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Ramirez-Camba CD, Levesque CL. The Linear-Logistic Model: A Novel Paradigm for Estimating Dietary Amino Acid Requirements. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101708. [PMID: 37238138 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether current methods for estimating AA requirements for animal health and welfare are sufficient. An exploratory data analysis (EDA) was conducted, which involved a review of assumptions underlying AA requirements research, a data mining approach to identify animal responses to dietary AA levels exceeding those for maximum protein retention, and a literature review to assess the physiological relevance of the linear-logistic model developed through the data mining approach. The results showed that AA dietary levels above those for maximum growth resulted in improvements in key physiological responses, and the linear-logistic model depicted the AA level at which growth and protein retention rates were maximized, along with key metabolic functions related to milk yield, litter size, immune response, intestinal permeability, and plasma AA concentrations. The results suggest that current methods based solely on growth and protein retention measurements are insufficient for optimizing key physiological responses associated with health, survival, and reproduction. The linear-logistic model could be used to estimate AA doses that optimize these responses and, potentially, survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Ramirez-Camba
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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2
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Song W, Wu Z, Li W, Li Y, Yang H. Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level for pigs during the grower, early and late finisher periods. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:447. [PMID: 36564755 PMCID: PMC9783462 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine (Lys) is the first limiting amino acid for pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets. Three experiments were conducted to estimate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement for growing (Exp. 1), early finishing (Exp. 2), and late finishing (Exp. 3) pigs under commercial conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In Exp. 1, a total of 650 growing pigs (32.21 ± 0.33 kg bodyweight), were allocated to 5 dietary treatments supplemented with 0.75, 0.85, 0.94, 1.03, and 1.13% SID Lys. Each treatment had 5 replicate pens with 26 pigs per pen. The lowest feed to gain ratio (F:G) was obtained by pigs fed the 1.03% Lys diet and F:G showed both a linear and a quadratic response with increasing Lys (P < 0.05). Based on broken-line and quadratic analysis models, dietary SID Lys levels for the minimum F:G were 0.94%. In Exp. 2, 650 finishing pigs (57.24 ± 2.00 kg bodyweight) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments providing SID Lys of 0.63, 0.71, 0.79, 0.87, and 0.95%. Each treatment had 5 replicates, 26 pigs per replication. The highest final bodyweight was achieved by 0.79% Lys while the highest average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was achieved by pigs consuming the 0.87% Lys diet (P < 0.05). Additionally, the lowest F:G was obtained by pigs fed the 0.79 and 0.87% Lys diet (P < 0.05). Based on broken-line and quadratic analysis models, the optimum Lys was 0.81 and 0.82% for ADG and F:G, respectively. In Exp. 3, 600 late finishing pigs (92.22 ± 2.41 kg bodyweight), were divided into 5 treatments providing Lys levels of 0.53, 0.60, 0.66, 0.73, and 0.79%. Each treatment had 5 replicates, 24 pigs per replication. Results showed that final bodyweight, ADG, ADFI, and F:G was not affected by increasing dietary Lys level, suggesting that the lowest SID Lys (0.53%) was sufficient for this group of pigs. Taken together, the SID Lys requirement for pigs from 30 to 60 kg, 60 to 90 kg, 90 to 120 kg was 0.94%, 0.81 to 0.82, and 0.53%, respectively, depending on the response criteria with performance maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Song
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081 Hunan China
| | - Zijuan Wu
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081 Hunan China
| | - Wenli Li
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081 Hunan China
| | - Yali Li
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081 Hunan China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081 Hunan China
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Yang Z, Deng H, He T, Sun Z, Gifty ZB, Hu P, Rao Z, Tang Z. Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Fecal Amino Acids Excretion and Apparent Digestibility, and Fecal and Ileal Microbial Amino Acids Composition in Weaned Piglets. Front Nutr 2021; 8:738707. [PMID: 34977108 PMCID: PMC8716875 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.738707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low protein diets with the same Lys, Met + Cys, Thr, and Trp levels as in high protein diets on the fecal amino acid excretion and apparent digestibility, and ileal and fecal microbial amino acids composition in weaned piglets. Methods: Fifty-four 21-day-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups and fed with corn-soybean meal basal diets, in which the crude protein (CP) content was 20% (H-CP), 17% (M-CP), and 14% (L-CP), respectively. The experiment included a 7-day adaptation period and a 45-day trial period. Six piglets in each group were randomly slaughtered on days 10, 25, and 45 of the trial period, and the intestinal contents, intestinal mucosa, and feces were collected. Results: The results showed that the interaction between feeding time and dietary CP levels was reflected in the apparent digestibility of dietary CP and amino acid (AA) (p < 0.01). With the increase of age, the apparent digestibility of CP and AA were increased (p < 0.01). With the increase of CP levels, the excretion of nitrogen (N) was decreased (p < 0.01), whereas the flow of microbial AA in the ileum and feces were increased (p < 0.01). The interaction between feeding time and dietary CP levels was also reflected in the composition of AA in the ileum and stool of piglets (p < 0.01). The proportion of His, Lyr, Met, Cys, and Ser was lower than the average, whereas the proportion of Phe, Leu, Pro, Ala, Glu, and Asp was higher than the average. With the increase of age, the AA content of microorganisms increased (p < 0.01). Conclusion: All in all, this work revealed the changes of N, CP, and AA excretion and digestibility of feces and microorganisms of piglets under the combined action of different dietary protein levels and different feeding times, and also the changes of AA composition of intestinal microorganisms and AA composition of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Yang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenguo Yang
| | - Huan Deng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianle He
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziema Bumbie Gifty
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zebing Rao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, China
- Zhiru Tang
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Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, Song MH, Yun W, Oh HJ, Lee JS, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:491-500. [PMID: 34189499 PMCID: PMC8204005 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diets
added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood
profiles of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with average body weight (BW) of
6.99 ± 0.21 kg were used in a 20-week experiment. The dietary treatments
were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments were as follows: In
phase 1 (1–2 weeks), two protein levels as high protein (HP; 19.0%), low
protein (LP; 17.0%), and three protease (PT) levels (PT0, 0%; PT1, 0.3%; and
PT2, 0.5%); in phase 2 (3–4 weeks), protein levels (HP, 18.05%; LP,
16.15%) and protease levels (0%, 0.3%, and 0.5%); in phase 3 (5–12
weeks), protein levels (HP, 17.1%; LP, 15.3%) and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and
0.3%); in phase 4 (13–20 weeks), protein levels (HP, 16.15%; LP, 14.45%)
and protease level (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%). At 4 weeks and 20 weeks after
treatment, BW was higher (p < 0.050) in the PT2 group
than PT0 group. From weeks 0 to 4, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency
(G/F) were higher (p = 0.006 and p = 0.014;
p = 0.014 and p = 0.044, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. From weeks 16 to 20, ADG and G/F were
higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009;
p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively) in
the PT2 group than PT0 and PT1 groups. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was
higher (p = 0.013, p = 0.014, and
p = 0.035, respectively) in the low protein (LP) group than
high protein (HP) group at weeks 4, 12, and 20. At weeks 4 and 20, the LP diet
group had lower (p < 0.001 and p =
0.001, respectively) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than the HP diet group.
Therefore, a low CP diet added with protease could increase growth performance
and CP digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Gao K, Wen X, Guo C, Wang L, Ban W, Yang X, Wu Z, Jiang Z. Effect of dietary arginine-to-lysine ratio in lactation on biochemical indices and performance of lactating sows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5893170. [PMID: 32803249 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of optimizing the total dietary arginine (Arg)-to-lysine (Lys) ratios on the metabolism of lactating sows and piglet performance by supplementation with l- Arg during lactation. A total of 200 multiparous sows (three to six parities, Yorkshire × Landrace) were selected and randomly and equally assigned to five groups in lactation, and finally, 36, 34, 35, 36, and 33 dams completed the study in the dietary treatments, respectively, where the diets consisted of five step-up Arg-to-Lys ratios (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3) by the addition of 0%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30%, and 0.40% Arg. The diets contained 3.37 to 3.38 Mcal of digestible energy/kg energy, 17.73% to 17.75% crude protein, and 0.98% to 1.01% Lys and were fed ad libitum during lactation. The performance of sows and suckling piglets was measured, and plasma and milk samples were collected for analysis. The feed intake of sows as well as litter weight gain during lactation increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05), while maternal backfat and milk composition were not affected (P > 0.05) as the dietary Arg-to-Lys ratios increased. Analyzed plasma biochemical indices, including concentrations of free Arg, Orn, and Glu, and prolactin, insulin, and follicle-stimulating hormone, responded linearly (P ≤ 0.05) to increases in dietary Arg-to-Lys ratios. The dietary Arg-to-Lys ratios of 1.01 and 1.02 were optimal for maternal feed intake and litter weight gain, based on broken-line models. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that increasing total dietary Arg-to-Lys ratios in lactation was beneficial for the performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets, and dietary Arg-to-Lys ratios of 1.01 and 1.02 were optimal, from regression analyses, for the practical feeding of lactating sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiguo Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- CJ International Trading Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Ban
- CJ International Trading Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Guangxi State Farms Yongxin Husbandry Co., Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Zhao Y, Tian G, Chen D, Zheng P, Yu J, He J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Yu B. Effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 31534715 PMCID: PMC6745769 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs. Forty-two barrows (25.00 ± 0.39 kg) were randomly assigned to 7 diets. Diet 1: the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids (EAAs). Diet 2: the medium crude protein diet with 2% (approx) decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. Diet 3: the low crude protein diet with 4% decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs. The protein levels of Diet 4, 5, 6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3. Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr) and tryptophan (Trp); Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine (Ile) or valine (Val), respectively; Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile + Val. Results Over the 112 days trial, the reduction of dietary protein by 2% or 4% with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05), but had no effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics (P > 0.05). In low protein diet, Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase (P < 0.05), while Ile supplementation at 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain (P < 0.05). No effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on carcass characteristics was observed (P > 0.05). The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile, or Val, or Ile + Val diets. Conclusion In low protein diet, Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage (25–50 kg), while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage (75–125 kg). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0381-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
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Soto JA, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Wu F. Optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine and crude protein concentration for growth and carcass performance in finishing pigs weighing greater than 100 kg1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1701-1711. [PMID: 30753677 PMCID: PMC6447254 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and CP concentrations for finishing pigs over 100 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 253 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 102.0 kg) were used in a 23-d trial with 7 to 8 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments contained 4 SID lysine concentrations (0.45, 0.55, 0.65, or 0.75%). To formulate the experimental diets, a corn-soybean meal diet with 0.45% SID lysine was formulated without L-lysine HCl. Then, a corn-soybean meal diet containing 0.75% SID lysine was formulated including 0.23% L-lysine HCl. The 0.45 and 0.75% SID lysine diets were blended to provide the 0.55 and 0.65% SID lysine diets. Increasing SID lysine increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI with pigs fed 0.55% SID lysine having the greatest final BW. Marginal improvements in gain:feed (G:F; quadratic, P = 0.058) and carcass yield (linear, P = 0.051) and reduction in backfat (quadratic, P = 0.074) were also observed with increasing SID lysine. The quadratic polynomial models predicted maximum ADG and G:F at 0.62 and 0.63% SID lysine, respectively. The broken-line linear model predicted no further improvement in G:F over 0.55% SID lysine. In Exp. 2, 224 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 109.4 kg) were used in a 20-d trial with 7 pigs per pen and 7 to 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 4 concentrations of CP (10, 11, 12, or 13%) that were formed by reducing the amount of L-lysine HCl in a corn-soybean meal diet. Increasing CP increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI with the greatest responses observed in pigs fed the diet with 12% CP. Increasing dietary CP also improved (linear, P < 0.05) G:F, final BW, and hot carcass weight (HCW). In Exp. 3, 238 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 111.8 kg) were used in a 26-d trial with 7 to 8 pigs and 6 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 5 concentrations of CP (9, 10, 11, 12, or 13%). Increasing CP improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and G:F with the greatest response observed in pigs fed 13% CP. Increasing CP marginally increased (quadratic, P < 0.074) HCW, with the greatest response observed in pigs fed 12% CP. In conclusion, the SID lysine requirement for pigs from 100 to 122 kg was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response criteria with performance maximized with diets containing 12 to 13% CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Soto
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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8
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The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Zhou H, Chen D, Mao X, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo J, Gao J, Htoo JK, Yu B. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for 8-20 kg pigs fed low crude protein diets. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:237-246. [PMID: 30556220 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirement for weaned pigs fed with low crude protein (CP) diet. In Experiment 1, 144 pigs were fed a normal CP (20%) diet with 12.3 g/kg SID Lys and five low CP (18.5%) diets providing SID Lys levels of 9.8, 11.1, 12.3, 13.5, and 14.8 g/kg, respectively, for 28 days. Reducing dietary CP from 20% to 18.5% enhanced (p < 0.05) the growth performance. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (linear and quadratic; p < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (SUN) decreased (linear and quadratic; p < 0.05) as SID Lys increased. The SID Lys levels required to maximize ADG and optimize G:F were 12.8 and 13.1 g/kg using a curvilinear plateau model, and to minimize SUN was 13.4 g/kg using a two-slope broken-line model, which averaged 13.1 g/kg SID Lys. In Experiment 2, 18 pigs were used in a 12-day N balance trial and received the same diets of Experiment 1. Total N excretion was decreased when dietary CP reduced and further decreased when SID Lys increased. Collectively, 1.5% dietary CP reduction improved the growth performance and decreased the N excretion; the optimal SID Lys requirement was at 13.1 g/kg of 8-20 kg pigs fed with 18.5% CP diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ya'an, China
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10
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Li Y, Han H, Yin J, Zheng J, Zhu X, Li T, Yin Y. Effects of glutamate and aspartate on growth performance, serum amino acids, and amino acid transporters in piglets. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1437892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Yu DY, Lindemann MD, Quant AD, Jang YD, Payne RL, Kerr BJ. Antibiotic inclusion in the diet did not alter the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5516-5523. [PMID: 29293759 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 21-d experiments were conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio for growing pigs; 1 experiment fed diets supplemented with or without an antibiotic. The primary response variables in both experiments were ADG, ADFI, G:F, and plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations with the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio detected using broken-line analysis. Experiment 1 evaluated the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio in growing pigs fed diets supplemented with an antibiotic. This experiment used 120 crossbred pigs that were blocked by sex and initial BW (24.13 ± 2.72 kg) and allotted to 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios in 4 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated by the addition of crystalline Trp to create 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios (13.08%, 14.06%, 15.04%, 17.00%, 18.95%, and 20.91%) with a constant SID Lys level of 0.655%. As SID Trp:Lys ratios increased, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased, and PUN concentrations decreased linearly ( < 0.05) and quadratically ( < 0.05). Linear broken-line analysis yielded optimum SID Trp:Lys ratios of 17.93% ( < 0.001) and 16.17% ( = 0.009) for ADG and PUN, respectively, resulting in a mean optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 17.05%. Experiment 2 evaluated the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio in growing pigs fed diets supplemented with or without an antibiotic. It used a total of 324 crossbred pigs (initial BW: 30.81 ± 3.56 kg) that were allotted to 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios in 6 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated by the addition of crystalline Trp to create 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios (12.52%, 14.86%, 17.20%, 19.54%, 21.88%, and 24.22%) with a constant SID Lys level of 0.67%. As SID Trp:Lys ratios increased, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased, and PUN concentrations decreased linearly ( < 0.001) and quadratically ( < 0.001) regardless of antibiotic inclusion. There were no differences by the antibiotic treatment in ADG, ADFI, G:F, or PUN concentrations ( > 0.49) and no interactions between antibiotics and Trp:Lys ratios ( > 0.29). When the data for all pigs were pooled for the various Trp:Lys ratios, the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratios for ADG and PUN based on linear broken-line analysis were 14.58% ( < 0.001) and 14.54% ( < 0.001), respectively, resulting in an optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 14.56% as the mean of the determined optima for ADG and PUN responses. These results demonstrate that the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio for 30- to 50-kg growing pigs is not impacted by the dietary inclusion of an antibiotic as long as the diets are formulated on an SID AA basis.
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12
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Dose-response evaluation of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan : lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of growing-finishing gilts under commercial conditions. Animal 2017; 12:1380-1387. [PMID: 29143703 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental regulations as well as economic incentives have resulted in greater use of synthetic amino acids in swine diets. Tryptophan is typically the second limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal-based diets. However, using corn-based co-products emphasizes the need to evaluate the pig's response to increasing Trp concentrations. Therefore, the objective of these studies was to evaluate the dose-response to increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp : Lys on growth performance of growing-finishing gilts housed under large-scale commercial conditions. Dietary treatments consisted of SID Trp : Lys of 14.5%, 16.5%, 18.0%, 19.5%, 21.0%, 22.5% and 24.5%. The study was conducted in four experiments of 21 days of duration each, and used corn-soybean meal-based diets with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles. A total of 1166, 1099, 1132 and 975 gilts (PIC 337×1050, initially 29.9±2.0 kg, 55.5±4.8 kg, 71.2±3.4 kg and 106.2±3.1 kg BW, mean±SD) were used. Within each experiment, pens of gilts were blocked by BW and assigned to one of the seven dietary treatments and six pens per treatment with 20 to 28 gilts/pen. First, generalized linear mixed models were fit to data from each experiment to characterize performance. Next, data were modeled across experiments and fit competing dose-response linear and non-linear models and estimate SID Trp : Lys break points or maximums for performance. Competing models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic and quadratic polynomial (QP). For average daily gain (ADG), increasing the SID Trp : Lys increased growth rate in a quadratic manner (P<0.02) in all experiments except for Exp 2, for which the increase was linear (P<0.001). Increasing SID Trp : Lys increased (P<0.05) feed efficiency (G : F) quadratically in Exp 1, 3 and 4. For, ADG the QP was the best fitting dose-response model and the estimated maximum mean ADG was obtained at a 23.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [22.7, 24.3%]) SID Trp : Lys. For maximum G : F, the BLL dose-response models had the best fit and estimated the SID Trp : Lys minimum to maximize G : F at 16.9 (95% CI: [16.0, 17.8%]). Thus, the estimated SID Trp : Lys for 30 to 125 kg gilts ranged from a minimum of 16.9% for maximum G : F to 23.5% for maximum ADG.
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13
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Xu YT, Ma XK, Wang CL, Yuan MF, Piao XS. Effects of dietary valine:lysine ratio on the performance, amino acid composition of tissues and mRNA expression of genes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism of weaned piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:106-115. [PMID: 28728397 PMCID: PMC5756911 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Large White) weaned at 28±4 days of age (8.79±0.02 kg body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma α-keto isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council [6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Kang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Feng Yuan
- Yunnan Most Fast Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Company, Yunnan 653100, China
| | - Xiang Shu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Xu Y, Zeng Z, Xu X, Tian Q, Ma X, Long S, Piao M, Cheng Z, Piao X. Effects of the standardized ileal digestible valine : lysine ratio on performance, milk composition and plasma indices of lactating sows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:1082-1092. [PMID: 27921350 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine : lysine ratio on the performance, milk composition and plasma indices of lactating sows, 32 Large White × Landrace sows (219.78 ± 7.15 kg body weight; parity 1.82 ± 0.62) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments with eight sows per treatment based on parity, back fat thickness and body weight. The sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 63, 83, 103 or 123% SID valine : lysine from day 107 of gestation until day 28 of lactation. The average daily feed intake of sows and daily weight gain of piglets increased linearly (P < 0.05) while back fat loss decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the SID valine : lysine ratio increased. All of the analyzed amino acids in sow colostrum and valine concentrations of sow and piglet plasma increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the increasing SID valine : lysine ratio. In conclusion, 88 and 113% dietary SID valine : lysine ratios were optimal to achieve minimum back fat loss and maximum piglet growth rate using a linear-break point model which exceeds the requirement of 85% that is estimated by the National Research Council (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijing Piao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- Animal Science and Technology College of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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SID tryptophan levels and B6 vitamin supplementation do not change blood parameters, organ weights, carcass traits, and meat quality of barrows (70-100kg). Meat Sci 2016; 118:66-70. [PMID: 27054283 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan and B6 on blood parameters, organ weights, carcass traits, and longissimus lumborum quality of barrows (70-100kg). Sixty-four crossbred barrows averaging 70.77±2.07kg were distributed in a 4×2 factorial with four SID tryptophan levels (0.130, 0.155, 0.180, and 0.205%) and two B6 levels (1 and 5mg/kg) in eight replicates of one animal each. The meat lightness degree answered linearly (P=0.015) to SID tryptophan levels and the shear force answered quadratically (P=0.050), with estimates of a higher value (31.67N) at 0.163% SID tryptophan. Although B6 showed positive effects (P<0.05) on hot and cold carcass yields and pH24, it resulted in a negative effect (P<0.05) on ham weight and yield, and increased the drip loss and cooking fluid. The dietary SID tryptophan requirement for barrows (70-100kg) was not higher than 0.130% (4.07g/day) and did not change due to B6.
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16
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Wu F, Johnston LJ, Urriola PE, Hilbrands AM, Shurson GC. Effects of feeding diets containing distillers' dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings with equal predicted dietary net energy on growth performance and carcass composition of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:144-54. [PMID: 26812321 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of feeding distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and wheat middlings (WM) in diets with similar estimated NE content on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Pigs ( = 384; 29.1 ± 3.6 kg initial BW) were blocked by initial BW, and within blocks, pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen and 12 replicates/treatment) in a 4-phase feeding program (29 to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, and 100 to 120 kg BW). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design and formulated to consist of: 1) corn and soybean meal (CON), 2) CON with 30% DDGS, 3) CON with 15% WM, and 4) CON with 30% DDGS and 15% WM. Diets met or exceeded nutrient requirements published by the and were formulated to contain the same concentrations of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and meet or exceed minimum SID AA to Lys ratios within phases. No significant interactions for DDGS × WM × phase or DDGS × WM were observed for all growth performance criteria. Pigs fed diets containing 30% DDGS had reduced ( < 0.05) ADFI (1.76 vs. 1.86 kg/d) and ADG (0.85 vs. 0.91 kg/d) compared with pigs fed diets with no DDGS in phase 1 but not in other phases. The G:F of pigs fed diets containing DDGS was not different during phase 1 to 3 but was greater ( < 0.01) in phase 4 (0.313 vs. 0.291) compared with that of pigs fed diets with no DDGS. Pigs fed diets containing 15% WM had similar ADFI and G:F but reduced ( < 0.05) ADG (0.86 vs. 0.90 kg/d) compared with pigs fed diets without WM in phase 1, but no difference in ADG was observed in phases 2 to 4. No DDGS × WM interaction was observed for carcass traits. Pigs fed diets containing 30% DDGS had reduced ( < 0.01) HCW (86.5 vs. 89.9 kg), carcass yield (72.3 vs. 73.6%), LM area (45.0 vs. 47.9 cm), and percentage of carcass fat-free lean (52.1 vs. 53.4%), but backfat depth was not affected compared with pigs fed diets with no DDGS. Pigs fed diets containing 15% WM had lower carcass yield (72.7 vs. 73.1%; < 0.05) and HCW (87.7 vs. 88.7 kg; < 0.10) than pigs fed diets with no addition of WM, but other carcass traits were not affected. In conclusion, overall ADG and G:F were not affected by feeding 30% DDGS or 15% WM when diets were formulated on the NE basis, but more accurate and dynamic estimation of NE content for DDGS sources is needed to optimize caloric efficiency at different physiological ages of pigs.
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17
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Pasquetti T, Pozza P, Moreira I, Santos T, Diaz-Huepa L, Castilha L, Perondi D, Carvalho P, Kim S. Simultaneous determination of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan and lysine for barrows from 15 to 30kg live weight. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ma W, Zhu J, Zeng X, Liu X, Thacker P, Qiao S. Estimation of the optimum standardized ileal digestible total sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio in late finishing gilts fed low protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:76-83. [PMID: 26122403 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 90 gilts were used to investigate the effects of various standard ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) to lysine (Lys) ratios on the performance and carcass characteristics of late finishing gilts receiving low crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAA). Graded levels of crystalline methionine (Met) (0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 or 1.1 g/kg) were added to the basal diet to produce diets providing SID TSAA to Lys ratios of 0.48, 0.53, 0.58, 0.63 or 0.68. At the termination of the experiment, 30 gilts (one pig per pen) with an average body weight (BW) of 120 kg were killed to evaluate carcass traits. Increasing the SID TSAA to Lys ratio increased average daily gain (ADG) (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) and decreased serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) of finishing gilts. No effects were obtained for carcass traits. The optimum SID TSAA to Lys ratios to maximize ADG as well as to minimize FCR and SUN levels were 0.57, 0.58 and 0.53 using a linear-break point model and 0.64, 0.62 and 0.61 using a quadratic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, NO. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xutong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Philip Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Shi M, Zang J, Li Z, Shi C, Liu L, Zhu Z, Li D. Estimation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement for primiparous lactating sows fed diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:891-6. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Zhongchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Chuanxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | | | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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20
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Ma W, Zeng X, Liu X, Xie C, Zhang G, Zhang S, Qiao S. Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and the ideal ratio of threonine to lysine for late finishing gilts fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Xie C, Zhang S, Zhang G, Zhang F, Chu L, Qiao S. Estimation of the optimal ratio of standardized ileal digestible threonine to lysine for finishing barrows fed low crude protein diets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1172-80. [PMID: 25049898 PMCID: PMC4093235 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement and the ideal SID threonine (Thr) to Lys ratio for finishing barrows. In Exp. 1, 120 barrows with an average body weight of 72.8±3.6 kg were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design conducted for 35 d. Each diet was fed to five pens of pigs containing four barrows. A normal crude protein (CP) diet providing 15.3% CP and 0.71% SID Lys and five low CP diets providing 12% CP with SID Lys concentrations of 0.51, 0.61, 0.71, 0.81 and 0.91% were formulated. Increasing the SID Lys content of the diet resulted in an increase in weight gain (linear effect p = 0.04 and quadratic effect p = 0.08) and an improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linear effect p = 0.02 and quadratic effect p = 0.02). For weight gain and FCR, the estimated SID Lys requirement of finishing barrows were 0.71 and 0.71% (linear broken-line analysis), 0.79 and 0.78% (quadratic analysis), respectively. Exp. 2 was a 26 d dose-response study using SID Thr to Lys ratios of 0.56, 0.61, 0.67, 0.72 and 0.77. A total of 138 barrows weighing 72.5±4.4 kg were randomly allotted to receive one of the five diets. All diets were formulated to contain 0.61% SID Lys (10.5% CP), which is slightly lower than the pig’s requirement. Weight gain was quadratically (p = 0.03) affected by SID Thr to Lys ratio while FCR was linearly improved (p = 0.02). The SID Thr to Lys ratios for maximal weight gain and minimal FCR and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) were 0.67, 0.71 and 0.64 using a linear broken-line model and 0.68, 0.78 and 0.70 using a quadratic model, respectively. Based on the estimates obtained from the broken-line and quadratic analysis, we concluded that the dietary SID Lys requirement for both maximum weight gain and minimum FCR was 0.75%, and an optimum SID Thr to Lys ratio was 0.68 to maximize weight gain, 0.75 to optimize FCR and 0.67 to minimize SUN for finishing barrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Licui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Salyer JA, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Nelssen JL. Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine in diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig performance and carcass traits. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3244-52. [PMID: 23658349 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys in grow-finish swine diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Within each experiment, crystalline Lys and Trp replaced soybean meal to alter the dietary SID Trp:Lys concentration but maintain minimum ratios of other AA to Lys. In Exp. 1, 638 pigs (36.3 kg initial BW) were used in a 105-d trial (6 pens per treatment). Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with SID Trp:Lys of 14.0, 15.0, 16.5, and 18.0%. From d 0 to 42, as Trp:Lys increased, ADG increased (quadratic; P = 0.05) and ADFI tended to increase (quadratic; P = 0.07) with no changes in G:F. Both ADG and ADFI were maximized at Trp:Lys of 16.5%. From d 42 to 105, increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear; P < 0.001) ADG and ADFI. Unlike data from d 0 to 42, the response was linear through the greatest SID Trp:Lys of 18.0%. Overall (d 0 to 105), increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear; P < 0.001) final BW, ADG, ADFI, and HCW. In Exp. 2, 1,214 pigs (66.3 kg initial BW) were used in a 73-d finishing trial (9 pens per treatment). Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with SID Trp:Lys of 15.0, 16.5, 18.0, and 19.5 and the 15.0% Trp:Lys diet with l-Trp added to achieve 18.0% SID Trp:Lys. Overall (d 0 to 73), ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW improved (linear; P < 0.03) as dietary SID Trp:Lys increased through 19.5%. No differences were found in growth performance between the 2 diets containing 18.0% SID Trp:Lys. For carcass traits, increasing SID Trp:Lys resulted in increased HCW (linear; P = 0.01) and a tendency toward a decreased (quadratic; P = 0.09) backfat depth and fat-free lean index (FFLI), with pigs fed diets containing 16.5 and 18.0% SID Trp:Lys having increased FFLI and lower backfat depth compared with pigs fed 15.0 and 19.5% SID Trp:Lys. Pigs fed the diet with added crystalline Trp tended to have increased (P = 0.08) backfat depth and decreased FFLI (P = 0.10) compared with pigs fed the same SID Trp:Lys without crystalline Trp. The results indicated that the optimal SID Trp:Lys was 16.5% from 36.3 to 72.6 kg but at least 19.5% from 72.6 to 120.2 kg in corn-soybean meal diets containing 30% DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Salyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansa State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Zhang G, Song Q, Xie C, Chu L, Thacker P, Htoo J, Qiao S. Estimation of the ideal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quant AD, Lindemann MD, Kerr BJ, Payne RL, Cromwell GL. Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine ratios in growing pigs fed corn-based and non-corn-based diets1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1270-9. [PMID: 22079994 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Quant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
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Millet S, Aluwé M, De Paepe M, De Brabander DL, Van Oeckel MJ. Effect of decreasing ideal protein levels on performance results and nitrogen efficiency of growing-finishing gilts. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:1-11. [PMID: 20496857 DOI: 10.1080/17450390903499931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of decreasing ideal protein concentrations on performance and nutrient efficiency. The experimental diets contained 100%, 90%, 80% or 70% of the ideal dietary protein level (Diet 100%, 90%, 80% and 70%, respectively) estimated in previous experiments with pigs of the same genetic background. The four different treatments were divided among 16 pens of six pigs each. The average initial and final body weight were 20.8 +/- 1.1 and 107 +/- 3 kg, respectively. Three-phase feeding was applied (BW 20-40 kg, 40-70 kg and 70-110 kg). The dietary ileal digestible (ID) methionine + cystine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, valine, and leucine contents expressed as percent of ID lysine were 63, 72, 22, 60, 68, and > 100%, respectively. The lysine to protein ratio was kept constant at 6.8%. Between 21 and 106 kg BW the best performance was achieved on Diet 90%. Diet 70% led to significantly worse results. Although lean meat percentage did not differ, protein content of the carcass was lower on Diet 70% than on Diets 90% and 100%. Decreased protein concentrations increased crude protein efficiency and consequently decreased nitrogen excretion most at the 80% level. If protein varies together with digestible amino acid content, it can be concluded that Diet 80% may be the best choice for the environment and for profitability. If protein content stays at a fixed level, Diet 90% may be the safest choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Millet
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.
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Kim BG, Petersen GI, Hinson RB, Allee GL, Stein HH. Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in a novel source of high-protein distillers dried grains and their effects on growth performance of pigs. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:4013-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Warnants N, Millet S, Van Oeckel MJ, De Paepe M, De Brabander DL. Response of 40–70 kg barrows and gilts to increasing ideal protein concentrations in the diet. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:127-40. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390801912027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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