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Szelényi Z, Szenci O, Bodó S, Kovács L. Noninfectious Causes of Pregnancy Loss at the Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Stage in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3390. [PMID: 37958145 PMCID: PMC10650878 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cattle, initial pregnancy diagnosis takes place during the late embryonic/early fetal stage of gestation. From this point onward, pregnancy loss may occur in up to one fifth of pregnancies before the initial pregnancy diagnosis is confirmed. This means the early identification of risk factors is a key part of pregnancy diagnosis and herd management. The various factors responsible for pregnancy losses are classified into infectious and noninfectious. Among the noninfectious causes, several dam-related (circumstances of the individual pregnancy or milk production) and herd-related factors causing stress have been well established. In this review, we summarize the impacts of these noninfectious factors and predict associated risks of pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szelényi
- Department of Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Farm Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szilárd Bodó
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (S.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Levente Kovács
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (S.B.); (L.K.)
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Elmore KK, Chibisa GE. Graduate Student Literature Review: Reducing mortality and morbidity in transported preweaning dairy calves: Colostrum management and pretransport nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00360-0. [PMID: 37414600 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, mortality and morbidity rates for preweaning calves in the US dairy industry are high, with the major cause being digestive disorders and respiratory diseases. One of the most important management practices that can reduce calf mortalities and morbidities is the feeding of colostrum, provided its quantity, quality, and cleanliness, and timing of feeding are according to recommendations. However, other management practices similar to transportation, can also compromise calf health and production performance. When preweaning calves are transported, stressors similar to physical restraint, commingling, dehydration, bruising, and pain may lead to an inflammatory response and immunosuppression, which has been seen in older cattle, and could increase susceptibility to digestive disorders and respiratory diseases. One strategy that could potentially reduce transport-related negative outcomes is the pretransport administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as meloxicam. This review provides a brief background on preweaning mortality and morbidity, colostrum management, transport-related stress, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in transported calves, and highlights some of the current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Elmore
- Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844.
| | - G E Chibisa
- Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844.
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Barnes M, Kasimanickam R, Kasimanickam V. Effect of subclinical endometritis and flunixin meglumine administration on pregnancy in embryo recipient beef cows. Theriogenology 2023; 201:76-82. [PMID: 36842264 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Fertility of recipient beef cows with subclinical endometritis (SCE) that did or did not receive flunixin meglumine (FM) treatment were compared following transfer of d 7 embryo. The study population comprised of 600 Angus cross cows that expressed estrus following Select-Synch + CIDR (Controlled Internal Drug Release) estrus synchronization protocol. At the time of embryo transfer, approximately 3 wk after sampling for subclinical endometritis, cows were randomly allocated either to receive FM treatment (500 mg of Banamine®; n = 300) or not (Control; n = 300). The effect of subclinical endometritis (at ≥ 1% PMN on endometrial cytology by cytobrush method) and FM treatment on pregnancy/embryo transfer (P/ET, %) were evaluated by mixed model. Of the 600 cows, 323 (53.8%) became pregnant; 55.0% (165/300) cows that received FM treatment vs. 52.7% (158/300) control cows (P > 0.1), and 55.9% (266/476) normal vs. 46.0% (57/124) subclinical endometritis cows (P < 0.05). There was a trend for treatment by subclinical endometritis for P/ET (P = 0.09). Pregnancy was recorded in 55.3% (134/242) of normal and 53.4% (31/58) of subclinical endometritis cows that received FM treatment, and in 56.4% (132/234) of normal and 39.4% (26/66) of subclinical endometritis cows that did not receive FM treatment (P = 0.09). In conclusion, subclinical endometritis in recipient beef cows resulted in lower P/ET. Though not significant in cows with subclinical endometritis, FM treatment resulted in 14.0% points more pregnancy compared with control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barnes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - R Kasimanickam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - V Kasimanickam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Jaśkowski BM, Opałka A, Gehrke M, Herudzińska M, Czeladko J, Baumgartner W, Jaśkowski JM. A Critical Overview on Prostaglandin Inhibitors and Their Influence on Pregnancy Results after Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123368. [PMID: 34944145 PMCID: PMC8697890 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assisted reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination or embryo transfer have been used in cattle reproduction for decades, but despite many methodological improvements, pregnancy rates have not increased proportionately. One strategy to improve the pregnancy rate after artificial insemination and embryo transfer is to increase the chance of early embryo survival with the use of medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This paper compares the effect of the application of the most frequently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle (flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil), as well as of steroid drugs that are used less frequently in cattle reproduction. An evaluation of published reports revealed a range of outcomes that were not always consistent with each other. However, a positive effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment on the pregnancy rate in cattle was indicated, especially with the use of flunixin meglumine. Abstract Assisted reproductive techniques in cattle, such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), are widely used. Despite many years of methodological improvements, the pregnancy rate (PR) in cows has not increased in direct proportion with their development. Among the possibilities to increase the PR is the use of certain steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The antiluteolytic effect of NSAIDs is achieved by blocking cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. This article compares the PRs obtained after treatment with the commonly used NSAIDs in cattle, including flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil. Studies on the effectiveness of certain steroid drugs on the PR have also been described. The results were not always consistent, and so comparisons between studies were made. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine seems to be an option, and can be recommended for improving ET results, especially in situations of high exposure or susceptibility to stress. Its administration under all circumstances, however, might be pointless and will not lead to the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5301
| | - Adam Opałka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Gehrke
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Magdalena Herudzińska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | | | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
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Besbaci M, Abdelli A, Belabdi I, Raboisson D. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in cows: A meta-analysis. Theriogenology 2021; 171:64-71. [PMID: 34029785 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) at the time of embryo transfer (ET) are commonly used to improve pregnancy rates in cows. A meta-analysis was conducted on 16 trials from 9 publications involving control (n = 2335) and NSAID-treated (n = 2849) cows. The meta-analysis explained the relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) for pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) after NSAID treatment under various circumstances. NSAID treatment with was associated on average with a 15% higher P/ET compared to no treatment (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.2). The results also highlight that the use of NSAIDs at the time of ET was particularly effective in cows with difficulty in passing the catheter from the cervix during ET, with 71% more likely P/ET (RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.74) with the use of NSAIDs for these cows compared to other cows. The data were too limited to analyse the influence of NSAID molecules (flunixin meglumine [FM] and meloxicam), cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor type (non-selective COX inhibitor [both COX-1 and COX-2] and selective COX inhibitor [only COX-2]), embryo processing (embryo production, embryo conservation and embryo quality), stress, synchronization, breed and parity on the relationship between NSAIDs and P/ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Besbaci
- Laboratory of Biotechnology in Animal Reproduction (LBRA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida, 1, 09,000, Blida, Algeria.
| | - A Abdelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bouira, 10,000, Bouira, Algeria
| | - I Belabdi
- Laboratory of Local and Natural Resources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - D Raboisson
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Damarany AI, Ghanem N. Effect of flunixin meglumine and aspirin administration on conception rate and estrous cycle characteristics of Egyptian Baladi cows during hot season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2969-2976. [PMID: 32535804 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation aims to evaluate the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) and aspirin as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration on estrous cycles characteristics and conception rate of Egyptian Baladi cows during hot season. In the first phase, 30 cows were divided into 3 groups, 10 cows for each treatment. The first group was treated with FM at the rate of 1.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) intramuscular, while the second group was administrated aspirin solution orally at the rate of 50 mg/kg BW. The third group was assigned as control (CG) that has no treatment. The FM group was administrated on day 14 after mating, while aspirin was given on day 14 and day 15 post-mating. All cows were mated naturally after showing estrus signs. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried 60 days after mating by rectal palpation. In the second phase, cows were monitored for estrus behavior by visual observation twice a day. The length of normal estrous cycles was 20, 23, and 22 days in cows treated with FM, aspirin, and control cows, respectively. There was no significant effect of treatment on the length of normal estrous cycles in Egyptian cows (P < 0.05). Proportions of long cycles in Egyptian cows that treated with FM or aspirin and control were 75, 67.7, and 57.1%, respectively. Short cycles were completely absent in cows that treated with FM or aspirin, but it was 29% in CG. Mounting behavior and tail rising were not detected in CG compared to 0 and 33% in FM or 25 and 33% in aspirin treated cows, respectively. Conception or pregnancy rate were 60, 40, and 30%, respectively, in FM, aspirin treated, and CG. Treatment cows whether FM or aspirin group did not influence (P < 0.05) progesterone concentration during the 14 days and 21 days from estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant Egyptian Baladi cows than CG. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly indicated beneficial effect of FM and aspirin administration on intense of displayed estrous behavior and conception rate of Egyptian Baladi cows during the hot season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismail Damarany
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Nasser Ghanem
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Kasimanickam R, Kasimanickam V, Gold J, Moore D, Kastelic JP, Pyrdek D, Ratzburg K. Injectable or transdermal flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rates in embryo transfer recipient beef cows without altering returns to estrus. Theriogenology 2019; 140:8-17. [PMID: 31421533 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES were to determine effects of 1) injectable or transdermal flunixin meglumine (FM) at embryo transfer (ET) compared to an untreated control group on pregnancy per ET (P/ET; ∼35 d after ET); 2) embryo and recipient factors on P/ET; 3) FM on hormone concentrations; and 4) FM on returns to estrus. Angus-cross beef cows (n = 1145) at five locations were scored for body condition (BCS; 1-9) and temperament (0 or 1) and given Select-Synch + CIDR. Recipient cows with a corpus luteum (CL) ≥1.5 cm received a frozen-thawed embryo 7 d after estrus and were concurrently given 1.1 mg/kg injectable FM im (INJFM; n = 384), 3.3 mg/kg transdermal FM pour on (TDFM; n = 388), or nothing (CON group; n = 373). Blood samples were collected at ET and 7 d later (60 cows). Accounting for temperament (P < 0.05), ET difficulty score (1-3, easy to difficult; P < 0.01), treatment by temperament (P < 0.001) and treatment by embryo quality (P < 0.05), FM treatments affected P/ET (P < 0.05). The P/ET for cows given INJFM [62.8% (241/384)] or TDFM [58.7% (228/388)] were not different (P = 0.26), but they were greater (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively) than P/ET for controls [51.2% (191/373)]. The P/ET was greater for calm versus excitable cows, 60.2 (463/769) and 52.4% (197/376), respectively (P < 0.01) and was lower for difficulty score 3 [49.2% (156/317)] compared to score 1 [62.7% (254/405; P < 0.001) or score 2 [59.1% (250/423; P < 0.01)]. There was no effect (P > 0.1) of cow age, BCS, or stage of embryo development on P/ET. Pregnancy rates for embryo quality grade 1 (excellent/good) and grade 2 (fair) were 60.4% (314/520) and 55.4% (346/625), respectively (P > 0.05). Percentages of non-pregnant recipient cows in estrus from Days 18-26 did not differ among treatment groups (P > 0.1). Control cows had lower progesterone concentrations and greater substance-P, PGFM and 8-isoprostane PGF2α concentrations at 7 d after ET compared to FM-treated cows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, injectable or transdermal FM improved pregnancy rates in ET recipients, without affecting nonpregnant cows return to estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - V Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - D Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Pyrdek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Ratzburg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Kasimanickam RK, Hall JB, Estill CT, Kastelic JP, Joseph C, Abdel Aziz RL, Nak D. Flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy rate in embryo recipient beef cows with an excitable temperament. Theriogenology 2017; 107:70-77. [PMID: 29132037 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine effects of: 1) handling temperament and administration of flunixin meglumine, an inhibitor of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) synthesis, given at the time of embryo transfer, on pregnancy rates in beef cattle embryo transfer recipients; 2) handling temperament and flunixin meglumine on peripheral concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, substance-P, prostaglandin F metabolites (PGFM, (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2a) and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a; and 3) flunixin meglumine treatment on proportion of non-pregnant recipient cows returning to estrus within an expected interval. Angus cross beef cows (n = 710) at 7 locations were assigned a body condition score (BCS: 1, emaciated; 9, obese) and a temperament score [0, calm, slow chute exit; walk (n = 352), 1, excited, fast chute exit; jump, trot or run (n = 358)] and were synchronized with Select-Synch with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol. Estrus detection aids were applied at CIDR removal and cows were observed thrice daily for estrus until 72 h. Recipient cows that expressed estrus and had a corpus luteum received a frozen-thawed embryo on Day 7 after estrus. At the time of transfer, recipient cows were randomly allocated to receive 10 mL of flunixin meglumine im, immediately after transfer (n = 365) or served as an untreated control (n = 345). In a subset of cows (n = 80), ovarian ultrasonography was performed on the day of embryo transfer to determine corpus luteum volume and blood samples were collected twice, at the time of embryo transfer and 7 d later. All cows received estrus detection aids again on Day 14 (7 d after embryo transfer) and were observed for estrus twice daily until Day 24. Accounting for treatment (P > 0.1), embryo transfer difficulty score (P < 0.1), temperament by treatment interaction (P < 0.05), recipient cows with calm temperament had a higher pregnancy rate compared to those with an excited temperament [59.4 (209/352) vs 51.7% (185/358)]. The pregnancy rate for excitable cows without flunixin meglumine was lower (46.3% 81/175) compared to excitable cows that did received flunixin meglumine [56.8% (104/183)], and calm cows that did [59.3% (108/182)] or did not [59.4% (104/170)] receive flunixin meglumine. Proportions of non-pregnant recipient cows returning to estrus on Days 18-24 were not different between flunixin meglumine and control groups, 87.6% (134/153) and 84.0% (137/163), respectively (P > 0.1). At the time of embryo transfer and 7 d later, there were moderate to strong correlations among circulating concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, substance-P, PGFM and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a. Among excitable cows, progesterone concentrations were lower and cortisol, substance-P, PGFM and isoprostane 8-epi PGF2a concentrations were greater for cows in the control group compared to cows that received flunixin meglumine. In conclusion, administration of flunixin meglumine improved pregnancy rates in excitable recipient cows following embryo transfer without affecting the proportion of non-pregnant cows returning to estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - J B Hall
- Nancy M. Cummings Research, Extension and Education Center, University of Idaho, Carmen, ID, USA
| | - C T Estill
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Joseph
- Department of Clinics, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Vepery, Chennai, India
| | - R L Abdel Aziz
- Department of Theriogenology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - D Nak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uludag University Veterinary Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
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Cooke RF, Schubach KM, Marques RS, Peres RFG, Silva LGT, Carvalho RS, Cipriano RS, Bohnert DW, Pires AV, Vasconcelos JLM. Effects of temperament on physiological, productive, and reproductive responses in beef cows. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1-8. [PMID: 28177361 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of temperament on physiological, productive, and reproductive responses in beef cows. A total of 953 lactating, multiparous, non-pregnant Nelore cows (age = 99 ± 2 mo; days post-partum = 51.4 ± 0.3 d; BCS = 5.34 ± 0.04; BW = 430 ± 2 kg) were allocated into 8 groups of approximately 120 cows each. Groups were assigned to an estrus synchronization + timed-AI protocol at the beginning of the breeding season. Concurrently with AI, blood samples were collected, hair samples were clipped from the tail switch, and cow temperament was evaluated via chute score and exit velocity. Individual exit score was calculated within each group by dividing exit velocity into quintiles and assigning cows with a score from 1 to 5 (1 = slowest; 5 = fastest cow). Temperament scores were calculated by averaging cow chute score and exit score, and used to define cow temperament ( ≤ 3 = adequate, = 726; ADQ; > 3 = excitable, = 227; EXC). Cows not pregnant to AI were assigned to a second timed-AI protocol ( = 184 ADQ and 72 EXC) or exposed ( = 269 ADQ and 90 EXC) to bulls for 60 d. Pregnancy status was verified 30 d after each AI and 45 d after the breeding season via transrectal ultrasound. Cow age, BW, BCS, and d post-partum at the beginning of the breeding season were similar ( ≥ 0.27) between ADQ and EXC cows. At first timed-AI, EXC had greater ( < 0.01) serum cortisol but similar ( ≥ 0.87) serum haptoglobin and hair cortisol concentrations compared with ADQ cows (49.1 vs. 39.1 ng/mL of serum cortisol, SEM = 1.0). Pregnancy rate to first timed-AI tended ( = 0.09) to be less in EXC vs. ADQ cows (41.0 vs. 47.3%; SEM = 3.6), whereas no treatment differences were detected ( ≥ 0.23) for subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Calving rate was less ( = 0.04) in EXC vs. ADQ cows (68.3 vs. 74.8%; SEM = 2.2), which can be attributed to the greater ( = 0.05) pregnancy loss detected in EXC cows (9.9 vs. 5.9%; SEM = 1.4). Weaning rate tended ( = 0.09) to be less, whereas calf weaning BW and age were less ( ≤ 0.05) in EXC vs. ADQ cows (63.9 vs. 69.4%, SEM = 2.4; 209 vs. 212 d, SEM = 1; 204 vs. 210 kg, SEM = 2). Hence, kg of calf weaned/cow exposed to breeding was reduced ( = 0.04) in EXC vs. ADQ cows (130 vs. 146 kg, SEM = 5). In summary, cows with excitable temperament had reduced reproductive performance and overall productivity compared to cohorts with adequate temperament when exposed to timed-AI + natural breeding.
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Kruse SG, Bridges GA, Funnell BJ, Bird SL, Lake SL, Arias RP, Amundson OL, Larimore EL, Keisler DH, Perry GA. Influence of post-insemination nutrition on embryonic development in beef heifers. Theriogenology 2016; 90:185-190. [PMID: 28166966 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that a decrease in nutrition immediately following AI reduces pregnancy success in beef heifers. The objective of this experiment was to determine if nutrient restriction following AI impacted early embryonic development among non-super ovulated heifers. Beef heifers in eight replications (Rep; Rep 1; n = 14, Rep 2; n = 15, Rep 3; n = 15, Rep 4; n = 14, Rep 5; n = 15, Rep 6; n = 15, Rep 7; n = 25, Rep 8; n = 25) across two locations (UMN, SDSU) were developed in a dry-lot and fed 125% NRC requirements from weaning to timed-AI (d 0). Heifers were timed-AI to a single sire in all replications. Immediately following AI, heifers were assigned, based on age, weight, and estrous response to one of two post-AI nutritional treatments. Half the heifers in each replication continued on the pre-insemination diet, serving as the control treatment (CON) and the remaining heifers were restricted to a sub-maintenance diet (RES). At UMN, heifers in the RES treatment were fed the same diet, but intake was limited to 80% NEm, while at SDSU, DMI remained the same, but diet composition was altered with the addition of straw to reduce NEm to 50% of requirements. On d 6, single embryos were collected nonsurgically and recovered embryos (CON; n = 46, RES; n = 42) were evaluated to determine quality (grade 1-9) and stage (1-4). Embryos were then stained and evaluated to determine the number of dead cells and total blastomeres. In Reps 1 through 6, concentrations of IGF-1 were assessed on d 0 and 6 and progesterone concentrations on d 4 and 6. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS. There were no treatment by Rep or treatment by location interactions for any embryo parameter evaluated, thus all data were pooled. Embryo stage and quality were improved (P < 0.01) in the CON (4.4 ± 0.16, 2.2 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to RES treatment (3.7 ± 0.16, 2.9 ± 0.19, respectively). Embryos in the CON treatment had greater total blastomeres (66.9 ± 5.05; P < 0.01) and tended to have a greater percentage of live cells (P < 0.10; 80.9 ± 4.19%) compared to RES (47.9 ± 5.41; 69.7 ± 4.39%, respectively). Progesterone and IGF-1 concentrations did not differ between treatments. In summary, nutrient restriction for 6 days immediately following AI resulted in poorer quality embryos that were delayed in stage of development, suggesting that immediate changes in nutritional status after insemination can alter early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kruse
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States
| | - G A Bridges
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States.
| | - B J Funnell
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States
| | - S L Bird
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, United States
| | - S L Lake
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - R P Arias
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - O L Amundson
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - E L Larimore
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - D H Keisler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - G A Perry
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States.
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11
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Kang HJ, Lee IK, Piao MY, Kwak CW, Gu MJ, Yun CH, Kim HJ, Ahn HJ, Kim HB, Kim GH, Kim SK, Ko JY, Ha JK, Baik M. Effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in Holstein heifers. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:140-148. [PMID: 27087166 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non-transported (NT; n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up-regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Joong Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Yu Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ju Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Bal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeom-Heon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Youl Ko
- National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong K Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Song M, Liu Y, Lee JJ, Che TM, Soares-Almeida JA, Chun JL, Campbell JM, Polo J, Crenshaw JD, Seo SW, Pettigrew JE. Spray-dried plasma attenuates inflammation and improves pregnancy rate of mated female mice1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:298-305. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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13
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Kim SS, Bang JI, Fakruzzaman M, Lee KL, Ko DH, Ghanem N, Wang Z, Kong IK. Effects of Flunixin Meglumine and Prostaglandin F2αTreatments on the Development and Quality of Bovine EmbryosIn Vitro. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:957-63. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S-S Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - J-I Bang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - M Fakruzzaman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - K-L Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - D-H Ko
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology; Sangji Youngseo College; Wonju Korea
| | - N Ghanem
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
| | - I-K Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus); Department of Animal Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
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14
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Cooke RF, Cappellozza BI, Guarnieri Filho TA, Bohnert DW. Effects of flunixin meglumine administration on physiological and performance responses of transported feeder cattle1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5500-6. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Cooke
- Oregon State University Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - B. I. Cappellozza
- Oregon State University Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
| | - T. A. Guarnieri Filho
- Oregon State University Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
- Departamento de Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - D. W. Bohnert
- Oregon State University Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns 97720
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15
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16
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Aguiar TS, Araújo CV, Tirloni RR, Martins LR. Effect of Meloxicam on Pregnancy Rate of Recipient Heifers Following Transfer ofIn VitroProduced Embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:984-8. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TS Aguiar
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Sinop Mato Grosso Brazil
- Vitalle Farm; Sinop Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - CV Araújo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrárias e Ambientais; ICAA, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Sinop Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - RR Tirloni
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Sinop Mato Grosso Brazil
| | - LR Martins
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Sinop Mato Grosso Brazil
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17
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Evaluation of treatments with hCG and carprofen at embryo transfer in a demi-embryo and recipient virgin heifer model. Animal 2013; 7:1317-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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Geary TW. Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone and flunixin meglumine on pregnancy retention in beef cows1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:207-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. W. Geary
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301
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19
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Szenci O, Karen A, Bajcsy AC, Gáspárdy A, de Sousa NM, Beckers JF. Effect of restraint stress on plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone and pregnancy associated-glycoprotein-1 in pregnant heifers during late embryonic development. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1380-5. [PMID: 21872319 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of restraint stress, which is commonly practised in the field, on plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone (P4) and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 (boPAG-1) in pregnant heifers between Days 30 to 40 of gestation. Twelve Holstein-Friesian heifers between Days 30 (Day 0 of experiment) and 40 (Day 10 of experiment) of pregnancy in a Hungarian dairy farm were used in the present study. The heifers were exposed to an acute stressor consisting of immobilisation (restraint stress) in a crush for 2 h (Group 1, n = 6) on Day 2 (Hour 48) and for 2 × 2 h (Group 2, n = 6) on Days 2 and 3 (Hour 72) of the experiment. Transrectal ultrasonography (7.5 MHz linear-array rectal transducer) was performed daily from Day 0 to Day 10 of the experiment to detect embryonic heartbeat or the fate of the conceptus. Blood samples were withdrawn before each ultrasonographic examination. Additional blood samples were withdrawn by 1 and 2 h (at Hours 49 and 50 in Groups 1 and 2 and Hours 73 and 74 in Group 2) of the onset of applying the stressor. Plasma cortisol, P4 and boPAG-1 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Acute restraint stress significantly (P < 0.001) increased the plasma cortisol level in pregnant heifers at 1 h of the exposure to the stressor at Days 2 (48 h) and 3 (72 h) of the experiment. On the other hand, the restraint stress did not affect the concentration of P4 and boPAG-1 concentrations in both groups. In conclusion, restraint stress for 2 h during early pregnancy in heifers increased blood cortisol, but it did not affect the concentrations of P4 and boPAG-1 between Days 30 to 40 of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Szenci
- Clinic for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Üllõ-Dóra Major, 2225, Hungary.
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20
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Rossetti RC, Perdigão A, Mesquita FS, Sá Filho M, Nogueira GP, Machado R, Membrive CMB, Binelli M. Effects of flunixin meglumine, recombinant bovine somatotropin and/or human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy rates in Nelore cows. Theriogenology 2011; 76:751-8. [PMID: 21719091 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare pharmacological strategies aiming to inhibit prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF(2α)) synthesis (flunixin meglumine; FM), stimulate growth of the conceptus (recombinant bovine somatotropin; bST) and progesterone (P(4)) synthesis (human chorionic gonadotropin; hCG), as well as their combinations, regarding their ability to improve pregnancy rates in beef cattle. Lactating Nelore cows (N = 975), 35 to 70 days postpartum, were synchronized and inseminated by timed artificial insemination (TAI) on Day 0. On Day 7, cattle were allocated into eight groups and received one of the following treatments: saline (S) on Days 7 and 16 (Group Control); S on Day 7 and FM on Day 16 (Group FM); bST on Day 7 and S on Day 16 (Group bST); bST on Day 7 and FM on Day 16 (Group bST + FM); hCG on Day 7 and S on Day 16 (Group hCG); hCG on Day 7 and FM on Day 16 (Group hCG + FM); bST and hCG on Day 7 and S on Day 16 (Group bST + hCG), or bST and hCG on Day 7 and FM on Day 16 (Group bST + hCG + FM). The aforementioned treatments were administered at the following doses: 2.2 mg/kg FM (Banamine®; Intervet Schering-Plough, Cotia, SP, Brazil), 500 mg bST (Boostin®; Intervet Schering-Plough), and 2500 IU hCG (Chorulon®; Intervet Schering-Plough). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 40 days after TAI by transrectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy rates were not significantly different among treatments. However, there was a main effect of hCG treatment to increase pregnancy rates (63.0 vs. 55.4%; P = 0.001). Concentrations of P(4) did not differ significantly among groups on Day 7 or on Day 16. However, consistent with the higher pregnancy rates, hCG increased P(4) concentrations on Day 16 (10.6 vs. 9.6 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.05). We concluded that hCG treatment 7 days after TAI improved pregnancy rates of lactating Nelore cows, possibly via a mechanism leading to induction of higher P(4) concentrations, or by reducing the luteolytic stimulus during maternal recognition of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Rossetti
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rajkumar R, Singh SK, Agarwal SK, Mahmood S, Shankar U. Effect of Selective COX-2 Inhibitor on Conception Rate, Progesterone and PGFM Profile in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.10539512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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von Krueger X, Heuwieser W. Effect of flunixin meglumine and carprofen on pregnancy rates in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5140-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Use of a five-day progesterone-based timed AI protocol to determine if flunixin meglumine improves pregnancy per timed AI in dairy heifers. Theriogenology 2010; 73:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Geary TW, Ansotegui RP, MacNeil MD, Roberts AJ, Waterman RC. Effects of flunixin meglumine on pregnancy establishment in beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:943-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Gifford CA, Assiri AM, Satterfield MC, Spencer TE, Ott TL. Receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) in endometrium, ovary, and peripheral blood leukocytes of pregnant and cyclic ewes. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:518-24. [PMID: 18495679 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.069468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-tau (IFNT) is secreted by the conceptus trophoblast and signals pregnancy recognition in ruminants. IFNT regulates expression of genes in the endometrium, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), and corpus luteum (CL). Microarray analysis identified that expression of (chemosensory) receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) increased in PBLs during early pregnancy in cows. In the present study, we cloned and characterized RTP4 transcription during early pregnancy in ewes. Endometrium, PBLs, and CL were collected on Days 11, 13, and 15 of the cycle and on Days 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 of pregnancy. Northern blot analysis revealed an expected 1.6-kb mRNA and an unexpected 2.6-kb mRNA. In endometria, RTP4 mRNA levels in cyclic ewes remained low, whereas RTP4 mRNA increased from Day 11 to Day 17 in pregnant ewes. Levels of RTP4 mRNA also increased from Day 15 to Day 19 in CL and PBL samples from pregnant ewes only. The RTP4 mRNA was located in the glandular epithelium, stratum compactum, and caruncular stroma. Ovine glandular epithelial cells were treated with IFNT to determine if IFNT alone could induce RTP4. IFNT increased RTP4 more than 70-fold at 1.5 h after treatment, with maximal induction of nearly 300-fold above values observed in nontreated controls at 6 h after treatment. These results indicate that RTP4 mRNA levels are induced in the ovine endometrium, PBLs, and CL by IFNT during early pregnancy and in cell culture in response to IFNT. If RTP4 expression affects G protein-coupled receptor function, it may be important for establishment of pregnancy in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gifford
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, USA
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26
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Reuter RR, Carroll JA, Dailey JW, Cook BJ, Galyean ML. Effects of dietary energy source and level and injection of tilmicosin phosphate on immune function in lipopolysaccharide-challenged beef steers. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1963-76. [PMID: 18407986 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four Angus x Hereford crossbred steers (247 kg BW; SE = 2.4 kg) were used in a completely random design to evaluate the effect of energy source and level with or without antibiotic administration on measures of immune function. Steers were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments: a 70% concentrate diet ad libitum (70AL), a 30% concentrate diet ad libitum (30AL), and a 70% concentrate diet offered in an amount calculated to provide NE(g) intake equal to the 30AL treatment (70RES). Half the steers in each dietary treatment received a s.c. injection of tilmicosin phosphate (ANTI; 1 mL/30 kg of BW); the other half received an equal volume of saline s.c. (SAL). Steers were offered the treatment diets for 28 d before and were administered the ANTI or SAL injections 2 d before indwelling catheters were placed in the jugular vein and 2.0 microg/kg of BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered i.v. Blood serum was collected at 30-min intervals from -2 to 6 h and at 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h relative to the LPS challenge. Increased energy intake (70AL) increased (P < or = 0.04) DMI, ADG, and rectal temperature (RT) after the challenge compared with the 70RES treatment. The 30AL treatment increased the maximum concentrations and area under the response curve of the proinflammatory cytokines (PIC) interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6 (P < or = 0.05) compared with the average of the 70AL and 70RES treatments. Decreased energy intake (70RES vs. 70AL) increased IL-6 (P < or = 0.003) but did not significantly increase interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P > or = 0.14) after LPS administration. Tilmicosin administration decreased the time to attain maximal RT (P = 0.01) by 1 h without altering the peak RT (P = 0.85), and tilmicosin interacted with energy intake to increase prechallenge PIC in 70RES vs. 70AL (P < or = 0.05). Results indicate that increased PIC response, presumably resulting from a combination of decreased energy intake and from direct effects of roughage, may be a mode of action for the slight decrease in morbidity that often occurs when newly received, stressed calves are fed roughage-based receiving diets. Tilmicosin phosphate might have immunomodulatory capacity beyond its direct effects on pathogenic bacteria, and these effects could interact with dietary energy intake in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Reuter
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA.
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27
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Jones AL, Lamb GC. Nutrition, synchronization, and management of beef embryo transfer recipients. Theriogenology 2007; 69:107-15. [PMID: 17964640 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A commercially viable cattle embryo transfer industry was established during the early 1970s. Initially, techniques for transferring cattle embryos were exclusively surgical. However, by the early 1980s, most embryos were transferred nonsurgically. For an embryo transfer program to be effective, numerous factors need to be in place to ensure success. Nutrition, estrous cycle control, and recipient management are all responsible for the success or failure in fertility for a given herd. Utilization of body condition scores is a practical method to determine nutritional status of the recipient herd. Prepartum nutrition is critical to ensure that cows calve in adequate body condition to reinitiate postpartum estrous cycles early enough to respond to synchronization protocols. Estrus synchronization for embryo transfer after detected estrus or for fixed-time embryo transfer without estrus detection are effective methods to increase the number of calves produced by embryo transfer. In addition, resynchronization of nonpregnant recipients effectively ensures that a high percentage of recipients will return to estrus during a 72 h interval and are eligible for subsequent embryo transfers. Numerous additional factors need to be assessed to ensure that the recipient herd achieves its reproductive potential. These factors include assessing the merits of nulliparous, primiparous, or multiparous cows, ensuring that facilities allow for minimal stress, and that the herd health program is well-defined and followed. Numerous short- and long-term factors contribute to recipients conceiving to a transferred embryo, maintaining the embryo/fetus to term, delivering the calf without assistance and raising and weaning a healthy calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Jones
- Frontier Genetics International, Curtis, NE 69025, USA.
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