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Lin CW, Jankaew A, Lin CF. Physical Therapy Intervention Effects on Alteration of Spinal Excitability in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health 2024:19417381241253248. [PMID: 38804135 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241253248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common injury in athletes. Different forms of physical therapy have been applied to the population with CAI to assess their impact on spinal excitability. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of various physical therapy interventions on the alteration of spinal excitability in patients with CAI. DATA SOURCES Four databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus) were searched from inception to November 2022. STUDY SELECTION A total of 253 studies were obtained and screened; 11 studies on the effects of physical therapy intervention on the alteration of spinal excitability in patients with CAI were identified for meta-analysis. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3a. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 11 studies that included the maximal Hoffmann reflex normalized by the maximal muscle response (H/M ratio) in the peroneus longus and soleus muscles were extracted and summarized. The quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS The extracted studies had an average PEDro score of 4.7 ± 1.4, indicating that most of them had fair-to-good quality. The physical therapy interventions included cryotherapy, taping, mobilization, proprioceptive training, and dry needling. The overall effects showed that the H/M ratios of the peroneus longus (P = 0.44, I2 = 0%) and soleus (P = 0.56,I2 = 22%) muscles were not changed by physical therapy in patients with CAI. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis indicated that physical therapy interventions such as cryotherapy, taping, mobilization, proprioceptive training, and dry needling do not alter the spinal excitability in patients with CAI. Given that only 1 study reported ineffective changes in spinal excitability with dry needling, more research is essential to establish and validate its efficacy. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42022372998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Amornthep Jankaew
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Physical Therapy Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Talebian Nia M, Leclerc C, Glazebrook C, Chopek J, Giesbrecht GG. Corticospinal and spinal excitability during peripheral or central cooling in humans. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103489. [PMID: 36796930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure can impair fine and gross motor control and threaten survival. Most motor task decrement is due to peripheral neuromuscular factors. Less is known about cooling on central neural factors. Corticospinal and spinal excitability were determined during cooling of the skin (Tsk) and core (Tco). Eight subjects (four female) were actively cooled in a liquid perfused suit for 90 min (2 °C inflow temperature), passively cooled for 7 min, and then rewarmed for 30 min (41 °C inflow temperature). Stimulation blocks included 10 transcranial magnetic stimulations [eliciting motor evoked potentials (MEPs) which indicate corticospinal excitability], 8 trans-mastoid electrical stimulations [eliciting cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs) which indicate spinal excitability] and 2 brachial plexus electrical stimulations [eliciting maximal compound motor action potentials (Mmax)]. These stimulations were delivered every 30 min. Cooling for 90 min reduced Tsk to 18.2 °C while Tco did not change. At the end of rewarming Tsk returned to baseline while Tco decreased by 0.8 °C (afterdrop) (P < 0.001). Metabolic heat production was higher than baseline at the end of passive cooling (P = 0.01), and 7 min into rewarming (P = 0.04). MEP/Mmax remained unchanged throughout. CMEP/Mmax increased by 38% at end cooling (although increased variability at this time rendered the increase insignificant, P = 0.23) and 58% at end warming when Tco was 0.8 °C below baseline (P = 0.02). Cooling increased spinal excitability but not corticospinal excitability. Cooling may decrease cortical and/or supraspinal excitability which is compensated for by increased spinal excitability. This compensation is key to providing a motor task and survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Talebian Nia
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Leclerc
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Glazebrook
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - J Chopek
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - G G Giesbrecht
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreational Management, University of Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Depts. of Anesthesia and Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Choi J, Song K, Kim H, Lee SY, Park J. Effects of Unilateral Lower-extremity Joint Cooling on Movement Biomechanics during Two-legged Jumping and Landing. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2022.24.2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the immediate effect of unilateral ankle or knee joint cooling on the low-erextremity kinematics and kinetics during two-legged jumping and landing.METHODS Twenty healthy adults randomly completed three data collection sessions for ankle or knee joint cooling, or control. For each session, participants performed two-legged countermovement jumps and lands. For joint cooling, two ice bags were directly placed to the right side and secured with a compression bandage. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (200 Hz) with two floor-embedded force platforms (2000 Hz) was employed to capture the jumping and landing. The cooling effects on kinematical (flight time, and sagittal plane joint angles) and kinetical (peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), impulse, and sagittal plane joint moments) variables were examined. A mixed-model analysis of variance was performed for each dependent variable (<i>p</i>≤0.0001 for all tests).RESULTS We did not observe any interactions (flight time: F<sub>2,95</sub>=0.67, <i>p</i>=0.52; joint angles: F<sub>2,209</sub>≤2.26, <i>p</i>≥0.10; peak vGRF: F<sub>2,209</sub>≤1.76, <i>p</i>≥0.20; impulse: F<sub>2,209</sub>≤2.54, <i>p</i>≥0.10; joint moments: F<sub>2,209</sub>≤4.80, <i>p</i>≥0.01 for all interactions). Regardless of condition and time (side effect), subjects showed a dominant-leg predominant movement strategy. Specifically, the right side showed a greater peak vGRF (2%), and greater ankle (7%), knee (6%), and hip (11%) joint moments, as compared with the left side during jumping. The same movement pattern was observed during landing that there was greater peak vGRF (11%) and impulse (8%), and greater ankle and knee joint moments (15%). Regardless of time and side (condition effect), subjects with ankle joint cooling showed 5% lesser ankle joint moment during jumping, compared with those who received knee joint cooling (<i>p</i>=0.0001).CONCLUSIONS A 20-min of unilateral ankle or knee joint cooling seems to neither alter vertical jump height nor change movement biomechanics during two-legged jumping and landing.
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Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: Best Evidence, Mechanisms, and Theory for Treating the Unseen in Clinical Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:717-735. [PMID: 34883466 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) impedes the recovery of muscle function following joint injury, and in a broader sense, acts as a limiting factor in rehabilitation if left untreated. Despite a call to treat the underlying pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction more than three decades ago, the continued widespread observations of post-traumatic muscular impairments are concerning, and suggest that interventions for AMI are not being successfully integrated into clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To highlight the clinical relevance of AMI, provide updated evidence for the use of clinically accessible therapeutic adjuncts to treat AMI, and discuss the known or theoretical mechanisms for these interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for articles that investigated the effectiveness or efficacy of interventions to treat outcomes relevant to AMI. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 122 articles that investigated an intervention used to treat AMI among individuals with pathology or simulated pathology were retrieved from 1986 to 2021. Additional articles among uninjured individuals were considered when discussing mechanisms of effect. CONCLUSION AMI contributes to the characteristic muscular impairments observed in patients recovering from joint injuries. If left unresolved, AMI impedes short-term recovery and threatens patients' long-term joint health and well-being. Growing evidence supports the use of neuromodulatory strategies to facilitate muscle recovery over the course of rehabilitation. Interventions should be individualized to meet the needs of the patient through shared clinician-patient decision-making. At a minimum, we propose to keep the treatment approach simple by attempting to resolve inflammation, pain, and effusion early following injury.
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Single-Leg Drop Jump Biomechanics After Ankle or Knee Joint Cooling in Healthy Young Adults. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:271-278. [PMID: 34853186 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is unclear if lower-extremity joint cooling alters biomechanics during a functional movement. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of unilateral lower-extremity cryotherapy on movement alterations during a single-leg drop jump. DESIGN A crossover design. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS Twenty healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females; 23 y, 169 cm, 66 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Subjects completed a single-leg drop jump before and after a 20-minute ankle or knee joint cooling on the right leg, or control (seated without cooling) on 3 separate days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to peak knee flexion, vertical ground reaction force, lower-extremity joint angular velocity (sagittal plane only), and angle and moment (sagittal and frontal planes) in the involved leg over the entire ground contact (GC; from initial contact to jump-off) during the first landing. Time to peak knee flexion was compared using an analysis of variance; the rest of the outcome measures were analyzed using functional analyses of variance (P < .05). RESULTS Neither joint cooling condition changed the time to peak knee flexion (F2,95 = 0.73, P = .49). Ankle joint cooling reduced vertical ground reaction force (55 N at 4% of GC), knee joint angular velocity (44°/s during 5%-9% of GC), and knee varus moment (181 N·m during 18%-20% of GC). Knee joint cooling resulted in a reduction in knee joint angular velocity (24°/s during 37%-40% of GC) and hip adduction moment (151 N·m during 46%-48% of GC), and an increase in hip joint angular velocity (16°/s during 49%-53% of GC) and plantarflexion angle (1.5° during 11%-29% of GC). CONCLUSION Resuming activity immediately after lower-extremity joint cooling does not seem to predispose an individual to injury during landing because altered mechanics are neither overlapping with the injury time period nor of sufficient magnitude to lead to an injury.
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Hurrie DMG, Talebian Nia M, Power KE, Stecina K, Gardiner P, Lockyer EJ, Giesbrecht GG. Spinal and corticospinal excitability in response to reductions in skin and core temperature via whole-body cooling. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:195-205. [PMID: 34582724 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress impairs fine and gross motor movements. Although peripheral effects of muscle cooling on performance are well understood, less is known about central mechanisms. This study characterized corticospinal and spinal excitability during surface cooling, reducing skin (Tsk) and core (Tes) temperature. Ten subjects (3 female) wore a liquid-perfused suit and were cooled (9°C perfusate, 90 min) and rewarmed (41°C perfusate, 30 min). Transcranial magnetic stimulation [eliciting motor evoked potentials (MEPs)], as well as transmastoid [eliciting cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs)] and brachial plexus [eliciting maximal compound motor action potentials (Mmax)] electrical stimulation, were applied at baseline, every 20 min during cooling, and following rewarming. Sixty minutes of cooling, reduced Tsk by 9.6°C (P<0.001) but Tes remained unchanged (P=0.92). Tes then decreased ~0.6℃ in the next 30 minutes of cooling (P<0.001). Eight subjects shivered. During rewarming, shivering was abolished, and Tsk returned to baseline while Tes did not increase. During cooling and rewarming, Mmax, MEP, and MEP/Mmax were unchanged from baseline. However, CMEP and CMEP/Mmax increased during cooling by ~85% and 79% (P<0.001) respectively, and remained elevated post-rewarming. Results suggest that spinal excitability is facilitated by reduced Tsk during cooling, and reduced Tes during warming, while corticospinal excitability remains unchanged. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04253730 Novelty: • This is the first study to characterize corticospinal, and spinal excitability during whole body cooling, and rewarming in humans. • Whole body cooling did not affect corticospinal excitability. • Spinal excitability was facilitated during reductions in both skin and core temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Michael George Hurrie
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
| | - Morteza Talebian Nia
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and recreation management, 87 Radcliffe Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 3H2;
| | - Kevin E Power
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, Physical Education Building, Room 2022a, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C 5S7;
| | - Katinka Stecina
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Phillip Gardiner
- University of Manitoba College of Medicine, 12359, Physiology, 745 Bannatyne, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P5;
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, Physical Education Building, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C5S7;
| | - Gordon G Giesbrecht
- University of Manitoba, KRM, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, U of Man, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
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Time course of changes in range of motion, muscle shear elastic modulus, spinal excitability, and muscle temperature during superficial icing. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of Focal Knee Joint Cooling on Static and Dynamic Strength of the Quadriceps: Innovative Approach to Muscle Conditioning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094890. [PMID: 34064426 PMCID: PMC8125321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an innovative approach to muscle conditioning: focal knee joint cooling (FKJC) appears to improve quadriceps function, including static (isometric) strength. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of FKJC on dynamic (concentric and eccentric) strength. Thus, the purpose of the study was to examine dynamic quadriceps strength following FKJC as well as static strength. Twenty-one college-aged participants volunteered. They randomly underwent 20 min of FKJC and control condition at least 72 h apart. FKJC involves two ice bags, placed on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the knee, whereas the control condition received a plastic ice bag filled with candy corn. We assessed isometric and isokinetic (concentric and eccentric) quadriceps strength at two different velocities (60°/s and 180°/s). Participants performed three maximal voluntary contractions for each mode of muscle contraction, before and after each treatment (immediately, 20, and 40 min after). The outcome variable was maximum knee extension peak torque. FKJC did not change peak torque during any mode of muscle contraction (p > 0.05). The current findings suggest that 20 min of FKJC does not change static (isometric) or dynamic (isokinetic) strength of the quadriceps. FKJC was neither beneficial nor harmful to static or dynamic muscular strength.
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Ramírez-Ramírez C. Efecto de la crioterapia en la articulación tibiotarsiana en el área de sección transversa del tibial anterior y el sóleo en ratas. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v68n4.77367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La crioterapia se usa para tratar la inflamación articular aguda, sin embargo su efecto sobre el músculo relacionado con la articulación inflamada aún no ha sido estudiado.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la crioterapia sobre la articulación tibiotarsiana en el área de sección transversa (AST) de los músculos tibial anterior (TA) y sóleo en ratas con inflamación articular aguda.Materiales y métodos. Estudio experimental realizado en 32 ratas Wistar que fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a cuatro grupos: Control, Inflamación, Crioterapia-A y Crioterapia-B. El AST de las fibras de los músculos se midió 72 horas después de haberse iniciado el experimento.Resultados. En el tibial anterior hubo una reducción significativa del AST de las fibras musculares en los grupos Inflamación y Crioterapia-B en comparación con el grupo Control, mientras que en el grupo Crioterapia-A no se observó una reducción significativa en dicha área al compararlo con el Control. En el caso del músculo sóleo, se observó una reducción significativa del área en todos los grupos experimentales.Conclusión. El uso de crioterapia una vez al día por tres días atenúa el efecto atrófico de la inflamación articular aguda sobre el músculo TA, lo que confirma su importancia en el control del efecto deletéreo de la inflamación aguda sobre músculos de contracción rápida.
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Loro WA, Thelen MD, Rosenthal MD, Stoneman PD, Ross MD. The effects of cryotherapy on quadriceps electromyographic activity and isometric strength in patient in the early phases following knee surgery. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019831454. [PMID: 30803326 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019831454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of cryotherapy on quadriceps electromyographic (EMG) activity and isometric strength in early postoperative knee surgery patients. METHODS Twenty-two volunteers with recent knee surgeries were included. EMG readings of the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus lateralis (VL) from the surgical leg were collected during a maximal voluntary quadriceps setting (QS) activity. Maximum isometric knee extension force measurements were also recorded. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive an ice bag or a sham room-temperature bag to the front of their postsurgical knee for 20 min. After treatment, the subjects repeated the above mentioned maximum QS and isometric knee extension force measurements. The subjects returned 24 h later to conduct the same test protocol but received the treatment (ice or sham) not applied during their first test session. RESULTS A 38% increase in VM EMG activity during QS and a 30% increase in maximum isometric knee extension strength were found after cryotherapy treatment. No significant differences were found in RF or VL EMG activity during QS after cryotherapy. No significant differences were found in any measurements after the sham treatment. CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider applying ice to knee joints prior to exercise for patients following knee surgery with inhibited quadriceps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D Thelen
- 2 US Army-Baylor University Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenthal
- 3 Department of Physical Therapy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Stoneman
- 4 Department of Physical Therapy, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Michael D Ross
- 5 Department of Physical Therapy, Daemen College, Amherst, NY, USA
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Temporal Patterns of Knee-Extensor Isokinetic Torque Strength in Male and Female Athletes Following Comparison of Anterior Thigh and Knee Cooling Over a Rewarming Period. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:723-729. [PMID: 31141427 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The effect of local cooling on muscle strength presents conflicting debates, with literature undecided as to the potential implications for injury, when returning to play following cryotherapy application. OBJECTIVE To investigate concentric muscle strength following local cooling over the anterior thigh compared with the knee joint in males and females and the temporal pattern over a 30-minute rewarming period. DESIGN Repeated-measures crossover design. METHOD Twelve healthy participants randomly assigned to receive cooling intervention on one location, directly over either the anterior thigh or the knee, returning 1 week later to receive the cooling intervention on opposite location. Muscle strength measured via an isokinetic dynamometer at multiple time points (immediately post, 10-, 20-, and 30-min post) coincided with measurement of skin surface temperature (Tsk) using a noninvasive infrared camera. RESULTS Significant main effects for time (P ≤ .001, η2 = .126) with preice application higher than all other time points (P ≤ .05) were demonstrated for both peak torque and average torque. There were also significant main effects for isokinetic testing speed, sex of the participant, and position of the ice application for both peak torque and average torque (P ≤ .05). Statistically significant decreases in Tsk were reported in both gender groups across all time points compared with preintervention Tsk for the anterior thigh and knee (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Reductions reported for concentric peak torque and average torque knee-extensor strength in males and females did not fully recover to baseline measures at 30-minute postcryotherapy interventions. Sports medicine practitioners should consider strength deficits of the quadriceps after wetted ice applications, regardless of cooling location (joint/muscle) or gender.
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Alcantara CC, Blanco J, De Oliveira LM, Ribeiro PFS, Herrera E, Nakagawa TH, Reisman DS, Michaelsen SM, Garcia LC, Russo TL. Cryotherapy reduces muscle hypertonia, but does not affect lower limb strength or gait kinematics post-stroke: a randomized controlled crossover study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2019; 26:267-280. [PMID: 31012824 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2019.1593613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the premise that spasticity might affect gait post-stroke, cryotherapy is among the techniques used to temporarily reduce spasticity in neurological patients. This effective technique would enhance muscle performance, and ultimately, functional training, such as walking. However, understanding whether a decrease in spasticity level, if any, would lead to improving muscle performance and gait parameters is not based on evidence and needs to be clarified. OBJECTIVES to investigate the immediate effects of cryotherapy, applied to spastic plantarflexor muscles of subjects post-stroke, on tonus level, torque generation capacity of plantarflexors and dorsiflexors, and angular/spatiotemporal gait parameters. METHODS Sixteen chronic hemiparetic subjects participated in this randomized controlled crossover study. Cryotherapy (ice pack) or Control (room temperature sand pack) were applied to the calf muscles of the paretic limb. The measurements taken (before and immediately after intervention) were: 1) Tonus according to the Modified Ashworth Scale; 2) Torque assessments were performed using an isokinetic dynamometer; and 3) Spatiotemporal and angular kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle (flexion/extension), obtained using a tridimensional movement analysis system (Qualisys). RESULTS Cryotherapy decreased plantarflexor tonus but did not change muscle torque generation capacity and did not affect spatiotemporal or angular parameters during gait compared to control application. These findings contribute to the evidence-based approach to clinical rehabilitation post-stroke. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that cryotherapy applied to the calf muscles of subjects with chronic hemiparesis reduces muscle hypertonia but does not improve dorsiflexors and plantarflexors performance and gait parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Carmona Alcantara
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Julia Blanco
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Lucilene Maria De Oliveira
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Paula Fernanda Sávio Ribeiro
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Esperanza Herrera
- b Physical Therapy School , Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS) , Bucaramanga , Colombia
| | - Theresa Helissa Nakagawa
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- c Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Stella Maris Michaelsen
- d Department of Physical Therapy , Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis, SC , Brazil
| | - Luccas Cavalcanti Garcia
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- a Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos , Brazil
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Mallette MM, Green LA, Hodges GJ, Fernley RE, Gabriel DA, Holmes MWR, Cheung SS. The effects of local muscle temperature on force variability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1225-1233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lucas-Osma AM, Li Y, Murray K, Lin S, Black S, Stephens MJ, Ahn AH, Heckman CJ, Fenrich KK, Fouad K, Bennett DJ. 5-HT 1D receptors inhibit the monosynaptic stretch reflex by modulating C-fiber activity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1591-1608. [PMID: 30625007 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00805.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosynaptic stretch reflex (MSR) plays an important role in feedback control of movement and posture but can also lead to unstable oscillations associated with tremor and clonus, especially when increased with spinal cord injury (SCI). To control the MSR and clonus after SCI, we examined how serotonin regulates the MSR in the sacrocaudal spinal cord of rats with and without a chronic spinal transection. In chronic spinal rats, numerous 5-HT receptor agonists, including zolmitriptan, methylergonovine, and 5-HT, inhibited the MSR with a potency highly correlated to their binding affinity to 5-HT1D receptors and not other 5-HT receptors. Selective 5-HT1D receptor antagonists blocked this agonist-induced inhibition, although antagonists alone had no action, indicating a lack of endogenous or constitutive receptor activity. In normal uninjured rats, the MSR was likewise inhibited by 5-HT, but at much higher doses, indicating a supersensitivity after SCI. This supersensitivity resulted from the loss of the serotonin transporter SERT with spinal transection, because normal and injured rats were equally sensitive to 5-HT after SERT was blocked or to agonists not transported by SERT (zolmitriptan). Immunolabeling revealed that the 5-HT1D receptor was confined to superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, colocalized with CGRP-positive C-fibers, and eliminated by dorsal rhizotomy. 5-HT1D receptor labeling was not found on large proprioceptive afferents or α-motoneurons of the MSR. Thus serotonergic inhibition of the MSR acts indirectly by modulating C-fiber activity, opening up new possibilities for modulating reflex function and clonus via pain-related pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brain stem-derived serotonin potently inhibits afferent transmission in the monosynaptic stretch reflex. We show that serotonin produces this inhibition exclusively via 5-HT1D receptors, and yet these receptors are paradoxically mostly confined to C-fibers. This suggests that serotonin acts by gating of C-fiber activity, which in turn modulates afferent transmission to motoneurons. We also show that the classic supersensitivity to 5-HT after spinal cord injury results from a loss of SERT, and not 5-HT1D receptor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Lucas-Osma
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Yaqing Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Katie Murray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Shihao Lin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Sophie Black
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Marilee J Stephens
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Andrew H Ahn
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Development, North Wales, Pennsylvania
| | - C J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - David J Bennett
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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Ansari Y, Remaud A, Tremblay F. Variations in corticomotor excitability in response to distal focal thermal stimulation. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 35:69-79. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2018.1460263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yekta Ansari
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Remaud
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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The effects of local forearm muscle cooling on motor unit properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:401-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Jacksteit R, Mau-Moeller A, Behrens M, Bader R, Mittelmeier W, Skripitz R, Stöckel T. The mental representation of the human gait in patients with severe knee osteoarthrosis: a clinical study to aid understanding of impairment and disability. Clin Rehabil 2017; 32:103-115. [PMID: 28719981 DOI: 10.1177/0269215517719312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Objectives were (1) to explore differences in gait-specific long-term memory structures and gait performance between knee osteoarthrosis patients and healthy subjects and (2) to identify the extent to which the gait-specific mental representation is associated with gait performance. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS In total, 18 knee osteoarthrosis patients and 18 control subjects. METHODS Spatio-temporal (gait speed, step length) and temporophasic (stance time, swing time, single support time, total double support time) gait parameters and gait variability were measured with an electronic walkway (OptoGait). The mental representation was assessed using the structural dimensional analysis of mental representations (SDA-M). RESULTS (1) Patients showed significantly longer stance times ( P < 0.002) and total double support times, shorter swing times and single support times, a decreased gait speed ( P-values < 0.001) and structural differences in the gait-specific mental representation as compared with the healthy controls. (2) Correlation analyses revealed the mental representation of the human gait to be associated with actual gait performance in osteoarthrosis patients. Double support times were positively associated with the structural quality of the mental representation and step length variability was positively associated with the number of sequencing errors in the representation. CONCLUSION The gait-specific mental representation and actual gait performance differ between patients with severe knee osteoarthrosis and healthy controls, and both are linked to one another. This finding suggests that musculoskeletal disorders can lead to changes in the mental representation of the gait, and as such the SDA-M could provide useful information to improve the rehabilitation following osteoarthrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jacksteit
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anett Mau-Moeller
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- 2 Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Skripitz
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tino Stöckel
- 2 Institute of Sport Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Lee M, Kim S, Choi HM, Park J. Ankle or knee joint cooling alters countermovement but not squat jump height in healthy collegiate athletes. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-160626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Lee
- Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Choi
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jihong Park
- Athletic Training Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Kenny GP, McGinn R. Restoration of thermoregulation after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:933-944. [PMID: 27881668 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing exercise, especially in hot conditions, can heat the body, causing significant increases in internal body temperature. To offset this increase, powerful and highly developed autonomic thermoregulatory responses (i.e., skin blood flow and sweating) are activated to enhance whole body heat loss; a response mediated by temperature-sensitive receptors in both the skin and the internal core regions of the body. Independent of thermal control of heat loss, nonthermal factors can have profound consequences on the body's ability to dissipate heat during exercise. These include the activation of the body's sensory receptors (i.e., baroreceptors, metaboreceptors, mechanoreceptors, etc.) as well as phenotypic factors such as age, sex, acclimation, fitness, and chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes). The influence of these factors extends into recovery such that marked impairments in thermoregulatory function occur, leading to prolonged and sustained elevations in body core temperature. Irrespective of the level of hyperthermia, there is a time-dependent suppression of the body's physiological ability to dissipate heat. This delay in the restoration of postexercise thermoregulation has been associated with disturbances in cardiovascular function which manifest most commonly as postexercise hypotension. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the restoration of thermoregulation postexercise. In addition, the factors that are thought to accelerate or delay the return of body core temperature to resting levels are highlighted with a particular emphasis on strategies to manage heat stress in athletic and/or occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ryan McGinn
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Kim KM, Hart JM, Saliba SA, Hertel J. Relationships between self-reported ankle function and modulation of Hoffmann reflex in patients with chronic ankle instability. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 17:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Consequence of a Medial Ankle Sprain on Physical and Self-reported Functional Limitations: A Case Study Over a 5-Month Period. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015; 45:756-64. [PMID: 26304642 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2015.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case report. BACKGROUND Little evidence exists about impairments and perceived disability following eversion injury to the deltoid ligament. This case study prospectively examined the neuromuscular, biomechanical, and psychological consequences of a case of a medial ankle sprain. CASE DESCRIPTION A recreationally active man with a history of a lateral ankle sprain (grade I) was participating in a university Institutional Review Board-approved research study examining the neuromuscular and mechanical characteristics associated with chronic ankle instability. Twenty-two days after the testing session, the participant sustained an eversion injury to his left ankle while playing basketball. Outcomes The outcomes of this case are presented using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model. Outcome variables were assessed at preinjury (medial ankle sprain), 3 months postinjury, and 5 months postinjury. Measurements included neural excitability of the soleus, balance assessment, joint stability, and psychological assessments. Data from this case study revealed that a medial ankle sprain reduces joint mobility and alters neural excitability of the soleus, with concurrent deficits in balance and self-reported function. These impairments forced the participant to downgrade his physical activity lifestyle up to 5 months postinjury. DISCUSSION These data suggest the need for the development of intervention strategies to address impairments in neural excitability and joint mobility at the ankle to help patients meet the goal of maintaining long-term joint health. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognosis, level 4.
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Hart JM, Kuenze CM, Diduch DR, Ingersoll CD. Quadriceps muscle function after rehabilitation with cryotherapy in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Athl Train 2015; 49:733-9. [PMID: 25299442 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Persistent muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction may be due to underlying activation failure and arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). Knee-joint cryotherapy has been shown to improve quadriceps function transiently in those with AMI, thereby providing an opportunity to improve quadriceps muscle activation and strength in patients with a reconstructed ACL. OBJECTIVE To compare quadriceps muscle function in patients with a reconstructed ACL who completed a 2-week intervention including daily cryotherapy (ice bag), daily exercises, or both. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 patients with reconstructed ACLs who were at least 6 months post-index surgery and had measurable quadriceps AMI. INTERVENTION(S) The patients attended 4 supervised visits over a 2-week period. They were randomly assigned to receive 20 minutes of knee-joint cryotherapy, 1 hour of therapeutic rehabilitation exercises, or cryotherapy followed by exercises. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured quadriceps Hoffmann reflex, normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, central activation ratio using the superimposed-burst technique, and patient-reported outcomes before and after the intervention period. RESULTS After the 2-week intervention period, patients who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy had higher normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torques (P = .002, Cohen d effect size = 1.4) compared with those who received cryotherapy alone (P = .16, d = 0.58) or performed exercise alone (P = .16, d = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS After ACL reconstruction, patients with AMI who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy experienced greater strength gains than those who performed cryotherapy or exercises alone.
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Vieira A, Bottaro M, Ferreira-Junior JB, Vieira C, Cleto VA, Cadore EL, Simões HG, Carmo JD, Brown LE. Does whole-body cryotherapy improve vertical jump recovery following a high-intensity exercise bout? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:49-54. [PMID: 25750548 PMCID: PMC4348140 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s70263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been used as a recovery strategy following different sports activities. Thus, the aim of the study reported here was to examine the effect of WBC on vertical jump recovery following a high-intensity exercise (HIE) bout. Twelve trained men (mean ± standard deviation age = 23.9±5.9 years) were randomly exposed to two different conditions separated by 7 days: 1) WBC (3 minutes of WBC at -110°C immediately after the HIE) and 2) control (CON; no WBC after the HIE). The HIE consisted of six sets of ten repetitions of knee extensions at 60° · s(-1) concentric and 180° · s(-1) eccentric on an isokinetic dynamometer. The vertical jump test was used to evaluate the influence of HIE on lower extremity muscular performance. The vertical jump was performed on a force platform before HIE (T1) and 30 minutes after (T2) the WBC and CON conditions. As a result of HIE, jump height, muscle power, and maximal velocity (Vmax) had significant decreases between T1 and T2, however no significance was found between the WBC and CON conditions. The results indicate that one session of WBC had no effect on vertical jump following an HIE compared with a CON condition. WBC may not improve muscle-function (dependent on stretch-shortening cycle) recovery in very short periods (ie, 30 minutes) following HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilton Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Joao B Ferreira-Junior
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil ; Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro, Paracatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Vitor A Cleto
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Herbert G Simões
- College of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jake Do Carmo
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lee E Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Grindstaff TL, Hanish MJ, Wheeler TJ, Basnett CR, Miriovsky DJ, Danielson EL, Barr JB, Joseph Threlkeld A. Fibular taping does not alter lower extremity spinal reflex excitability in individuals with chronic ankle instability. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:253-9. [PMID: 25727519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in spinal reflex excitability of the soleus and fibularis longus muscles before and after fibular taping intervention. METHODS Twenty-one individuals (age = 23.4 ± 2.7 y, height = 171.0 ± 12.8 cm, mass = 69.7 ± 11.8 kg) with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and at least 5° ankle dorsiflexion asymmetry volunteered for this randomised crossover design study. Each participant received a fibular taping with tension or fibular taping without tension during separate sessions. Spinal reflex excitability of the soleus and fibularis longus was determined by obtaining maximum values for H-reflex (Hoffmann reflex) and maximum compound muscle action potential (Mmax), which was expressed as a ratio (H/M ratio). Measures were obtained immediately before and after a fibular taping intervention. RESULTS The application of tape to the fibula, regardless of tension, did not produce a change in spinal reflex excitability for the soleus (F1,39 = .01, P = .91) or fibularis longus (F1,39 = .001, P = .99). CONCLUSIONS Fibular taping with and without tension did not result in an immediate change in spinal reflex excitability of the soleus or fibularis longus in individuals with CAI. Although fibular taping has been shown to reduce recurrent ankle sprains in individuals with CAI, the mechanism of effectiveness may not involve an immediate increase in spinal reflex excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Grindstaff
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Michael J Hanish
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Todd J Wheeler
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Curtis R Basnett
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Daniel J Miriovsky
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Erin L Danielson
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - J B Barr
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - A Joseph Threlkeld
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Boyne Building, Omaha, NE, United States
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Kim KM, Hart JM, Saliba SA, Hertel J. Effects of focal ankle joint cooling on unipedal static balance in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. Gait Posture 2015; 41:282-7. [PMID: 25468685 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Application of cryotherapy over an injured joint has been shown to improve muscle function, yet it is unknown how ankle cryotherapy affects postural control. Our purpose was to determine the effects of a 20-min focal ankle joint cooling on unipedal static stance in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). Fifteen young subjects with CAI (9 males, 6 females) and 15 healthy gender-matched controls participated. All subjects underwent two intervention sessions on different days in which they had a 1.5L plastic bag filled with either crushed ice (active treatment) or candy corn (sham) applied to the ankle. Unipedal stance with eyes closed for 10s were assessed with a forceplate before and after each intervention. Center of pressure (COP) data were used to compute 10 specific dependent measures including velocity, area, standard deviation (SD), and percent range of COP excursions, and mean and SD of time-to-boundary (TTB) minima in the anterior-posterior (AP) and mediolateral directions. For each measure a three-way (Group-Intervention-Time) repeated ANOVAs found no significant interactions and main effects involving intervention (all Ps > 0.05). There were group main effects found for mean velocity (F(1,28) = 6.46, P = .017), area (F(1,28) = 12.83, P = .001), and mean of TTB minima in the AP direction (F(1,28) = 5.19, P = .031) indicating that the CAI group demonstrated greater postural instability compared to the healthy group. Postural control of unipedal stance was not significantly altered following focal ankle joint cooling in groups both with and without CAI. Ankle joint cryotherapy was neither beneficial nor harmful to single leg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Kim
- Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States.
| | - Joseph M Hart
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Susan A Saliba
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jay Hertel
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Bleakley CM, Hopkins JT. Is it possible to achieve optimal levels of tissue cooling in cryotherapy? PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/174328810x12786297204873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Pietrosimone BG, Gribble PA. Chronic ankle instability and corticomotor excitability of the fibularis longus muscle. J Athl Train 2013. [PMID: 23182009 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuromuscular deficits are common in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Corticomotor pathways are very influential in the production of voluntary muscle function, yet these pathways have not been evaluated in people with CAI. OBJECTIVE To determine if corticomotor excitability of the fibularis longus (FL) differs between individuals with unilateral CAI and matched control participants without CAI. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Ten people with CAI (4 men, 6 women; age = 21.2 ± 1.23 years, height = 175.13 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 77.1 ± 13.58 kg) and 10 people without CAI (4 men, ± women; age = 21.2 ± 2.3 years; height = 172.34 ± 8.86 cm, mass = 73.4 ± 7.15 kg) volunteered for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed over the motor cortex on neurons corresponding with the FL. All testing was performed with the participant in a seated position with a slightly flexed knee joint and the ankle secured in 10 8 of plantar flexion. The resting motor threshold (RMT), which was expressed as a percentage of 2 T, was considered the lowest amount of magnetic energy that would induce an FL motor evoked potential equal to or greater than 20 l V, as measured with surface electromyography, on 7 consecutive stimuli. In addition, the Functional Ankle Disability Index (FADI) and FADI Sport were used to assess self-reported function. RESULTS Higher RMTs were found in the injured and uninjured FL of the CAI group (60.8% ± 8.4% and 59.1% ± 8.99%, respectively) than the healthy group (52.8% ± 8.56% and 52% ± 7.0%, respectively; F(1,18) = 4.92, P = .04). No leg x group interactions (F(1,18) = 0.1, P = .76) or between-legs differences (F(1,18) = 0.74, P = .40) were found. A moderate negative correlation was found between RMT and FADI (r = 0.4, P = .04) and FADI Sport (r = 0.44, P = .03), suggesting that higher RMT is related to lower self-reported function. CONCLUSIONS Higher bilateral RMTs may indicate deficits in FL corticomotor excitability in people with CAI. In addition, a moderate correlation between RMT and FADI suggests that cortical excitability deficits may be influential in altering function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Pietrosimone
- Musculoskeletal Health and Movement Science Laboratory, University of Toledo, MS 119, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.
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Pietrosimone BG, McLeod MM, Lepley AS. A theoretical framework for understanding neuromuscular response to lower extremity joint injury. Sports Health 2012; 4:31-5. [PMID: 23016066 PMCID: PMC3435894 DOI: 10.1177/1941738111428251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuromuscular alterations are common following lower extremity joint injury and often lead to decreased function and disability. These neuromuscular alterations manifest in inhibition or abnormal facilitation of the uninjured musculature surrounding an injured joint. Unfortunately, these neural alterations are poorly understood, which may affect clinical recognition and treatment of these injuries. Understanding how these neural alterations affect physical function may be important for proper clinical management of lower extremity joint injuries. Methods: Pertinent articles focusing on neuromuscular consequences and treatment of knee and ankle injuries were collected from peer-reviewed sources available on the Web of Science and Medline databases from 1975 through 2010. A theoretical model to illustrate potential relationships between neural alterations and clinical impairments was constructed from the current literature. Results: Lower extremity joint injury affects upstream cortical and spinal reflexive excitability pathways as well as downstream muscle function and overall physical performance. Treatment targeting the central nervous system provides an alternate means of treating joint injury that may be effective for patients with neuromuscular alterations. Conclusions: Disability is common following joint injury. There is mounting evidence that alterations in the central nervous system may relate to clinical changes in biomechanics that may predispose patients to further injury, and novel clinical interventions that target neural alterations may improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Pietrosimone
- Joint Injury and Muscle Activation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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Bleakley CM, Costello JT, Glasgow PD. Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Med 2012; 42:69-87. [PMID: 22121908 DOI: 10.2165/11595970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Applying ice or other forms of topical cooling is a popular method of treating sports injuries. It is commonplace for athletes to return to competitive activity, shortly or immediately after the application of a cold treatment. In this article, we examine the effect of local tissue cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance and to discuss their relevance to the sporting environment. A computerized literature search, citation tracking and hand search was performed up to April, 2011. Eligible studies were trials involving healthy human participants, describing the effects of cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance. Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of included trials and calculated effect sizes. Thirty five trials met the inclusion criteria; all had a high risk of bias. The mean sample size was 19. Meta-analyses were not undertaken due to clinical heterogeneity. The majority of studies used cooling durations > 20 minutes. Strength (peak torque/force) was reported by 25 studies with approximately 75% recording a decrease in strength immediately following cooling. There was evidence from six studies that cooling adversely affected speed, power and agility-based running tasks; two studies found this was negated with a short rewarming period. There was conflicting evidence on the effect of cooling on isolated muscular endurance. A small number of studies found that cooling decreased upper limb dexterity and accuracy. The current evidence base suggests that athletes will probably be at a performance disadvantage if they return to activity immediately after cooling. This is based on cooling for longer than 20 minutes, which may exceed the durations employed in some sporting environments. In addition, some of the reported changes were clinically small and may only be relevant in elite sport. Until better evidence is available, practitioners should use short cooling applications and/or undertake a progressive warm up prior to returning to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
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Grindstaff TL, Beazell JR, Sauer LD, Magrum EM, Ingersoll CD, Hertel J. Immediate effects of a tibiofibular joint manipulation on lower extremity H-reflex measurements in individuals with chronic ankle instability. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Yanagisawa O, Fukubayashi T. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging reveals the effects of different cooling temperatures on the diffusion of water molecules and perfusion within human skeletal muscle. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:874-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmid S, Moffat M, Gutierrez GM. Effect of knee joint cooling on the electromyographic activity of lower extremity muscles during a plyometric exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:1075-81. [PMID: 20702111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During sporting events, injured athletes often return to competition after icing because of the reduction in pain. Although some controversy exists, several studies suggest that cryotherapy causes a decrease in muscle activity, which may lead to a higher risk of injury upon return to play. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 20-min knee joint cryotherapy application on the electromyographic activity of leg muscles during a single-leg drop jump in twenty healthy subjects, randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. After the pre-tests, a crushed-ice bag was applied to the knee joint of the experimental group subjects for 20 min, while the control group subjects rested for 20 min. All subjects were retested immediately after this period and retested again after another 20 min of rest. Average electromyographic activity and ground contact time were calculated for the pre- and post-test sessions. Decreases in electromyographic activity of the lower extremity musculature were found in pre-activation, eccentric (braking), and concentric (push-off) phases immediately after the icing, and after 20 min of rest. The results lend support to the suggestion that cryotherapy during sporting events may place the individuals in a vulnerable position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmid
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Health Division, Research and Development Physiotherapy, Murtenstrasse 10, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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Cryotherapy and ankle bracing effects on peroneus longus response during sudden inversion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Doeringer JR, Hoch MC, Krause BA. Ice Application Effects on Peroneus Longus and Tibialis Anterior Motoneuron Excitability in Subjects with Functional Ankle Instability. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120:17-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00207450903337713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rice DA, McNair PJ. Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition: neural mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 40:250-66. [PMID: 19954822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arthritis, surgery, and traumatic injury of the knee joint are associated with long-lasting inability to fully activate the quadriceps muscle, a process known as arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). The goal of this review is to provide a contemporary view of the neural mechanisms responsible for AMI as well as to highlight therapeutic interventions that may help clinicians overcome AMI. METHODS An extensive literature search of electronic databases was conducted including AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, OVID, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. RESULTS While AMI is ubiquitous across knee joint pathologies, its severity may vary according to the degree of joint damage, time since injury, and knee joint angle. AMI is caused by a change in the discharge of articular sensory receptors due to factors such as swelling, inflammation, joint laxity, and damage to joint afferents. Spinal reflex pathways that likely contribute to AMI include the group I nonreciprocal (Ib) inhibitory pathway, the flexion reflex, and the gamma-loop. Preliminary evidence suggests that supraspinal pathways may also play an important role. Some of the most promising interventions to counter the effects of AMI include cryotherapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and intra-articular corticosteroids may also be effective when a strong inflammatory component is present with articular pathology. CONCLUSIONS AMI remains a significant barrier to effective rehabilitation in patients with arthritis and following knee injury and surgery. Gaining a better understanding of AMI's underlying mechanisms will allow the development of improved therapeutic strategies, enhancing the rehabilitation of patients with knee joint pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Andrew Rice
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Centre, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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PIETROSIMONE BRIANG, HART JOSEPHM, SALIBA SUSANA, HERTEL JAY, INGERSOLL CHRISTOPHERD. Immediate Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Focal Knee Joint Cooling on Quadriceps Activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1175-81. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181982557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pietrosimone BG, Ingersoll CD. Focal knee joint cooling increases the quadriceps central activation ratio. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:873-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410902929374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Palmieri-Smith RM, Hopkins JT, Brown TN. Peroneal activation deficits in persons with functional ankle instability. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37:982-8. [PMID: 19270189 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508330147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional ankle instability (FAI) may be prevalent in as many as 40% of patients after acute lateral ankle sprain. Altered afference resulting from damaged mechanoreceptors after an ankle sprain may lead to reflex inhibition of surrounding joint musculature. This activation deficit, referred to as arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), may be the underlying cause of FAI. Incomplete activation could prevent adequate control of the ankle joint, leading to repeated episodes of instability. HYPOTHESIS Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the peroneal musculature of functionally unstable ankles and is related to dynamic peroneal muscle activity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Twenty-one (18 female, 3 male) patients with unilateral FAI and 21 (18 female, 3 male) uninjured, matched controls participated in this study. Peroneal maximum H-reflexes and M-waves were recorded bilaterally to establish the presence or absence of AMI, while electromyography (EMG) recorded as patients underwent a sudden ankle inversion perturbation during walking was used to quantify dynamic activation. The H:M ratio and average EMG amplitudes were calculated and used in data analyses. Two-way analyses of variance were used to compare limbs and groups. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between the H:M ratio and the EMG amplitudes. RESULTS The FAI patients had larger peroneal H:M ratios in their nonpathological ankle (0.399 +/- 0.185) than in their pathological ankle (0.323 +/- 0.161) (P = .036), while no differences were noted between the ankles of the controls (0.442 +/- 0.176 and 0.425 +/- 0.180). The FAI patients also exhibited lower EMG after inversion perturbation in their pathological ankle (1.7 +/- 1.3) than in their uninjured ankle (EMG, 3.3 +/- 3.1) (P < .001), while no differences between legs were noted for controls (P > .05). No significant relationship was found between the peroneal H:M ratio and peroneal EMG (P > .05). CONCLUSION Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the peroneal musculature of persons with FAI but is not related to dynamic muscle activation as measured by peroneal EMG amplitude. Reversing AMI may not assist in protecting the ankle from further episodes of instability; however dynamic muscle activation (as measured by peroneal EMG amplitude) should be restored to maximize ankle stabilization. Dynamic peroneal activity is impaired in functionally unstable ankles, which may contribute to recurrent joint instability and may leave the ankle vulnerable to injurious loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riann M Palmieri-Smith
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Doeringer JR, Hoch MC, Krause BA. The Effect of Focal Ankle Cooling on Spinal Reflex Activity in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3928/19425864-20090301-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Pietrosimone BG, Hart JM, Ingersoll CD. Effects of Focal Knee Joint Cooling on Spectral Properties of Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis Electromyography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3928/19425864-20090602-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Becher C, Springer J, Feil S, Cerulli G, Paessler HH. Intra-articular temperatures of the knee in sports - an in-vivo study of jogging and alpine skiing. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008; 9:46. [PMID: 18405365 PMCID: PMC2330048 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to date, no information exists about the intra-articular temperature changes of the knee related to activity and ambient temperature. METHODS In 6 healthy males, a probe for intra-articular measurement was inserted into the notch of the right knee. Each subject was jogging on a treadmill in a closed room at 19 degrees C room temperature and skiing in a ski resort at -3 degrees C outside temperature for 60 minutes. In both conditions, temperatures were measured every fifteen minutes intra-articulary and at the skin surface of the knee. A possible influence on joint function and laxity was evaluated before and after activity. Statistical analysis of intra-articular and skin temperatures was done using nonparametric Wilcoxon's sign rank sum test and Mann-Whitney's-U-Test. RESULTS Median intra-articular temperatures increased from 31.4 degrees C before activity by 2.1 degrees C, 4 degrees C, 5.8 degrees C and 6.1 degrees C after 15, 30, 45 and 60 min of jogging (all p < or = 0.05). Median intra-articular temperatures dropped from 32.2 degrees C before activity by 0.5 degrees C, 1.9 degrees C, 3.6 degrees C and 1.1 degrees C after 15, 30, 45 and 60 min of skiing (all n.s.). After 60 minutes of skiing (jogging), the median intra-articular temperature was 19.6% (8.7%) higher than the skin surface temperature at the knee. Joint function and laxity appeared not to be different before and after activity within both groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates different changes of intra-articular and skin temperatures during sports in jogging and alpine skiing and suggests that changes are related to activity and ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Becher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Phillips University, Marburg, Germany.
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Bleakley CM, O'Connor S, Tully MA, Rocke LG, Macauley DC, McDonough SM. The PRICE study (Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation): design of a randomised controlled trial comparing standard versus cryokinetic ice applications in the management of acute ankle sprain [ISRCTN13903946]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007; 8:125. [PMID: 18093299 PMCID: PMC2228299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryotherapy (the application of ice for therapeutic purposes) is one of the most common treatment modalities employed in the immediate management of acute soft tissue injury. Despite its widespread clinical use, the precise physiological responses to therapeutic cooling have not been fully elucidated, and effective evidence-based treatment protocols are yet to be established. Intermittent ice applications are thought to exert a significant analgesic effect. This could facilitate earlier therapeutic exercise after injury, potentially allowing for a quicker return to activity. The primary aim of the forthcoming study is therefore to examine the safety and effectiveness of combining intermittent ice applications with periods of therapeutic exercise in the first week after an acute ankle sprain. METHODS/DESIGN The study is a randomised controlled trial. 120 subjects with an acute grade I or grade II ankle sprain will be recruited from Accident & Emergency and a University based Sports Injury Clinic. Subjects will be randomised under strict double-blind conditions to either a standard cryotherapy (intermittent ice applications with compression) or cryokinetic treatment group (intermittent ice applications with compression and therapeutic exercise). After the first week, treatment will be standardised across groups. Assessor blinding will be maintained throughout the trial. Primary outcome will be function, assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS). Additional outcomes will include pain (10 cm Visual Analogue Scale), swelling (modified figure-of-eight method) and activity levels (activPALtrade mark physical activity monitor, PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK). Diagnostic Ultrasound (Episcan-1-200 high frequency ultrasound scanning system, Longport International Ltd, PA) will also be used to assess the degree of soft tissue injury. After baseline assessment subjects will be followed up at 1, 2, 3 & 4 weeks post injury. All data will be analysed using repeated measures analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). DISCUSSION This paper describes the rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial which will examine the effectiveness of two different cryotherapy protocols in the early management of acute ankle sprain. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN13903946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Palmieri-Smith RM, Leonard-Frye JL, Garrison CJ, Weltman A, Ingersoll CD. Peripheral joint cooling increases spinal reflex excitability and serum norepinephrine. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117:229-42. [PMID: 17365110 DOI: 10.1080/00207450600582702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand better how reflex excitability is altered with peripheral joint cooling, the authors set out to determine whether a cryotherapy treatment applied to the ankle would increase plasma norepinephrine and result in a heightened H:M ratio. Twenty-two adults were admitted to the hospital on two occasions. During one admission, subjects had ice applied to their ankle and in the other admission a bag of room temperature marbles was applied. Soleus Hmax, Mmax, H:M ratio, and plasma norepinephrine were recorded at baseline as well as immediately, 10, and 20 min post application, and 10 and 20 min post removal. Norepinephrine was greater immediately and 10 min post ice application (p < .05). Hmax, Mmax, and the H:M ratio were greater at 10 and 20 min post application and at 10 and 20 min post removal (p < .05). Elevated plasma norepinephrine suggests that peripheral cooling results in release of neurotransmitters from the central nervous system. Joint cooling has both peripheral and central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riann M Palmieri-Smith
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Melnyk M, Faist M, Claes L, Friemert B. Therapeutic cooling: no effect on hamstring reflexes and knee stability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:1329-34. [PMID: 16826031 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000227635.86285.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stretch reflexes contribute to joint stiffness, but the effects of therapeutic cooling on these reflexes are unknown. Therapeutic cooling is frequently used in knee rehabilitation, for instance, after rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Cooling a joint can affect nerve conduction velocity and the function of sensory organs. Such changes in neuromuscular coupling could reduce knee stability and increase the risk of knee injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether there are negative effects of knee cooling on the hamstring short and medium latency reflex responses or on the anterior tibia trajectory after mechanically induced tibia translation. METHODS In 15 healthy volunteers, the latency and size of short latency and medium latency reflex responses of hamstring muscles were assessed before and after 20 min of cold therapy of the knee joint as applied in rehabilitation. Reflex responses were evoked by a mechanically induced posterior-anterior tibia translation during standing. Reflexes were recorded by surface electromyography. The distance of anterior tibia motion and its velocity were assessed by potentiometric position transducer. RESULTS Local cold therapy of the knee did not alter the latency or the size of short or medium latency responses. Also, the extent and the velocity of tibia translation were unchanged after knee cooling. CONCLUSION Cold therapy does not seem to adversely influence the spinal reflexes of the hamstrings induced by anterior tibia translation. As neuromuscular coupling was not significantly affected, the cold therapy, as performed in the present study, is not likely to increase the risk of knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Melnyk
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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McVey ED, Palmieri RM, Docherty CL, Zinder SM, Ingersoll CD. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition in the leg muscles of subjects exhibiting functional ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 2005; 26:1055-61. [PMID: 16390639 DOI: 10.1177/107110070502601210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional ankle instability or a subjective report of ;;giving way'' at the ankle may be present in up to 40% of patients after a lateral ankle sprain. Damage to mechanoreceptors within the lateral ankle ligaments after injury is hypothesized to interrupt neurologic feedback mechanisms resulting in functional ankle instability. The altered input can lead to weakness of muscles surrounding a joint, or arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition may be the underlying cause of functional ankle instability. Establishing the involvement of arthrogenic muscle inhibition in functional ankle instability is critical to understanding the underlying mechanisms or chronic ankle instability. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the ankle joint musculature of patients exhibiting unilateral functional ankle instability. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects, 15 with unilateral functional ankle instability and 14 healthy control subjects, consented to participate. Bilateral soleus, peroneal, and tibialis anterior H-reflex and M-wave recruitment curves were obtained. Maximal H-reflex and maximal M-wave values were identified and the H:M ratios were calculated for data analysis. Separate 1 x 2 ANOVA were done for both the functional ankle instability and control groups to evaluate differences between limbs on the H:M ratios. Bonferroni multiple comparison procedures were used for post hoc comparisons (p < or = 0.05). RESULTS The soleus and peroneal H:M ratios for subjects with functional ankle instability were smaller in the injured limb when compared with the uninjured limb (p < 0.05). No limb difference was detected for the tibialis anterior H:M ratio in the functional ankle instability group (p = 0.904). No side-to-side differences were detected for the H:M ratios in patients reporting no history of ankle injury (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Depressed H:M ratios in the injured limb suggest that arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the ankle musculature of patients exhibiting functional ankle instability. Establishing and using therapeutic techniques to reverse arthrogenic muscle inhibition may reduce the incidence of functional ankle instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D McVey
- University of Virginia, Department of Human Services, P.O. Box 400407, 210 Emmet Street South, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Abstract
Context:Despite recent findings regarding lower extremity function after cryotherapy, little is known of the neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic changes that might occur during functional tasks.Objective:To evaluate changes in ground-reaction forces, muscle activity, and knee-joint flexion during single-leg landings after 20-minute knee-joint cryotherapy.Design:1 × 4 repeated-measures, time-series design.Setting:Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:20 healthy male and female subjects.Intervention:Subjects performed 5 single-leg landings before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 minutes after knee-joint cryo-therapy.Main Outcome Measures:Ground-reaction force, knee-joint flexion, and muscle activity of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps, and gluteus medius.Results:Cryotherapy did not significantly (P> .05) change maximum knee-joint flexion, vertical ground-reaction force, or average muscle activity during a single-leg landing.Conclusion:Knee-joint cryotherapy might not place the lower extremity at risk for injury during landing.
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Dewhurst S, Riches PE, Nimmo MA, De Vito G. Temperature dependence of soleus H-reflex and M wave in young and older women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94:491-9. [PMID: 15952024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-1384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of altered local temperature on soleus H-reflex and compound muscle action potential (M wave) in young and older women. H-reflex and M wave responses were elicited in 10 young (22.3 +/- 3.3 years) and 10 older (72.5 +/- 3.2 years) women at three muscle temperatures: control (34.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C), cold (31.3+/-0.5 degrees C) and warm (37.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C). H-reflex output, expressed as the ratio between maximal H-reflex and maximal M wave (H(max)/M(max)), was lower in the older, compared with the younger, group, regardless of temperature. In control temperature conditions, for example, the H(max)/M(max) ratio was 36.8 +/- 24% in the young and 25.4 +/- 20% in the older (P<0.05). Warming had no effect on the H-reflex output in either group, whilst cooling increased H-reflex output only in the younger group (+28%). In both groups, cooling increased (+5.3%), and warming decreased (-5.5%) the H-reflex latency. This study confirms that older individuals experience a reduced ability to modulate the reflex output in response to a perturbation. In a cold environment, for example, the lack of facilitation in the reflex output, along with a delayed reflex response could be critical to an older individual in responding to postural perturbations thus potentially compromising both static and dynamic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dewhurst
- Department of Applied Physiology, University of Strathclyde, 76 Southbrae Drive, Jordanhill, Glasgow, G13 1PP, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inversion ankle sprains are among the most frequently encountered injuries in and outside of sport. Altered feedback from joint damage and/or edema may negatively affect dynamic stabilization, thereby increasing the patients' susceptibility to further injury. In order to understand better how the sensorimotor system responds to the presence of ankle edema during a functional task, further examination is warranted. OBJECTIVE To quantify muscle activation in the peroneal, tibialis anterior, and soleus musculature as well as to determine ankle joint peak torque, peak power, and root mean square (RMS) power during a closed kinetic chain activity following artificial ankle effusion. DESIGN Dependent variables were compared within subjects across time intervals and between groups. SETTING All data were collected in the biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were 20 healthy, neurologically sound volunteers (age 21.9 +/- 2.1 y, height 174.5 +/- 9.3 cm, mass 79.3 +/- 15.9 kg) with no lower extremity injuries. INTERVENTIONS Subjects were prepared for surface electrodes on the peroneus longus (PL), tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (Sol), and medial malleolus (ground). Anthropometric measures for the lower extremity were recorded for use by the Omnikinetic closed chain dynamometer. Measurements were taken prior to ankle effusion (baseline), immediately following effusion (post), and again at 30 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Testing consisted of 6 repetitions at 35% of 1-repetition max and a constant speed of 1.5 Hz. Separate two-way MANOVAs with repeated measures on time intervals were used to detect differences between groups (effusion and control) over time for torque, power, and RMS power and for peak and average EMG. RESULTS An overall time x group interaction was detected for EMG (F4,72=3.878; P=0.007) and kinetic variables (F6,70=5.55; P=0.0001). Average and peak PL EMG decreased immediately following effusion (Sidak's; P=0.048), and average EMG remained depressed 30 minutes following effusion (Sidak's; P=0.02). Immediately posteffusion, a decrease in ankle torque was detected (Sidak's; P=0.007). No differences in TA or Sol EMG, power, or RMS power were detected (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreases in ankle plantarflexion torque and PL EMG indicate that a neuromuscular deficit exists in the presence of edema that could increase the susceptibility for further ankle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ty Hopkins
- Department of Physical Education, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-2070, USA.
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