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Jin C, Matsuo H, Nakayama Y, Shigita G, Inoue Y, Kato K, Takano Y. A deletion in FLS2 and its expansion after domestication caused global dissemination of melon cultivars defective in flagellin recognition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38924650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) encodes a pattern recognition receptor that perceives bacterial flagellin. While putative FLS2 orthologs are broadly conserved in plants, their functional characterization remains limited. Here, we report the identification of orthologs in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (C. melo), named CsFLS2 and CmFLS2, respectively. Homology searching identified CsFLS2, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) demonstrated that CsFLS2 is required for flg22-triggered ROS generation. Interestingly, genome re-sequencing of melon cv. Lennon and subsequent genomic PCR revealed that Lennon has two CmFLS2 haplotypes, haplotype I encoding full-length CmFLS2 and haplotype II encoding a truncated form. We show that VIGS-mediated knockdown of CmFLS2 haplotype I resulted in a significant reduction in both flg22-triggered ROS generation and immunity to a bacterial pathogen in melon cv. Lennon. Remarkably, genomic PCR of CmFLS2 revealed that 68% of tested commercial melon cultivars possess only CmFLS2 haplotype II: these cultivars thus lack functional CmFLS2. To explore evolutionary aspects of CmFLS2 haplotype II occurrence, we genotyped the CmFLS2 locus in 142 melon accessions by genomic PCR and analyzed 437 released sequences. The results suggest that CmFLS2 haplotype II is derived from C. melo subsp. melo. Furthermore, we suggest that the proportion of CmFLS2 haplotype II increased among the improved melo group compared with the primitive melo group. Collectively, these findings suggest that the deleted FLS2 locus generated in the primitive melo subspecies expanded after domestication, resulting in the spread of commercial melon cultivars defective in flagellin recognition, which is critical for bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujia Jin
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gentaro Shigita
- Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity Research, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Kato
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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2
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Mancinotti D, Rodriguez MC, Frick KM, Dueholm B, Jepsen DG, Agerbirk N, Geu-Flores F. Development and application of a virus-induced gene silencing protocol for the study of gene function in narrow-leafed lupin. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:131. [PMID: 34963500 PMCID: PMC8714437 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupins are promising protein crops with an increasing amount of genomic and transcriptomic resources. The new resources facilitate the in silico identification of candidate genes controlling important agronomic traits. However, a major bottleneck for lupin research and crop improvement is the in planta characterization of gene function. Here, we present an efficient protocol for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to down-regulate endogenous genes in narrow-leafed lupin (NLL) using the apple latent spherical virus (ALSV). RESULTS We identified ALSV as an appropriate VIGS vector able to infect NLL without causing a discernible phenotype. We created improved ALSV vectors to allow for efficient cloning of gene fragments into the viral genome and for easier viral propagation via agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana. Using this system, we silenced the visual marker gene phytoene desaturase (PDS), which resulted in systemic, homogenous silencing as indicated by bleaching of newly produced tissues. Furthermore, by silencing lysine decarboxylase (LaLDC)-a gene likely to be involved in toxic alkaloid biosynthesis-we demonstrate the applicability of our VIGS method to silence a target gene alone or alongside PDS in a 'PDS co-silencing' approach. The co-silencing approach allows the visual identification of tissues where silencing is actively occurring, which eases tissue harvesting and downstream analysis, and is useful where the trait under study is not affected by PDS silencing. Silencing LaLDC resulted in a ~ 61% or ~ 67% decrease in transcript level, depending on whether LaLDC was silenced alone or alongside PDS. Overall, the silencing of LaLDC resulted in reduced alkaloid levels, providing direct evidence of its involvement in alkaloid biosynthesis in NLL. CONCLUSIONS We provide a rapid and efficient VIGS method for validating gene function in NLL. This will accelerate the research and improvement of this underutilized crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mancinotti
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Cecilia Rodriguez
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Karen Michiko Frick
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Dueholm
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ditte Goldschmidt Jepsen
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Fernando Geu-Flores
- Section for Plant Biochemistry and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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3
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Izuishi Y, Isaka N, Li H, Nakanishi K, Kageyama J, Ishikawa K, Shimada T, Masuta C, Yoshikawa N, Kusano H, Yazaki K. Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13555. [PMID: 32782359 PMCID: PMC7421898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a medicinal plant that produces shikonin, a red lipophilic naphthoquinone derivative that accumulates exclusively in roots. The biosynthetic steps required to complete the naphthalene ring of shikonin and its mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Multiple omics studies identified several candidate genes involved in shikonin production. The functions of these genes can be evaluated using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems, which have been shown advantageous in introducing iRNA genes into non-model plants. This study describes the development of a VIGS system using an apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector and a target gene, phytoene desaturase (LePDS1). Virus particles packaged in Nicotiana benthamiana were inoculated into L. erythrorhizon seedlings, yielding new leaves with albino phenotype but without disease symptoms. The levels of LePDS1 mRNAs were significantly lower in the albino plants than in mock control or escape plants. Virus-derived mRNA was detected in infected plants but not in escape and mock plants. Quantitative PCR and deep sequencing analysis indicated that transcription of another hypothetical PDS gene (LePDS2) also decreased in the defective leaves. Virus infection, however, had no effect on shikonin production. These results suggest that virus-based genetic transformation and the VIGS system silence target genes in soil-grown L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Izuishi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Natsumi Isaka
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Joji Kageyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka 3-18-8, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
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4
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Li C, Ito M, Kasajima I, Yoshikawa N. Estimation of the functions of viral RNA silencing suppressors by apple latent spherical virus vector. Virus Genes 2020; 56:67-77. [PMID: 31646461 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) is a latent virus with wide host range of plant species. In the present study, we prepared ALSV vectors expressing RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) from eight plant viruses: P19 of carnation Italian ring spot virus (tombusvirus), 2b of peanut stunt virus (cucumovirus), NSs of tomato spotted wilt virus (tospovirus), HC-Pro of bean yellow mosaic virus (potyvirus), γb of barley stripe mosaic virus (hordeivirus), P15 of peanut clump virus (pecluvirus), P1 of rice yellow mottle virus (sobemovirus), or P21 of beet yellows virus (closterovirus). These vectors were inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana to investigate the effects of RSSs on the virulence and accumulation of ALSV. Among the vectors, ALSV expressing NSs (ALSV-NSs) developed severe mosaic symptoms in newly developed leaves followed by plant death. Infection of ALSV-γb induced characteristic concentric ringspot symptoms on leaves, and plants infected with ALSV-HC-Pro showed mosaic and dwarf symptoms. Infection of the other five ALSV vectors did not show symptoms. ELISA and immunoblot assay indicated that virus titer increased in leaves infected with ALSV-NSs, γb, HC-Pro, or P19. RT-qPCR indicated that the amount of ALSV in plants infected with ALSV-NSs was increased by approximately 45 times compared with that of wtALSV without expression of any RSS. When ALSV-P19, NSs, or HC-Pro was inoculated to Cucumis sativus plants, none of these ALSV vectors induced symptoms, but accumulation of ALSV in plants infected with ALSV-NSs was increased, suggesting that functions of RSSs on virulence and accumulation of ALSV depend on host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiang Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasajima
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
- Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
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5
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Dommes AB, Gross T, Herbert DB, Kivivirta KI, Becker A. Virus-induced gene silencing: empowering genetics in non-model organisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:757-770. [PMID: 30452695 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an RNA interference-based technology used to transiently knock down target gene expression by utilizing modified plant viral genomes. VIGS can be adapted to many angiosperm species that cover large phylogenetic distances, allowing the analysis of gene functions in species that are not amenable to stable genetic transformation. With a vast amount of sequence information already available and even more likely to become available in the future, VIGS provides a means to analyze the functions of candidate genes identified in large genomic or transcriptomic screens. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of target species and VIGS vector systems, assess recent key publications in the field, and explain how plant viruses are modified to serve as VIGS vectors. As many reports on the VIGS technique are being published, we also propose minimal reporting guidelines for carrying out these experiments, with the aim of increasing comparability between experiments. Finally, we propose methods for the statistical evaluation of phenotypic results obtained with VIGS-treated plants, as analysis is challenging due to the predominantly transient nature of the silencing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Dommes
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise B Herbert
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kimmo I Kivivirta
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
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6
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Kasajima I. Measuring plant colors. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:63-75. [PMID: 31768106 PMCID: PMC6847779 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant colors such as 'green leaf' and 'red apple' are often described based on human sense, even in scientific papers. On the other hand, colors are measured based on colorimetric principles in some papers, especially in the studies of horticultural plants. The science of color measurements ('colorimetry') is not included in any of the popular lectures in schools and universities, thus the principles of color measurements would not be understood by most researchers. The present review will overview the principles of colorimetry, and will introduce colorimetric methods which can be used for scientific measurement of plant colors. That is to say, the reflection spectrum of visible light (380-780 nm) is measured at 5-nm intervals on the surface of leaves or petals in 'Spectrometric Color Measurement' (SCM). The spectral data is multiplied with RGB or XYZ color matching functions and integrated to obtain RGB or XYZ intensities. Alternatively, approximate RGB values are directly obtained in 'Photographic Color Measurement' (PCM). RGB/XYZ intensities are further calculated to obtain 'hue', 'saturation', and 'lightness', the three factors of colors. Colorimetric insights into genetic regulations (such as MYB gene) and physiological regulations (such as alexandrite effect) of plant colors are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kasajima
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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7
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Kim KH, Lim S, Kang YJ, Yoon MY, Nam M, Jun TH, Seo MJ, Baek SB, Lee JH, Moon JK, Lee SH, Lee SH, Lim HS, Moon JS, Park CH. Optimization of a Virus-Induced Gene Silencing System with Soybean yellow common mosaic virus for Gene Function Studies in Soybeans. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:112-22. [PMID: 27147931 PMCID: PMC4853101 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2015.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective tool for the study of soybean gene function. Successful VIGS depends on the interaction between virus spread and plant growth, which can be influenced by environmental conditions. Recently, we developed a new VIGS system derived from the Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV). Here, we investigated several environmental and developmental factors to improve the efficiency of a SYCMV-based VIGS system to optimize the functional analysis of the soybean. Following SYCMV: Glycine max-phytoene desaturase (GmPDS) infiltration, we investigated the effect of photoperiod, inoculation time, concentration of Agrobacterium inoculm, and growth temperature on VIGS efficiency. In addition, the relative expression of GmPDS between non-silenced and silenced plants was measured by qRT-PCR. We found that gene silencing efficiency was highest at a photoperiod of 16/8 h (light/dark) at a growth temperature of approximately 27°C following syringe infiltration to unrolled unifoliolate leaves in cotyledon stage with a final SYCMV:GmPDS optimal density (OD)600 of 2.0. Using this optimized protocol, we achieved high efficiency of GmPDS-silencing in various soybean germplasms including cultivated and wild soybeans. We also confirmed that VIGS occurred in the entire plant, including the root, stem, leaves, and flowers, and could transmit GmPDS to other soybean germplasms via mechanical inoculation. This optimized protocol using a SYCMV-based VIGS system in the soybean should provide a fast and effective method to elucidate gene functions and for use in large-scale screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kil Hyun Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Seungmo Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350,
Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Moon Nam
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 627-706,
Korea
| | - Min-Jung Seo
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Seong-Bum Baek
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Jeom-Ho Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Jung-Kyung Moon
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Jae Sun Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350,
Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707,
Korea
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8
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Asano S, Matsushita Y, Hirayama Y, Naka T. Simultaneous detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus
,Dahlia mosaic virus
and Chrysanthemum stunt viroid
by multiplex RT-PCR in dahlias and their distribution in Japanese dahlias. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:113-20. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Asano
- Nara Prefectural Agricultural Research and Development Center; Kashihara Nara Japan
| | - Y. Matsushita
- NARO Institute of Floricultural Science; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y. Hirayama
- Nara Prefectural Agricultural Research and Development Center; Kashihara Nara Japan
| | - T. Naka
- Nara Prefectural Agricultural Research and Development Center; Kashihara Nara Japan
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9
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Kaido M, Abe K, Mine A, Hyodo K, Taniguchi T, Taniguchi H, Mise K, Okuno T. GAPDH--a recruits a plant virus movement protein to cortical virus replication complexes to facilitate viral cell-to-cell movement. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004505. [PMID: 25411849 PMCID: PMC4239097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of virus movement protein (MP)-containing punctate structures on the cortical endoplasmic reticulum is required for efficient intercellular movement of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), a bipartite positive-strand RNA plant virus. We found that these cortical punctate structures constitute a viral replication complex (VRC) in addition to the previously reported aggregate structures that formed adjacent to the nucleus. We identified host proteins that interacted with RCNMV MP in virus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using a tandem affinity purification method followed by mass spectrometry. One of these host proteins was glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-A (NbGAPDH-A), which is a component of the Calvin-Benson cycle in chloroplasts. Virus-induced gene silencing of NbGAPDH-A reduced RCNMV multiplication in the inoculated leaves, but not in the single cells, thereby suggesting that GAPDH-A plays a positive role in cell-to-cell movement of RCNMV. The fusion protein of NbGAPDH-A and green fluorescent protein localized exclusively to the chloroplasts. In the presence of RCNMV RNA1, however, the protein localized to the cortical VRC as well as the chloroplasts. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and GST pulldown assay confirmed in vivo and in vitro interactions, respectively, between the MP and NbGAPDH-A. Furthermore, gene silencing of NbGAPDH-A inhibited MP localization to the cortical VRC. We discuss the possible roles of NbGAPDH-A in the RCNMV movement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kaido
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Abe
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Li C, Yamagishi N, Kaido M, Yoshikawa N. Presentation of epitope sequences from foreign viruses on the surface of apple latent spherical virus particles. Virus Res 2014; 190:118-26. [PMID: 25058477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) has small isometric particles that are comprised of two single-stranded RNA species (RNA1 and RNA2) and three capsid proteins (Vp25, Vp20, and Vp24). We constructed ALSV vectors for presenting foreign peptides on the surface of virus particles. In these vectors, peptides can be fused to either of two C-terminal regions of Vp20 (amino acid positions between G171 and P172 or between P172 and L173) or the C-terminus (T192) of Vp24. An ALSV vector presenting the epitope sequences of the coat protein (CP) of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) could systemically infect host plants and was specifically recognized by antiserum against ZYMV by ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting. RT-PCR showed that the epitope sequences up to 20 amino acids were stably maintained in the chimeric ALSV for more than 10 serial passages and at least six months. Purified chimeric ALSV particles induced an immune response and the production of antibodies against ZYMV-CP in rabbits. The ALSV vector was also used for expression of an epitope from VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - N Yamagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - M Kaido
- Department of Bioresource, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - N Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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