification of fibrosis signaling pathway, and inhibiting mTOR may result in fibrotic process change.
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6
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Magadum A, Singh N, Kurian AA, Sharkar MTK, Sultana N, Chepurko E, Kaur K, Żak MM, Hadas Y, Lebeche D, Sahoo S, Hajjar R, Zangi L. Therapeutic Delivery of Pip4k2c-Modified mRNA Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in the Failing Heart. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004661. [PMID: 34026458 PMCID: PMC8132051 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the risk factors for HF is cardiac hypertrophy (CH), which is frequently accompanied by cardiac fibrosis (CF). CH and CF are controlled by master regulators mTORC1 and TGF-β, respectively. Type-2-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate-4-kinase-gamma (Pip4k2c) is a known mTORC1 regulator. It is shown that Pip4k2c is significantly downregulated in the hearts of CH and HF patients as compared to non-injured hearts. The role of Pip4k2c in the heart during development and disease is unknown. It is shown that deleting Pip4k2c does not affect normal embryonic cardiac development; however, three weeks after TAC, adult Pip4k2c-/- mice has higher rates of CH, CF, and sudden death than wild-type mice. In a gain-of-function study using a TAC mouse model, Pip4k2c is transiently upregulated using a modified mRNA (modRNA) gene delivery platform, which significantly improve heart function, reverse CH and CF, and lead to increased survival. Mechanistically, it is shown that Pip4k2c inhibits TGFβ1 via its N-terminal motif, Pip5k1α, phospho-AKT 1/2/3, and phospho-Smad3. In sum, loss-and-gain-of-function studies in a TAC mouse model are used to identify Pip4k2c as a potential therapeutic target for CF, CH, and HF, for which modRNA is a highly translatable gene therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Magadum
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Neha Singh
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Ann Anu Kurian
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Mohammad Tofael Kabir Sharkar
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Nishat Sultana
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Elena Chepurko
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Keerat Kaur
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Magdalena M. Żak
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Yoav Hadas
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Roger Hajjar
- Phospholamban FoundationAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lior Zangi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Black Family Stem Cell InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
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7
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Erfan OS, Sonpol HMA, Abd El-Kader M. Protective effect of rapamycin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity: The associations between autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1984-1998. [PMID: 33480149 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACRL) was demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity and programmed cell death (PCD). Rapamycin (RAPA)-induced autophagy had been reported to limit the progression of hepatocellular injury in experimental models. This research was designed to study two death pathways involved in ACRL-induced hepatotoxicity and the modulating effect of RAPA on the resulting hepatic injury. Thirty-six adult male rats were divided into three groups: control group, ACRL-treated group (20 mg kg/day), and the last group co-treated with ACRL plus RAPA (0.5 mg kg/day). Drugs were administered for 21 days via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Livers were dissected; parts were used for detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue levels. Other parts were processed for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, immunostaining for microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3), ubiquitin-binding protein (p62), caspase-3, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). ACRL induced a significant elevation in ALT, AST, MDA levels, and reduction in the SOD level. ACRL also induced hepatocellular injury, fibrosis, and defective autophagy indicated by elevation of LC3 and p62 and increased p62/LC3 ratio. Moreover, it increased the apoptotic (caspase-3) and necroptotic (RIPK1) markers expression. RAPA significantly reduced liver enzymes, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and improved liver histology. Moreover, RAPA decreased p62/LC3 ratio indicated enhanced autophagy, and significantly reduced caspase-3 and RIPK1 expression. In conclusion, RAPA maintained autophagic activity which may save the hepatocytes from PCD and enhance cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S Erfan
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hany M A Sonpol
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Basic medical sciences department, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abd El-Kader
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Agha O, Diaz A, Davies M, Kim HT, Liu X, Feeley BT. Rotator cuff tear degeneration and the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1490:13-28. [PMID: 32725671 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of rotator cuff tears poses challenges to individual patients and the healthcare system at large. This orthopedic injury is complicated further by high rates of retear after surgical repair. Outcomes following repair are highly dependent upon the quality of the injured rotator cuff muscles, and it is, therefore, crucial that the pathophysiology of rotator cuff degeneration continues to be explored. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors, a major population of resident muscle stem cells, have emerged as the main source of intramuscular fibrosis and fatty infiltration, both of which are key features of rotator cuff muscle degeneration. Improvements to rotator cuff repair outcomes will likely require addressing the muscle pathology produced by these cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the current rotator cuff degeneration assessment tools, the effects of poor muscle quality on patient outcomes, the role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors in mediating muscle pathology, and how these cells could be leveraged for potential therapeutics to augment current rotator cuff surgical and rehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiajulu Agha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Agustin Diaz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Davies
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Hubert T Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Xuhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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9
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Kumar V, Kurth T, Zheleznova NN, Yang C, Cowley AW. NOX4/H 2O 2/mTORC1 Pathway in Salt-Induced Hypertension and Kidney Injury. Hypertension 2020; 76:133-143. [PMID: 32475313 PMCID: PMC10629473 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) dietary intake activates mTORC1 and inhibition of this pathway with rapamycin blunts the chronic phase of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. In SS rats, high-salt intake is known to increase the renal production of H2O2 by NOX4, the most abundant NOX isoform in the kidney, and the global knockout of NOX4 blunts salt-sensitivity in these rats. Here, we explored the hypothesis that elevations of H2O2 by NOX4 in high-salt fed SS rat stimulate mTORC1 for the full development of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury. Our in vitro studies found that H2O2 activates mTORC1 independent of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways. To determine the in vivo relevance of NOX4/H2O2/mTORC1 in the salt-induced hypertension, SS-Nox4 knockout (SSNox4-/-) rats were daily administrated with vehicle/rapamycin fed a high-salt diet for 21 days. Rapamycin treatment of SSNox4-/- rats had shown no augmented effect on the salt-induced hypertension nor upon indices of renal injury. Significant reductions of renal T lymphocyte and macrophage together with inhibition of cell proliferation were observed in rapamycin treated rats suggesting a role of mTORC1 independent of NOX4 in the proliferation of immune cell. Given the direct activation of mTORC1 by H2O2 and absence of any further protection from salt-induced hypertension in rapamycin-treated SSNox4-/- rats, we conclude that NOX4-H2O2 is a major upstream activator of mTORC1 that contributes importantly to salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in the SS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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10
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Ryu G, Bae JS, Kim JH, Kim EH, Lyu L, Chung YJ, Mo JH. Role of IL-17A in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyp. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:507-522. [PMID: 32141263 PMCID: PMC7061155 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Th17-associated inflammation is increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP), and is associated with disease severity and steroid resistance. Overexpressed interleukin (IL)-17A affects CRSwNP by tissue remodeling, eosinophilic accumulation, and neutrophilic infiltration. We aimed to identify the role of IL-17A in CRSwNP and to evaluate the effects of anti-IL-17A blocking antibody on nasal polyp (NP) formation using a murine NP model. Moreover, we sought to investigate whether the inhibition of mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway could suppress IL-17A expression and NP formation. Methods Human sinonasal tissues from control subjects and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence staining. The effects of IL-17A neutralizing antibody and rapamycin were evaluated in a murine NP model. Mouse samples were analyzed using IHC, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results IL-17A+ inflammatory cells were significantly increased in number in NP from patients with CRSwNP compared to that in uncinate process tissues from control subjects and patients with CRS without NP or CRSwNP. CD68+ M1 macrophages dominantly expressed IL-17A, followed by neutrophils and T helper cells, in NP tissues. Neutralization of IL-17A effectively reduced the number of NPs, inflammatory cytokines, and IL-17A-producing cells, including M1 macrophages. Inhibition of IL-17A via the mTOR pathway using rapamycin also attenuated NP formation and inflammation in the murine NP model. Conclusions IL-17A possibly plays a role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP, the major cellular source being M1 macrophage in NP tissues. Targeting IL-17A directly or indirectly may be an effective therapeutic strategy for CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwanghui Ryu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jun Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young Jun Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
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11
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Lu J, Zhuang W, Li L, Zhang B, Yang L, Liu D, Yu H, Luo R, Wang Y. Micelle-Embedded Layer-by-Layer Coating with Catechol and Phenylboronic Acid for Tunable Drug Loading, Sustained Release, Mild Tissue Response, and Selective Cell Fate for Re-endothelialization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10337-10350. [PMID: 30753784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tunable/sustained drug loading/releasing are of significance in addressing low cytotoxicity, long-term performance, and localized mild healing response in biomedical applications. With an ingenious design, a self-healing sandwiched layer-by-layer (LBL) coating was constructed by using chitosan/heparin as adopted polyelectrolytes with embedding of micelles, in which the chitosan backbone was grafted with catechol and the micelle was modified with exposed phenylboronic acid, endowing the coating with enhanced stability by abundant interactions among coating components (e.g., boric acid ester bond formation, weak intermolecular cross-linking, π-π interactions, and H-bonding). Moreover, rapamycin and atorvastatin calcium were selected as drug candidates and loaded into micelles, followed by drug-releasing behavior study. It was found that the LBL coating maintained a linear growth mode up to 30 cycles, giving a favorable tunability of coating construction and drug loading. The coating could also support sustained release of payloads and provide wild tissue response. With the systematic in vitro and in vivo study, such catechol-phenylboronic acid-enhanced LBL coating with drug loading would also address enhanced antiplatelet adhesion/activation and direct cell fate of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells via tuning of coating cycles and loaded drugs. With modular assembly, such coating indicated potential for achieving enhanced re-endothelialization for vascular implants.
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12
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Expression of mTOR in Primary Pterygium and its Correlation with α-Smooth Muscle Actin. Eur J Ophthalmol 2017. [PMID: 28623647 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been shown to affect many cellular functions, such as cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. However, there has been minimal focus on the expression of mTOR in pterygium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of mTOR and the correlation between the levels of mTOR and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a marker of transdifferentiation) in pterygium. Methods Primary pterygium samples from 28 patients and normal conjunctival samples from 16 patients were surgically removed and analyzed. The expression levels of mTOR and α-SMA in the excised specimens were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, correlations between the mTOR and α-SMA expression levels were studied. Results The expression of mTOR and α-SMA was significantly higher in the pterygium tissues than in normal conjunctiva tissues. A significant positive correlation was detected between the number of mTOR-immunopositive fibroblasts and the number of α-SMA-immunopositive fibroblasts (ρ = 0.463, p = 0.0078). Additionally, mTOR expression was significantly correlated with α-SMA expression (ρ = 0.269, p = 0.031) in pterygium. Conclusions There was an increased expression of mTOR in pterygium samples compared to that in normal conjunctival tissues, with a positive correlation with α-SMA expression. These findings might be involved in the pathogenesis of pterygium.
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Lee JT. Paradigm Shifts in the Medical and Surgical Management of Rhinologic and Allergic Disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/194589241603000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lee JT. Paradigm shifts in the medical and surgical management of rhinologic and allergic disease. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30:377-378. [PMID: 28124645 PMCID: PMC5108837 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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