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Bienboire-Frosini C, Wang D, Marcet-Rius M, Villanueva-García D, Gazzano A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Lezama-García K, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Gómez-Prado J, Mota-Rojas D. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Thermoregulation during the Perinatal Period. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2173. [PMID: 37443971 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is one of the most common causes of mortality in neonates, and it could be developed after birth because the uterus temperature is more elevated than the extrauterine temperature. Neonates use diverse mechanisms to thermoregulate, such as shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. These strategies can be more efficient in some species, but not in others, i.e., altricials, which have the greatest difficulty with achieving thermoneutrality. In addition, there are anatomical and neurological differences in mammals, which may present different distributions and amounts of brown fat. This article aims to discuss the neuromodulation mechanisms of thermoregulation and the importance of brown fat in the thermogenesis of newborn mammals, emphasizing the analysis of the biochemical, physiological, and genetic factors that determine the distribution, amount, and efficiency of this energy resource in newborns of different species. It has been concluded that is vital to understand and minimize hypothermia causes in newborns, which is one of the main causes of mortality in neonates. This would be beneficial for both animals and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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Hwang JH, Kube JC, Smith SB. Lubabegron fumarate acts as a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist in cultured bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6545494. [PMID: 35262701 PMCID: PMC9030222 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that lubabegron fumarate (LUB) (Experior, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) would act as an antagonist to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) subtypes in primary bovine subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) adipocytes differentiated in culture. This study employed LUB, dobutamine (DOB, a selective β1-agonist), salbutamol (SAL, a selective β2-agonist), and propranolol (PRO, a non-selective β-AR antagonist). Preadipocytes were isolated by standard techniques from bovine longissimus muscle and overlying s.c. adipose tissue and differentiated to adipocytes for 14 d. The adipocyte source x stage of differentiation interaction was significant for β-adrenergic receptors-1 (ADRB1) (P = 0.001) and ADRB2 (P = 0.01) in that expression of ADRB1 and ADRB2 was greater in s.c. adipocytes than in s.c. preadipocytes; expression of the ADRB1-3 did not change after differentiation of i.m. adipocytes. CCATT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) expression increased upon differentiation in both s.c. and i.m. adipocytes (P = 0.006). The source x stage of differentiation interaction was significant for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) (P ≤ 0.001) and fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) (P = 0.004). Expression of PPARG increased after differentiation of s.c. preadipocytes to adipocytes, but PPARG expression did not change with differentiation of i.m. preadipocytes to adipocytes. FABP4 expression increased after differentiation of both s.c. and i.m. adipocytes, but FABP4 expression increased to a greater extent in s.c. adipocytes. In s.c. adipocytes, DOB elevated cAMP and glycerol production and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and SAL increased PKA activity; these effects were abolished by LUB and PRO (P < 0.001). Incubation of i.m. adipocytes with SAL increased cAMP production and PKA activity, which was attenuated by LUB and PRO (P ≤ 0.006). In s.c. adipocytes, SAL, LUB + SAL, and LUB + DOB upregulated hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) (P < 0.001) and perilipin (P = 0.002) gene expression. In i.m. adipocytes, DOB and LUB + DOB increased HSL gene expression (P = 0.001) and LUB + SAL depressed adipose triglyceride lipase expression below control levels (P = 0.001). These results demonstrate that LUB is a β-AR antagonist at the β1-AR and β2-AR subtypes in s.c. adipocytes, and that s.c. and i.m. exhibit different responses to β-AA and LUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee H Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - John C Kube
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Hwang JH, Spurlock ME, Kube JC, Li XZ, Smith SB. Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors in bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue: comparison of lubabegron fumarate with β-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6333505. [PMID: 34337647 PMCID: PMC8326056 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cell constructs expressing either the β 1-, β 2- or β 3-adrenergic receptor (AR) were used to determine whether a novel β-AR modulator, lubabegron fumarate (LUB; Experior, Elanco Animal Health) might exert greater potency for a specific β-AR subtype. EC50 values calculated based on cAMP accumulation in dose response curves indicate that LUB is highly selective for the β 3-AR subtype, with an EC50 of 6 × 10–9 M, with no detectible agonistic activity at the β 2-AR. We hypothesized that the accumulation of lipolytic markers would reflect the agonist activity at each of the β-receptor subtypes of the specific ligand; additionally, there would be differences in receptor subtype expression in subcutaneous (s.c.) and intrmuscular (i.m.) adipose tissues. Total RNA was extracted from adipose tissue samples and relative mRNA levels for β 1-, β2-, and β 3-AR were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fresh s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue explants were incubated with isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO; β-AR pan-agonist), dobutamine hydrochloride (DOB; specific β 1-AA), salbutamol sulfate (SAL; specific β 2-AA), ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC), zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZIL), BRL-37344 (specific β 3-agonist), or LUB for 30 min following preincubation with theophylline (inhibitor of phosphodiesterase). Relative mRNA amounts for β 1-, β 2-, and β 3-AR were greater (P < 0.05) in s.c. than in i.m. adipose tissue. The most abundant β-AR mRNA in both adipose tissues was the β 2-AR (P < 0.05), with the β 1- and β 3-AR subtypes being minimally expressed in i.m. adipose tissue. ISO, RH, and ZH stimulated the release of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) from s.c. adipose tissue, but these β-AR ligands did not alter concentrations of these lipolytic markers in i.m. adipose tissue. LUB did not affect glycerol or NEFA concentrations in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue, but attenuated (P < 0.05) the accumulation of cAMP mediated by the β 1- and β 2-AR ligands DOB and SAL in s.c. adipose tissue. Collectively, these data indicate that bovine i.m. adipose tissue is less responsive than s.c. adipose tissue to β-adrenergic ligands, especially those that are agonists at the β 1- and β3-receptor subtypes. The minimal mRNA expression of the β 1- and β 3 subtypes in i.m. adipose tissue likely limits the response potential to agonists for these β-AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee H Hwang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - John C Kube
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - Xiang Z Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Peng DQ, Smith SB, Lee HG. Vitamin A regulates intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development: promoting high-quality beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:34. [PMID: 33663602 PMCID: PMC7934359 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During growth in cattle, the development of intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle is dependent upon cell hyperplasia (increased number of adipocytes) and hypertrophy (increased size of adipocytes). Based on the results of previous studies, other adipose tissue depots (e.g., perirenal and subcutaneous) develop from the fetal stage primarily as brown adipose tissue. The hyperplastic stage of intramuscular adipose is considered to develop from late pregnancy, but there is no evidence indicating that intramuscular adipose tissue develops initially as brown adipose tissue. Hyperplastic growth of intramuscular adipose continues well into postweaning and is dependent on the timing of the transition to grain-based diets; thereafter, the late-stage development of intramuscular adipose tissue is dominated by hypertrophy. For muscle development, hyperplasia of myoblasts lasts from early (following development of somites in the embryo) to middle pregnancy, after which growth of muscle is the result of hypertrophy of myofibers. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble compound that is required for the normal immunologic function, vision, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Here we review the roles of vitamin A in intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development in cattle. Vitamin A regulates both hyperplasia and hypertrophy in in vitro experiments. Vitamin A supplementation at the early stage and restriction at fattening stage generate opposite effects in the beef cattle. Appropriate vitamin A supplementation and restriction strategy increase intramuscular adipose tissue development (i.e., marbling or intramuscular fat) in some in vivo trials. Besides, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myoblasts/myotubes were affected by vitamin A treatment in in vitro trials. Additionally, some studies reported an interaction between the alcohol dehydrogenase-1C (ADH1C) genotype and vitamin A feed restriction for the development of marbling and/or intramuscular adipose tissue, which was dependent on the timing and level of vitamin A restriction. Therefore, the feed strategy of vitamin A has the visible impact on the marbling and muscle development in the cattle, which will be helpful to promote the quality of the beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qiao Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hong Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Zhang Y, Otomaru K, Oshima K, Goto Y, Oshima I, Muroya S, Sano M, Roh S, Gotoh T. Maternal Nutrition During Gestation Alters Histochemical Properties, and mRNA and microRNA Expression in Adipose Tissue of Wagyu Fetuses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:797680. [PMID: 35178028 PMCID: PMC8844027 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.797680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that maternal low or high nutrition would give unique effects to morphological and molecular dynamics in adipose tissue of fetus of fatty breed Wagyu (Japanese Black) cattle which produce highly marbled beef. This study aimed to determine the effects of maternal energy intake in Wagyu cows, during gestation on fetal adipose tissue development, histochemical properties, and gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression. Cows were allocated to one of two nutritional energy groups: 120% (HIGH) or 60% nutritional requirements of (LOW). Fetuses (n = 6 per treatment) were removed from pregnant cows by cesarean section at fetal age 260 ± 8 days and euthanized. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), thoracic cavity visceral adipose tissue (TVAT), and perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) were collected for analysis. In histochemical analysis, in SAT and PAT, HIGH fetuses had greater diameter of adipocytes than LOW fetuses (P<0.05). Only in SAT, LOW fetuses had more Leptin (LEP) mRNA and tended to have more Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARG) CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins alpha (CEBPA) and Glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 mRNA(P<0.10). In all SAT, TVAT, and PAT, LOW fetuses had higher levels of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) biomarkers Uncoupling Protein (UCP) 1 and PPARG coactivator (PGC) 1α mRNA than HIGH fetuses (P<0.08). Meanwhile, in the other adipose tissue, LOW fetuses had lower PPARG, CEBPA, and Zinc Finger Protein (ZFP) 423 (in TVAT and PAT), FASN (in TVAT), LEP and GLUT4 mRNA (in PAT; P<0.10). In particular, in TVAT and PAT, LOW fetuses exhibited lower expression of WAT biomarkers (PPARG and ZFP423). Differential expression of various miRNAs related to adipogenesis between the LOW and HIGH fetuses was detected in an adipose tissue-specific manner (P<0.10). Based on adipose tissue-specific effects of maternal nutrition, these findings suggested that poor maternal nutrition in Wagyu cattle increased BAT development in SAT, TVAT and PAT, while elevated maternal nutrition stimulated fetal SAT development compared with that of TVAT and PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Oshima
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Oda, Japan
| | - Yuji Goto
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Oda, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oshima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Muroya
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsue Sano
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Gotoh,
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Prediction of the Secretome and the Surfaceome: A Strategy to Decipher the Crosstalk between Adipose Tissue and Muscle during Fetal Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124375. [PMID: 32575512 PMCID: PMC7353064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between adipose and muscular tissues is hypothesized to regulate the number of muscular and adipose cells during fetal growth, with post-natal consequences on lean and fat masses. Such crosstalk largely remains, however, to be described. We hypothesized that a characterization of the proteomes of adipose and muscular tissues from bovine fetuses may enhance the understanding of the crosstalk between these tissues through the prediction of their secretomes and surfaceomes. Proteomic experiments have identified 751 and 514 proteins in fetal adipose tissue and muscle. These are mainly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation, but also in pathways such as apoptosis, Wnt signalling, or cytokine-mediated signalling. Of the identified proteins, 51 adipokines, 11 myokines, and 37 adipomyokines were predicted, together with 26 adipose and 13 muscular cell surface proteins. Analysis of protein–protein interactions suggested 13 links between secreted and cell surface proteins that may contribute to the adipose–muscular crosstalk. Of these, an interaction between the adipokine plasminogen and the muscular cell surface alpha-enolase may regulate the fetal myogenesis. The in silico secretome and surfaceome analyzed herein exemplify a powerful strategy to enhance the elucidation of the crosstalk between cell types or tissues.
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Smith SB, Sweatt CR, Carstens GE. Supplementary prenatal copper increases plasma triiodothyronine and brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 gene expression but depresses thermogenesis in newborn lambs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:506-514. [PMID: 31208177 PMCID: PMC7054628 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective We tested the hypothesis that increasing dietary copper (Cu) to gravid ewes would enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in their offspring. Methods Twin-bearing ewes were assigned on d 70 of gestation to diets containing 3, 10, or 20 ppm dietary Cu (n = 8 per group). Twin lambs were assigned at birth to a cold (6°C) or warm (28°C) environmental chamber for 48 h. Blood was collected from ewes and from lambs and perirenal BAT was collected after 48 h in the environmental chambers. Results Prenatal Cu exposure increased ewe plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine concentration (T4) (p < 0.01) but prenatal Cu exposure had no effect on lamb plasma concentrations of T3, T4, glucose, or nonesterified fatty acid concentration (p ≥ 0.08). The high level of prenatal Cu exposure depressed 48-h rectal temperature (p = 0.03). Cold exposure decreased BAT norepinephrine (NE) and increased BAT dopamine (p ≤ 0.01), but prenatal Cu exposure had no effect on BAT cytochrome C oxidase activity or BAT NE or dopamine (p ≥ 0.07). However, BAT of lambs from high-Cu ewes maintained higher uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene expression than BAT of lambs from low- and medium-Cu ewes following warm or cold exposure in environmental chambers (p = 0.02). Cold exposure caused near depletion of BAT lipid by 48 h (p < 0.001), increased BAT cytochrome c oxidase activity (p < 0.01), and depressed plasma fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.001). Conclusion Although prenatal Cu exposure increased BAT UCP1 expression during warm and cold exposure, prenatal cold Cu exposure depressed 48-h rectal temperature. Cold exposure decreased BAT lipid content by over 80% and decreased lamb plasma fatty acid concentration by over 40%, indicating that fuel reserves for thermogenesis were nearly depleted by 48 h of cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Craig R Sweatt
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gordon E Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Smith SB. CELL BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Practical application of the basic aspects of GLUT4 membrane trafficking and insulin signaling on issues related to animal agriculture. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2185-2197. [PMID: 28726994 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the relatively short lifespans of beef cattle, membrane trafficking in relation to inflammation is not considered important unless it overtly affects productivity. However, glucose uptake and utilization is important for adipose tissue development in beef cattle, and increasing glucose utilization in intramuscular adipose tissue can increase carcass quality. Research from the 1980s demonstrated a lack of insulin sensitivity in isolated bovine adipocytes and adipose tissue explants incubated in vitro. Insulin did not stimulate glucose or acetate incorporation into fatty acids, nor did it increase concentrations of glycolytic intermediates in bovine adipose tissue incubated with exogenous glucose. Specific binding of [I] iodoinsulin and insulin degradation in bovine isolated adipocytes was low to non-detectable. These early studies indicated that insulin-dependent receptor-mediated signaling was less important in bovine adipose tissue than in adipose tissues of humans, swine, or laboratory species. More recent research demonstrated that glucose transporter protein 4 (GLUT4) expression in muscle and adipose tissue declines markedly after birth in calves, indicating the development of insulin resistance as cattle transition from suckling to functional ruminants. Insulin resistance is important in dairy cattle, causing ketosis and fatty liver. Consistent with this, subcutaneous adipose tissue expression decreases 50% following parturition in dairy cattle, although expression of genes associated with insulin responsiveness (, , and ) is up-regulated by 21 d postpartum. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance in beef and dairy cattle would increase animal health and thereby improve productivity.
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Hausman GJ, Basu U, Wei S, Hausman DB, Dodson MV. Preadipocyte and adipose tissue differentiation in meat animals: influence of species and anatomical location. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 2:323-51. [PMID: 25384146 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early in porcine adipose tissue development, the stromal-vascular (SV) elements control and dictate the extent of adipogenesis in a depot-dependent manner. The vasculature and collagen matrix differentiate before overt adipocyte differentiation. In the fetal pig, subcutaneous (SQ) layer development is predictive of adipocyte development, as the outer, middle, and inner layers of dorsal SQ adipose tissue develop and maintain layered morphology throughout postnatal growth of SQ adipose tissue. Bovine and ovine fetuses contain brown adipose tissue but SQ white adipose tissue is poorly developed structurally. Fetal adipose tissue differentiation is associated with the precocious expression of several genes encoding secreted factors and key transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein. Identification of adipocyte-associated genes differentially expressed by age, depot, and species in vivo and in vitro has been achieved using single-gene analysis, microarrays, suppressive subtraction hybridization, and next-generation sequencing applications. Gene polymorphisms in PPARγ, cathepsins, and uncoupling protein 3 have been associated with back fat accumulation. Genome scans have mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTL) predictive of adipose tissue-deposition phenotypes in cattle and pigs.
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Kerth CR, Harbison AL, Smith SB, Miller RK. Consumer sensory evaluation, fatty acid composition, and shelf-life of ground beef with subcutaneous fat trimmings from different carcass locations. Meat Sci 2015; 104:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dodson MV, Du M, Wang S, Bergen WG, Fernyhough-Culver M, Basu U, Poulos SP, Hausman GJ. Adipose depots differ in cellularity, adipokines produced, gene expression, and cell systems. Adipocyte 2014; 3:236-41. [PMID: 26317047 PMCID: PMC4550680 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The race to manage the health concerns related to excess fat deposition has spawned a proliferation of clinical and basic research efforts to understand variables including dietary uptake, metabolism, and lipid deposition by adipocytes. A full appreciation of these variables must also include a depot-specific understanding of content and location in order to elucidate mechanisms governing cellular development and regulation of fat deposition. Because adipose tissue depots contain various cell types, differences in the cellularity among and within adipose depots are presently being documented to ascertain functional differences. This has led to the possibility of there being, within any one adipose depot, cellular distinctions that essentially result in adipose depots within depots. The papers comprising this issue will underscore numerous differences in cellularity (development, histogenesis, growth, metabolic function, regulation) of different adipose depots. Such information is useful in deciphering adipose depot involvement both in normal physiology and in pathology. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, carcass composition of meat animals, performance of elite athletes, physiology/pathophysiology of aging, and numerous other diseases might be altered with a greater understanding of adipose depots and the cells that comprise them-including stem cells-during initial development and subsequent periods of normal/abnormal growth into senescence. Once thought to be dormant and innocuous, the adipocyte is emerging as a dynamic and influential cell and research will continue to identify complex physiologic regulation of processes involved in adipose depot physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Dodson
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
| | - Songbo Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
- College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Werner G Bergen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biosciences/Department of Animal Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn, AL USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary J Hausman
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
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Asano H, Yamada T, Hashimoto O, Umemoto T, Sato R, Ohwatari S, Kanamori Y, Terachi T, Funaba M, Matsui T. Diet-induced changes in Ucp1 expression in bovine adipose tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 184:87-92. [PMID: 23370305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes, which regulate non-shivering thermogenesis, have been believed to exist in a limited number of mammalian species, and only under limited physiological conditions. Recent discoveries indicate that adult humans possess a significant number of functional brown adipocytes. This study explores the regulatory emergence of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots of fattening cattle. RT-PCR analyses indicated significant expression of Ucp1, a brown adipocyte-specific gene, in the WAT of 31-month-old Japanese Black steers. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Ucp1-positive small adipocytes were dispersed in the subcutaneous WAT. Next, we examined expression level of Ucp1 and other brown adipocyte-selective genes such as Pgc1α, Cidea, Dio2, Cox1, Cox7a1 and Cox8b in WAT of 30-month-old steers fed either diet with low protein/energy content (roughage diet) or that with high protein/energy content (concentrate diet) for 20months. Ucp1 expression in the subcutaneous WAT was significantly higher in the concentrate diet group than in the roughage diet group. Furthermore, the higher Ucp1 expression levels were limited to the subcutaneous WAT, and no differences between groups were detected in the mesenteric, perirenal, intermuscular or intramuscular WAT. Expression of Dio2, Cox1 and Cox8b was higher in the subcutaneous WAT but not in the mesenteric WAT of the concentrate diet group. Furthermore, expression of Prdm16, a positive regulator of differentiation toward brown adipocyte-lineage cells, and expression of leptin, a molecule that enhances activity of brown adipocytes, were significantly higher in the subcutaneous WAT of the concentrate diet group. This study demonstrates the presence of brown adipocytes in WAT depots of fattening cattle, and suggests the diet-related modulation of expression of genes predominantly expressed in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Asano
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Foetal bovine intermuscular adipose tissue exhibits histological and metabolic features of brown and white adipocytes during the last third of pregnancy. Animal 2012; 6:641-9. [PMID: 22436281 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the metabolic and morphological characteristics of bovine intermuscular adipose tissue (AT) throughout foetal growth. Our hypothesis was that the histological and molecular features of intermuscular AT would be different from those previously reported for foetal perirenal AT, based on its anatomical location near the muscle and the recent identification of two distinct adipocyte precursors in mouse AT depending on their locations. To address this question, intermuscular AT was sampled from Charolais and Blond d'Aquitaine foetuses at 180, 210 and 260 days post conception (dpc). The two bovine breeds were chosen because of the higher adiposity of Charolais than Blond d'Aquitaine cattle during the postnatal life. Regardless of the breed, adipocyte volume increased slightly (+38%, P < 0.01) with increasing foetal age. This was concomitant with a decrease (P < 0.05) in the activity of enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis (FA synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and FA esterification (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) when expressed per million adipocytes, and with an increase (P ⩽ 0.01) in mRNA abundances for uncoupling protein 1, adiponectin and leptin (LEP) between 180 and 260 dpc. No difference was observed in the adipocyte volume between breeds, which was consistent with the lack of major between-breed differences in mRNA abundances or activities of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. The mRNA abundance of lipoprotein lipase was maintained across ages, suggesting a storage of circulating FA rather than of FA synthesized de novo. Plasma LEP increased with foetal age, but only in the Charolais breed (+71%, P ⩽ 0.01), and was two- to threefold higher in Charolais than Blond d'Aquitaine foetuses. Regardless of the breed, bovine intermuscular AT contained predominantly unilocular adipocytes believed to be white adipocytes that were larger at 260 dpc than at 180 dpc. These data thus challenge current concepts of the largely brown nature of bovine foetal AT (based on histological and metabolic features of perirenal AT as previously reported a few days before or after birth).
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Taga H, Chilliard Y, Meunier B, Chambon C, Picard B, Zingaretti MC, Cinti S, Bonnet M. Cellular and molecular large-scale features of fetal adipose tissue: is bovine perirenal adipose tissue brown? J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1688-700. [PMID: 21678425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and fetal programming studies point to the role of fetal growth in adult adipose tissue (AT) mass in large mammals. Despite the incidence of fetal AT growth for human health and animal production outcomes, there is still a lack of relevant studies. We determined the cellular and large-scale-molecular features of bovine fetal perirenal AT sampled at 110, 180, 210, and 260 days post-conception (dpc) with the aim of identifying key cellular and molecular events in AT growth. The increase in AT weight from 110 to 260 dpc resulted from an increase in adipocyte volume and particularly adipocyte number that were concomitant with temporal changes in the abundance of 142 proteins revealed by proteomics. At 110 and 180 dpc, we identified proteins such as TCP1, FKBP4, or HSPD1 that may regulate adipocyte precursor proliferation by controlling cell-cycle progression and/or apoptosis or delaying PPARγ-induced differentiation. From 180 dpc, the up-regulation of PPARγ-induced proteins, lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, and adipokine expression may underpin the differentiation and increase in adipocyte volume. Also from 180 dpc, we unexpectedly observed up-regulations in the β-subunit of ATP synthase, which is normally bypassed in brown AT, as well as in aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH2 and ALDH9A1, which were predominantly expressed in mouse white AT. These results, together with the observed abundant unilocular adipocytes at 180 and 260 dpc, strongly suggest that fetal bovine perirenal AT has much more in common with white than with brown AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Taga
- INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Smith SB, Go GW, Johnson BJ, Chung KY, Choi SH, Sawyer JE, Silvey DT, Gilmore LA, Ghahramany G, Kim KH. Adipogenic gene expression and fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots of Angus steers between 9 and 16 months of age. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2505-14. [PMID: 22307484 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that among carcass adipose tissue depots, brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue contains the greatest concentration of MUFA and lowest concentration of SFA. Therefore, we hypothesized that brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue depots would exhibit greater adipogenic gene expression over time than other major subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Four Angus steers, each at 9, 12, 14, and 16 mo of age, were harvested and fresh subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from over the brisket, chuck, rib, loin, sirloin, round, flank, and plate. Relative gene expression for C/EBPβ, PPARγ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT-1β), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), and G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and CPT-1β was greatest at 12 to 14 mo of age (all P < 0.0001) and declined to very low abundance by 16 mo of age in all depots. Expression of PPARγ and CPT-1β was greater (P < 0.03) in flank, rib, and sirloin subcutaneous adipose tissues than in brisket and round adipose tissues. The expression of the SCD gene did not differ among the 4 age groups (P = 0.95). The palmitoleic:stearic acid ratio (an estimate of SCD activity) was greater (P < 0.001) in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from brisket, plate, and round than in the loin, rib, and sirloin. Conversely, subcutaneous adipose tissue from the loin, rib, and sirloin had greater (P < 0.001) SCD gene expression than the brisket, plate, and round. In general, subcutaneous adipose tissues with the highest concentration of MUFA and least SFA consistently exhibited the least SCD gene expression and adipogenic gene expression. We conclude that MUFA in the brisket and other depots with large SCD indices were deposited before 9 mo of age, during a time when the subcutaneous adipocytes were highly differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Taga H, Bonnet M, Picard B, Zingaretti MC, Cassar-Malek I, Cinti S, Chilliard Y. Adipocyte metabolism and cellularity are related to differences in adipose tissue maturity between Holstein and Charolais or Blond d'Aquitaine fetuses. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:711-21. [PMID: 21036936 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the metabolic and morphological characteristics of bovine adipose tissue (AT) at end of fetal life and its variability with breed and anatomical site of AT. Our hypothesis was that, in cattle, end-of-fetal-life differences in adipocyte number, size, and histology may account for differences in AT maturity. To address this question, perirenal and intermuscular AT were sampled from Charolais, Blond d'Aquitaine, and Holstein fetuses at 260 d postconception. Holstein fetuses showed greater leptin mRNA abundance, which is consistent with the greater perirenal AT weight (P = 0.03) than Blond d'Aquitaine fetuses. Compared with Blond d'Aquitaine or Charolais fetuses, Holstein fetuses had larger (P < 0.001) adipocytes, greater (P < 0.05) activities of enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis (FA synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme) and FA esterification (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and greater (P = 0.06, P = 0.10, P < 0.001) mRNA abundance for lipolytic enzymes (hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase) and uncoupling protein 1 in both perirenal and intermuscular AT. This indicates increased FA turnover in Holstein adipocytes through FA storage, mobilization, and oxidation pathways. Whatever the breed, adipocytes were smaller in perirenal AT than intermuscular AT. Whatever the breed or anatomical site, bovine AT at 260 d postconception contained predominantly unilocular adipocytes believed to be white adipocytes together with a few multilocular brown adipocytes. We conclude that the greater metabolic and morphologic maturity of adipocytes from Holstein than Blond d'Aquitaine and Charolais fetuses may contribute to the greater thermogenic aptitude of Holstein newborns. Moreover, the presence of both white and brown adipocytes at the end of fetal life highlights the complexity of AT structure and may indicate that the cellular and functional heterogeneity of AT repeatedly observed postnatally has a developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Taga
- INRA, UR1213 Herbivores Research Unit, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Saturated fatty acids stimulate and insulin suppresses CIDE-A expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:535-9. [PMID: 19427838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector A (CIDE-A) was first identified by its sequence homology with the N-terminal domain of DNA fragmentation factor (DFF). CIDE-A negatively regulates the activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue. CIDE-A and UCP1 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in cloned bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and lactating bovine mammary glands. Physiological concentrations of saturated fatty acids (stearate and palmitate), but not unsaturated fatty acids (oleate and linoleate) induced up-regulation of CIDE-A mRNA in bMEC. Treatment with insulin (5-10 ng/ml) induced down-regulation of CIDE-A and UCP1. The expression levels of CIDE-A and UCP1 mRNA in bovine mammary glands at various stages of the lactation cycle were determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. CIDE-A mRNA expression at peak lactation (2 months after parturition) was significantly higher than at dry off and non-pregnancy but not late lactation. These results suggest that CIDE-A and UCP1 are regulated by insulin and/or fatty acids in mammary epithelial cells and lactating mammary glands, and thereby play an important role in lipid and energy metabolism.
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Chapter 5 Metabolic modifiers in animal nutrition: potential benefits and risks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 12 Ontogeny and metabolism of brown adipose tissue in livestock species. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Smith SB, Carstens GE, Randel RD, Mersmann HJ, Lunt DK. Brown adipose tissue development and metabolism in ruminants1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:942-54. [PMID: 15032453 DOI: 10.2527/2004.823942x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted several experiments to better understand the relationship between brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and thermogenesis. In Exp. 1, we examined perirenal (brown) and sternum s.c. adipose tissue in 14 Wagyu x Angus neonates infused with norepinephrine (NE). Perirenal adipocytes contained numerous large mitochondria with well-differentiated cristae; sternum s.c. adipocytes contained a few, small mitochondria, with poorly developed cristae. Lipogenesis from acetate was high in BAT but barely detectable in sternum s.c. adipose tissue. In Exp. 2, we compared perirenal and tailhead adipose tissues between NE-infused Angus (n = 6) and Brahman (n = 7) newborn calves. Brahman BAT contained two-to-three times as many total beta-receptors as Angus BAT. The mitochondrial UCP1:28S rRNA ratio was greater in Brahman BAT than in BAT from Angus calves. Lipogenesis from acetate and glucose again was high, but lipogenesis from palmitate was barely detectable. Tail-head s.c. adipose tissue from both breed types contained adipocytes with distinct brown adipocyte morphology. In Exp. 3, three fetuses of each breed type were taken at 96, 48, 24, 14, and 6 d before expected parturition, and at parturition. Lipogenesis from acetate and glucose in vitro decreased 97% during the last 96 d of gestation in both breed types, whereas the UCP1 gene expression tripled during gestation in both breed types. At birth, palmitate esterification was twice as high in Angus than in Brahman BAT and was at least 100-fold higher than in BAT from NE-infused calves from Exp. 2. Uncoupling protein-1 mRNA was readily detectable in tailhead s.c. adipose tissue in all fetal samples. In Exp. 4, male Brahman and Angus calves (n = 5 to 7 per group) were assigned to 1) newborn treatment (15 h of age), 2) 48 h of warm exposure (22 degrees C) starting at 15 h of age, or 3) 48 h of cold exposure (4 degrees C) starting at 15 h of age. Brahman BAT adipocytes shrank with cold exposure, whereas Angus BAT adipocytes did not. Similarly, BAT from neonatal lambs (Exp. 5; n = 6 per group) was depleted of lipid in response to cold exposure, although UCP1 gene expression persisted. In Exp. 4, NE stimulated lipogenesis from palmitate in BAT incubated in vitro. Lipogenesis from palmitate was higher in Angus than in Brahman BAT, and increased with both warm and cold exposure. These studies suggest that BAT from Brahman calves may be exhausted of lipid shortly after birth during times of cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.
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