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Pfau AP, Shepherd EA, Martin MG, Ascolese S, Mason KM, Egert-McLean AM, Voy BH, Myer PR. Beta-Adrenergic Agonists, Dietary Protein, and Rumen Bacterial Community Interactions in Beef Cattle: A Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:579. [PMID: 37756100 PMCID: PMC10537598 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving beef production efficiency, sustainability, and food security is crucial for meeting the growing global demand for beef while minimizing environmental impact, conserving resources, ensuring economic viability, and promoting animal welfare. Beta-adrenergic agonists and dietary protein have been critical factors in beef cattle production. Beta-agonists enhance growth, improve feed efficiency, and influence carcass composition, while dietary protein provides the necessary nutrients for muscle development and overall health. A balanced approach to their use and incorporation into cattle diets can lead to more efficient and sustainable beef production. However, microbiome technologies play an increasingly important role in beef cattle production, particularly by optimizing rumen fermentation, enhancing nutrient utilization, supporting gut health, and enhancing feed efficiency. Therefore, optimizing rumen fermentation, diet, and growth-promoting technologies has the potential to increase energy capture and improve performance. This review addresses the interactions among beta-adrenergic agonists, protein level and source, and the ruminal microbiome. By adopting innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and responsible management strategies, the beef industry can contribute to a more secure and sustainable food future. Continued research and development in this field can lead to innovative solutions that benefit both producers and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip R. Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Tánori-Lozano A, Quintana-Romandía AI, Montalvo-Corral M, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Dávila-Ramírez JL, Islava-Lagarda TY, González-Ríos H. Influence of ferulic acid and clinoptilolite supplementation on growth performance, carcass, meat quality, and fatty acid profile of finished lambs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:274-290. [PMID: 35530412 PMCID: PMC9039957 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) and clinoptilolite (CTL) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of hair-breed lambs. Twenty-eight Kathadin male lambs (33.72 ± 3.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of the four diets (n=7) under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of FA (0 or 300 ppm) and CTL (0% or 1%) during the last 40 days of the finishing phase. No interaction between additives was shown for growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality, with exception of the fatty acid profile (p < 0.05). FA reduced feed intake and carcass conformation (p < 0.05). Wholesale cuts were not affected by FA or CTL (p > 0.05). The L*, a*, and C* color parameters and some intramuscular fatty acids of the longissimus thoracis muscle were positively modified by CTL supplementation (p < 0.05). While there was no FA × CTL interaction, each additive could be used individually in animal nutrition to improve the feedlot performance and meat quality of the lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tánori-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | | | - Maricela Montalvo-Corral
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Dávila-Ramírez
- Ciencia Aplicada para el Desarrollo
Tecnológico, A.C. (CIADETEC, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora
83260, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.),
Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
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3
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Peña-Torres EF, Castillo-Salas C, Jiménez-Estrada I, Muhlia-Almazán A, Peña-Ramos EA, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Avendaño-Reyes L, Hinojosa-Rodríguez C, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Macias-Cruz U, González-Ríos H. Growth performance, carcass traits, muscle fiber characteristics and
skeletal muscle mRNA abundance in hair lambs supplemented with ferulic
acid. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:52-69. [PMID: 35174342 PMCID: PMC8819324 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a phytochemical with various bioactive properties. It has
recently been proposed that due to its phytogenic action it can be used as an
alternative growth promoter additive to synthetic compounds. The objective of
the present study was to evaluate the growth performance, carcass traits, fiber
characterization and skeletal muscle gene expression on hair-lambs supplemented
with two doses of FA. Thirty-two male lambs (n = 8 per treatment) were
individually housed during a 32 d feeding trial to evaluate the effect of FA
(300 and 600 mg d−1) or zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 6 mg
d−1) on growth performance, and then slaughtered to
evaluate the effects on carcass traits, and muscle fibers morphometry from
Longissimus thoracis (LT) and mRNA abundance of
β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), MHC-I,
MHC-IIX and IGF-I genes. FA increased final weight and average daily gain with
respect to non-supplemented animals (p < 0.05). The ZH
supplementation increased LT muscle area, with respect to FA doses and control
(p < 0.05). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of oxidative
fibers was larger with FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05).
Feeding ZH increased mRNA abundance for β2-AR compared to FA
and control (p < 0.05), and expression of MHC-I was
affected by FA doses and ZH (p < 0.05). Overall, FA
supplementation of male hair lambs enhanced productive variables due to skeletal
muscle hypertrophy caused by MHC-I up-regulation. Results suggest that FA has
the potential like a growth promoter in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Fernando Peña-Torres
- División de Ciencias de la Salud,
Universidad de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo 77039, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | - Candelario Castillo-Salas
- Departamento de Ciencias
Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de
Sonora, Sonora 85000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología,
Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios
Avanzados del IPN, San Pedro Zacatenco 07000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | - Etna Aida Peña-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
| | | | - Leonel Avendaño-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Baja
California 21705, Mexico
| | - Cindy Hinojosa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología,
Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y Estudios
Avanzados del IPN, San Pedro Zacatenco 07000, Mexico
| | | | - Ulises Macias-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas,
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Baja
California 21705, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora
83304, Mexico
- Corresponding author: Humberto
González-Ríos, Centro de Investigación en
Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Sonora 83304, Mexico. Tel:
+52-662-289-2400, E-mail:
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Meat Quality of Nellore Young Bulls-Effects of Different Days on Feed and Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092688. [PMID: 34573654 PMCID: PMC8467322 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six Nellore young bulls were fed (90 or 117 day) diets containing ZH (8.33 mg/kg) for 0, 20, 30, or 40 days to evaluate the effects of days on feed (DOF) and length of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation on meat quality. At the end of feeding period, animals were slaughtered, and samples of the Longissimus muscle were collected to evaluate the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, color stability, shear force, and sensory profile. DOF did not affect chemical composition, shear force, sensory tenderness, and most of fatty acids; however, animals fed for 90 d had lower redness (p < 0.01), sustained juiciness (p < 0.01), and more flavor (p = 0.03) than those fed for 117 d. The ZH supplementation decreased lipid content and redness (p < 0.01), initial and sustained tenderness (p < 0.01), initial and sustained juiciness (p < 0.01), but increased protein (p < 0.01) and shear force (p < 0.01) as compared to non-supplemented animals. The ZH supplementation increased total PUFA, c9,c12-18:2, and 20:4-n6, and decreased c9-20:1 (p < 0.05). Feeding ZH impairs meat quality attributes of Nellore young bulls, regardless of duration of supplementation, while DOF has a small effect on meat quality properties.
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Gonzales CL, Lawrence TE, Hutcheson JP, Smith SB. Zilpaterol hydrochloride lowers marbling score by dilution of marbling and depression of intramuscular adipocyte volume in M. longissimus dorsi of beef steers. Meat Sci 2020; 170:108238. [PMID: 32682176 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) depresses marbling scores in beef cattle by dilution of the intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue in the longissimus thoracis (LT) by increased muscle cross-sectional area. Crossbred steers were treated with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 28 d) or ZH (20 d) or no β-adrenergic agonist (CON). ZH increased LT cross-sectional area (P < .001) and depressed rib fat depth (P < .001), USDA marbling score (P < .05), percent LT lipid (P < .02), total lipid in a 2.54 cm-thick LM steak (P < .05) and most LT lipid fatty acids (P ≤ .05),but had no effect on mean i.m. adipocyte volume (P = .15). ZH increased the relative volume proportion of smaller i.m. adipocytes (250 to 500 pL) and decreased the proportion of larger i.m. adipocytes (2000 and 3000 pL) (P < .05). We conclude that ZH reduces marbling score both by dilution of the marbling and a depression of i.m. adipocyte relative volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Gonzales
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ty E Lawrence
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | | | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Growth, carcass characteristics, cut yields and meat quality of lambs finished with zilpaterol hydrochloride and steroid implant. Meat Sci 2019; 158:107890. [PMID: 31382221 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Forty hairbreed male lambs were used to evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, 0 and 0.15 mg/kg BW) and steroid implant (SI, without and with 52.5 mg trenbolone acetate and 7.5 mg 17β-estradiol) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, non-carcass components, wholesale cut yield, and meat quality. Supplemental ZH increased growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass weight, and dressing percentage, with no effect on wholesale cut yields. Feeding ZH increased muscle pH at 24 h. Supplemental ZH increased meat shear force, but decreased lightness, redness, and yellowness after frozen storage followed by a 14-day aging period. The SI administration increased dressing percentage and neck yield, but decreased testicle weight and meat redness, without affecting other variables. The LT area was greater with ZH + SI administration than with individual application of ZH or SI. Compared to individual administration, simultaneous application of ZH and SI did not result in improved growth performance, carcass traits and wholesale cut yields in hairbreed male lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Davis
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Keith E Belk
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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8
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Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Miller KA, Amachawadi RG, Scott HM, Gonzalez JM, Drouillard JS. Interaction between supplemental zinc oxide and zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood metabolites in feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5573-5583. [PMID: 29293781 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactive effects of supplemental Zn and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) were evaluated in feedlot steers ( = 40; 652 kg ± 14 initial BW) to determine their impact on feedlot performance, blood constituents, and carcass traits. The study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to treatments. Factors consisted of supplemental Zn (60 or 300 mg/kg diet DM) and ZH (0 or 8.33 mg/kg) in the diets. For diets supplemented with 300 mg Zn/kg DM, 60 mg Zn/kg was supplemented as zinc sulfate and 240 mg Zn/kg was supplemented as zinc oxide, and the diet was fed for 24 d. Zilpaterol hydrochloride was fed for 21 d followed by a 3-d withdrawal. Cattle were housed in partially covered individual feeding pens equipped with automatic waterers and fence-line feed bunks and were fed once daily for ad libitum intake. Plasma samples were collected on d 0 and 21 to assess changes in Zn, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose, and lactate concentrations, and serum samples were collected on d 21 to assess IGF-1 concentration. On d 25, cattle were weighed and transported 450 km to a commercial abattoir for harvest; HCW and incidence of liver abscesses were recorded. Carcass data were collected after 36 h of refrigeration. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with Zn, ZH, and Zn × ZH as fixed effects; block as a random effect; and steer as the experimental unit. No interaction or effects of Zn or ZH were observed for IGF-1 concentration, plasma glucose, or lactate concentrations ( ≥ 0.25). No interaction between Zn and ZH was observed for PUN concentration, but PUN decreased with ZH ( < 0.01). There were no effects of ZH or Zn on ADG, DMI, final BW, feed efficiency, HCW, back fat, KPH, quality grade, or incidence of liver abscesses ( > 0.05). Zinc supplementation tended ( = 0.08) to improve the proportion of carcasses grading USDA Choice. Feeding ZH decreased yield grade ( = 0.05) and tended to increase LM area ( = 0.07). In conclusion, increasing dietary concentrations of Zn does not impact response to ZH, but feeding ZH altered circulating concentrations of PUN.
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Hergenreder JE, Legako JF, Dinh TTN, Broadway PR, Spivey KS, Baggerman JO, Hutcheson JP, Corrigan ME, Johnson BJ. Zilpaterol Hydrochloride affects Cellular Muscle Metabolism and Lipid Components of 10 Different Muscles in Feedlot Heifers. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb2017.02.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined if zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) altered muscle metabolism and lipid components of 10 muscles. Crossbred heifers were either supplemented with ZH (n = 9) or not (Control; n = 10). Muscle tissue was collected (adductor femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, longissimus dorsi, pectoralis profundi, semitendinosus, subscapularis, trapezius) immediately following carcass splitting. The mRNA abundance of AMPkɑ, IGF-I, MHC-I, IIA and IIX, β1-adrenergic receptor (βAR) and β2AR was determined, as well as, cross-sectional area and proportion of myosin isoforms, β1AR, β2AR, β3AR, nuclei, and satellite cell density. Furthermore, neutral (NL) and polar lipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) were quantified (mg/g). Zilpaterol hydrochloride decreased MHC-IIA mRNA (P = 0.007). In addition, ZH decreased total nuclei and β1AR and increased MHC-IIX cross-sectional area (P ≤ 0.021). Quantity of NL FA were not affected by ZH (P ≥ 0.173). However, among PL FA the ratio of PUFA:SFA was greater with ZH (P = 0.048). Muscle type impacted mRNA concentration of AMPkɑ, IGF-I, MHC-I, IIA, IIX, and β1AR mRNA concentration (P ≤ 0.037). Furthermore, the fiber type proportion, fiber cross-sectional area, and the densities of nuclei, β1AR, β2AR, β3AR, and satellite cells were influenced by muscle type (P ≤ 0.030). Total NL FA were affected by muscle (P ≤ 0.046). Meanwhile, total PL FA did not differ due to muscle (P = 0.242). However, prominent PL FA,18:0, 18:1 trans, and 18:2 n-6 were each greater (P < 0.05) among the oxidative subscapularis compared with glycolytic semitendinosus and adductor femoris. Overall, these data reveal that ZH impacts muscle metabolism and myogenic activity that establishes protein deposition. Meanwhile, ZH did not alter triglyceride content (NL), but cell membrane saturation (PL) was influenced, in accordance with alterations to muscle fiber type. Muscle also influenced muscle fiber type and lipid components. Therefore, muscle biology is greatly influenced by muscle but also through dietary inclusion of ZH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. F. Legako
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - T. T. N. Dinh
- Mississippi State University Department of Animal and Dairy Science
| | - P. R. Broadway
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - K. S. Spivey
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | - J. O. Baggerman
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | | | - B. J. Johnson
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
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Avendaño-Reyes L, Meraz-Murillo FJ, Pérez-Linares C, Figueroa-Saavedra F, Correa A, Álvarez-Valenzuela FD, Guerra-Liera JE, López-Rincón G, Macías-Cruz U. Evaluation of the efficacy of Grofactor, a beta-adrenergic agonist based on zilpaterol hydrochloride, using feedlot finishing bulls. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2954-61. [PMID: 27482682 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic agonists (β-AA) have been shown to positively impact finishing performance and some carcass traits of feedlot cattle. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a β-AA on the basis of zilpaterol hydrochloride (Grofactor, Laboratorios Virbac México, Guadalajara, Mexico) on growth and DMI, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing bulls. Forty-five bulls (75% 25% ) initially weighing 448.7 ± 2.58 kg were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets, using pens of 3 animals, in a randomized complete block design: 1) daily feeding without β-AA in the basal diet (Control), 2) daily feeding with 0.15 mg/kg BW of Grofactor added to the basal diet (ZHG), or 3) daily feeding with 0.15 mg/kg BW of Zilmax (MSD Salud Animal México, Mexico City, Mexico) added to the basal diet (ZHZ). The duration of the feeding period was 30 d with a subsequent 4-d withdrawal period. Compared with Control bulls, the group fed ZHG had a 12% better ( < 0.025) G:F ratio, and their final BW ( 0.094) and ADG ( 0.084) tended to be enhanced. Feedlot performance of ZHG and ZHZ bulls was similar, although the DMI was ∼4% lower ( 0.05) in ZHG bulls vs. the ZHZ and Control groups. The HCW ( 0.001) and dressing percentage ( 0.015) were higher by 20 kg and 3%, respectively, in ZHG bulls vs. Control bulls. The KPH fat was lower ( 0.007) in bulls fed ZHG than in nonsupplemented bulls, but other carcass characteristics were not different in the ZHG and ZHZ bulls, and noncarcass components were not affected by ZHG or ZHZ supplementation. At 48 h postmortem, ZHG bulls had lower ( 0.007) water holding capacity and trended toward ( 0.06) increased chroma and reduced pH ( 0.09) compared to Control bulls. However, compared to ZHZ bulls, ZHG bulls had higher ( 0.02) chroma and a trend ( 0.08) toward increased hue angle. At 14 d postmortem, meat quality variables did not differ between the 3 groups of bulls. Supplementation of ZH Grofactor improved feedlot performance and some carcass characteristics of finishing bulls without affecting meat quality. The effects of Grofactor on feedlot performance, carcass traits, and meat quality were similar to those of Zilmax.
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May ND, McEvers TJ, Walter LJ, Reed JA, Hutcheson JP, Lawrence TE. Byproduct yields of serially harvested calf-fed Holstein steers fed zilpaterol hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4006-4015. [PMID: 27898897 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2 × 11 factorial treatment structure was applied in a completely randomized experimental design to investigate differences in noncarcass tissue among serially harvested Holstein steers. Steers ( = 110) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: a ration supplemented with zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) fed at a rate of 8.3 mg/kg DM for 20 d followed by a 3-d withdrawal or a control ration with no ZH included in the diet. Within treatment, steers were assigned to harvest groups of 254, 282, 310, 338, 366, 394, 422, 450, 478, 506, or 534 d on feed (DOF) prior to initiation of the trial. Cattle fed ZH realized an empty BW (EBW) increase ( ≤ 0.03) of 2.8% (644.2 vs. 626.4 kg [SEM 5.4]) and a HCW increase of 5.0% (429.1 vs. 408.4 kg [SEM 4.0]) with a concomitant 12% reduction (45.1 vs. 51.2 kg [SEM 3.1]) in gastrointestinal contents and 2.1 percentage unit increase in dressed carcass yield (62.1 vs. 60.0% [SEM 0.01]). Additionally, ZH supplementation decreased (P ≤ 0.03) the absolute weight of the liver and kidneys by 0.3 and 0.1 kg, respectively. When noncarcass components were expressed on an empty body basis (g/kg EBW), reductions ( ≤ 0.01) in the limbs (18.8 vs. 19.5 g/kg EBW [SEM 0.1]), hide (81.1 vs. 78.1 g/kg EBW [SEM 0.7]), liver (14.2 vs. 13.2 g/kg EBW [SEM 0.2]), kidneys (2.6 vs. 2.3 g/kg EBW [SEM 0.04]), small and large intestines (74.9 vs. 69.6 g/kg EBW [SEM 1.2]), and gastrointestinal tract (119.8 vs. 113.4 g/kg EBW [SEM 1.3]) were observed with ZH supplementation. Additionally, there was a tendency ( = 0.07) for the proportion of total offal to be reduced (253.2 vs. 247.4 g/kg EBW [SEM 2.5]) with ZH supplementation. Empty BW and HCW linearly increased ( < 0.01) by 1.16 and 0.758 kg/d ( < 0.01), respectively, with additional DOF. The weight of the liver and intestines linearly increased ( < 0.01) by 0.007 and 0.133 kg/d ( < 0.01), respectively, with additional DOF. These data indicate the magnitude of change in noncarcass tissues that can be expected when calf-fed Holstein steers are supplemented with ZH.
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Meraz-Murillo FJ, Avendaño-Reyes L, Pérez-Linares C, Figueroa-Saavedra F, Torres-Rodríguez V, Guerra-Liera JE, Mellado M, Macías-Cruz U. Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Zebu heifers supplemented with two β-adrenergic agonists. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate effects of administration of two β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat-quality traits of Zebu heifers finished in a feedlot. Fifty-four Zebu heifers weighing 397 ± 29.1 kg were used in a randomised complete block design with three treatments and six blocks (i.e. 18 pens with 3 heifers per pen). Treatments were as follows: (1) control (C; no supplement); (2) zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; 60 mg per heifer per day); and (3) ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 300 mg per heifer per day). The β-AA were added to the diets during the final 33 days of the finishing period, after which the heifers were immediately slaughtered. Relative to C, average daily gain and gain : feed ratio were improved (P < 0.05) in heifers supplemented with ZH, but not in those supplemented with RH. Feed intake in C heifers was lower (P < 0.05) than in ZH heifers, but similar (P > 0.05) to RH heifers. The hot carcass weight showed a trend to be heavier (P = 0.096) in ZH than in C heifers. However, Longissimus dorsi (LM) area was increased (P < 0.05) by ZH (73.94 cm2), but RH (70.45 cm2) and C (66.3 cm2) groups had a similar (P > 0.05) LM area. The meat from the ZH- and RH-supplemented heifers had higher Warner–Bratzler shear-force values (P < 0.01) than that from C heifers (ZH = 5.11; RH = 5.50; C = 4.89 kg/cm2), and the meat from RH-supplemented heifers was classified as ‘tough’. Variables associated with meat colour indicated that ZH led to a lower b* average, which was related to a lighter LM area than in C. In general, feedlot performance was enhanced only by the β-AA ZH, with meat tenderness from RH heifers classified as ‘tough’. Meat colour was not altered by β-AA supplementation. These data suggested that while ZH supplementation to Bos indicus heifers offered advantages in feedlot performance and some carcass traits, RH supplementation did not positively affect these biological responses.
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Kim GD, Yang HS, Jeong JY. Comparison of Characteristics of Myosin Heavy Chain-based Fiber and Meat Quality among Four Bovine Skeletal Muscles. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:819-828. [PMID: 28115894 PMCID: PMC5243967 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.6.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fiber characteristics account for meat quality and muscle fibers are mainly classified into three or more types according to their contractile and metabolic properties. However, the majority of previous studies on bovine skeletal muscle are based on myosin ATPase activity. In the present study, the differences in the characteristics of muscle fibers classified by the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) among four bovine skeletal muscles such as longissimus thoracis (LT), psoas major (PM), semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) and their relationships to beef quality were investigated. MHCs 2x, 2a and slow were identified by LC-MS/MS and IIX, IIA and I fiber types were classified. PM, which had the smallest size and highest density of fibers regardless of type, showed the highest myoglobin content, CIE L*, a*, b* and sarcomere length (p<0.05), whereas ST with the highest composition of IIX, showed high shear force and low sarcomere length (p<0.05). The correlation coefficients between muscle fiber characteristics and meat quality showed that type IIX is closely related to poor beef quality and that a high density of small-sized fibers is related to redness and tenderness. Therefore, the differences in meat quality between muscles can be explained by the differences in muscle fiber characteristics, and especially, the muscles with good quality are composed of more small-sized fibers regardless of fiber type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gap-Don Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Han-Sul Yang
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeon Jeong
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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14
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Cônsolo NRB, Ferrari VB, Mesquita LG, Goulart RS, Silva LFPE. Zilpaterol hydrochloride improves beef yield, changes palatability traits, and increases calpain-calpastatin gene expression in Nellore heifers. Meat Sci 2016; 121:375-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Ebarb SM, Drouillard JS, Maddock-Carlin KR, Phelps KJ, Vaughn MA, Burnett DD, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Paulk CB, Grieger DM, Gonzalez JM. Effect of growth-promoting technologies on Longissimus lumborum muscle fiber morphometrics, collagen solubility, and cooked meat tenderness12. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:869-81. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Rodríguez-Gaxiola MA, Domínguez-Vara IA, Barajas-Cruz R, Mariezcurrema-Berasain MA, Bórquez-Gastelum JL, Cervantes-Pacheco BJ. Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride and zinc methionine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef bulls. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rodríguez-Gaxiola, M. A., Domínguez-Vara, I. A., Barajas-Cruz, R., Mariezcurrema-Berasain, M. A., Bórquez-Gastelum, J. L. and Cervantes-Pacheco, B. J. 2015. Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride and zinc methionine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef bulls. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 609–615. Sixty beef bulls with a body weight (BW) of 314.7±16.2 kg were used to evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and zinc methionine (ZM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a factorial 2×2 arrangement of treatments (ZH: 0 and 0.15 mg kg−1 BW; ZM: 0 and 80 mg kg−1 dry matter). The ZH increased (P<0.05) the final BW, average daily gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and longissimus dorsi area. Bulls fed ZH plus ZM had less (P<0.01) backfat thickness and intramuscular fat (IMF) compared with those fed ZH or ZM alone. The ZH increased (P<0.02) the meat crude protein content and cooking loss. It is therefore concluded that ZH increases growth performance, carcass yield, longissimus dorsi area, and meat crude protein. The interaction of ZM and ZH did not present additional advantages. The reason for the reduction in backfat thickness and IMF by ZH plus ZM is unclear, and implies that our knowledge of β-agonistic adrenergic substances and their interactions with minerals is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Rodríguez-Gaxiola
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Campus Universitario “El Cerrillo”, Toluca, Estado de México, CP. 50090
| | - Ignacio A. Domínguez-Vara
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Campus Universitario “El Cerrillo”, Toluca, Estado de México, CP. 50090
| | - Rubén Barajas-Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Gral. Ángel Flores Pte. S/N Col. Centro, 8000 Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - María A. Mariezcurrema-Berasain
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Campus Universitario “El Cerrillo”, Toluca, Estado de México, CP. 50090
| | - José L. Bórquez-Gastelum
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Campus Universitario “El Cerrillo”, Toluca, Estado de México, CP. 50090
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17
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Boyd BM, Shackelford SD, Hales KE, Brown-Brandl TM, Bremer ML, Spangler ML, Wheeler TL, King DA, Erickson GE. Effects of shade and feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride to finishing steers on performance, carcass quality, heat stress, mobility, and body temperature1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5801-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Boyd
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | | | - K. E. Hales
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | | | - M. L. Bremer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - M. L. Spangler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - T. L. Wheeler
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - D. A. King
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - G. E. Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
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18
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Choi SH, Park SK, Johnson BJ, Chung KY, Choi CW, Kim KH, Kim WY, Smith B. AMPKα, C/EBPβ, CPT1β, GPR43, PPARγ, and SCD Gene Expression in Single- and Co-cultured Bovine Satellite Cells and Intramuscular Preadipocytes Treated with Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, and Linoleic Acid. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:411-9. [PMID: 25656188 PMCID: PMC4341087 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes promote adipogenic gene expression in muscle satellite cells in a co-culture system. Herein we hypothesize that saturated fatty acids would promote adipogenic/lipogenic gene expression, whereas mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids would have the opposite effect. Bovine semimembranosus satellite cells (BSC) and intramuscular preadipocytes (IPA) were isolated from crossbred steers and cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)/Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and 1% antibiotics during the 3-d proliferation period. After proliferation, cells were treated for 3 d with 3% horse serum/DMEM (BSC) or 5% FBS/DMEM (IPA) with antibiotics. Media also contained 10 μg/mL insulin and 10 μg/mL pioglitazone. Subsequently, differentiating BSC and IPA were cultured in their respective media with 40 μM palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid for 4 d. Finally, BSC and IPA were single- or co-cultured for an additional 2 h. All fatty acid treatments increased (p = 0.001) carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT1β) gene expression, but the increase in CPT1β gene expression was especially pronounced in IPA incubated with palmitic and stearic acid (6- to 17- fold increases). Oleic and linoleic acid decreased (p = 0.001) stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression over 80% in both BSC and IPA. Conversely, palmitic and stearic acid increased SCD gene expression three fold in co-cultured in IPA, and stearic acid increased AMPKα gene expression in single- and co-cultured BSC and IPA. Consistent with our hypothesis, saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acid, promoted adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, whereas unsaturated fatty acids decreased expression of those genes associated with fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA ; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - S K Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Korea
| | - B J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - K Y Chung
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 232-950, Korea
| | - C W Choi
- Department of Animal Resources, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea
| | - K H Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea . ; Institute of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Korea
| | - W Y Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Almeida V, Nuñez A, Schinckel A, Ward M, Andrade C, Sbardella M, Berenchtein B, Coutinho L, Miyada V. Gene expression of beta-adrenergic receptors and myosin heavy chain isoforms induced by ractopamine feeding duration in pigs not carrying the ryanodine receptor mutation. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Lean IJ, Thompson JM, Dunshea FR. A meta-analysis of zilpaterol and ractopamine effects on feedlot performance, carcass traits and shear strength of meat in cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115904. [PMID: 25548908 PMCID: PMC4280124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of the beta-agonists zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on feedlot performance, carcase characteristics of cattle and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of muscles. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of these agents on beef production and meat quality and to provide data that would be useful in considerations on the effect of these agents on meat quality in Meat Standards Australia evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and study assessment using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scirus, and CAB and identification of other studies from reference lists in papers and searches. Searches were based on the key words: zilpaterol, zilmax, ractopamine, optaflexx, cattle and beef. Studies from theses obtained were included. Data were extracted from more than 50 comparisons for both agents and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Both agents markedly increased weight gain, hot carcase weight and longissimus muscle area and increased the efficiency of gain:feed. These effects were particularly large for ZH, however, fat thickness was decreased by ZH, but not RAC. Zilpaterol also markedly increased WBSF by 1.2 standard deviations and more than 0.8 kg, while RAC increased WBSF by 0.43 standard deviations and 0.2 kg. There is evidence in the ZH studies, in particular, of profound re-partitioning of nutrients from fat to protein depots. This work has provided critically needed information on the effects of ZH and RAC on production, efficiency and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Lean
- SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Thompson
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Maxwell CL, Krehbiel CR, Wilson BK, Johnson BT, Bernhard BC, O'Neill CF, VanOverbeke DL, Mafi GG, Step DL, Richards CJ. Effects of beef production system on animal performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5727-38. [PMID: 25403195 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate conventional (CONV) and natural (NAT) beef production systems from annual pasture through finishing through grazing. Beef steers (n=180, initial BW=250±19 kg) were assigned randomly to 2 treatments in the pasture phase. Steers were implanted with 40 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA), 8 mg estradiol, and 29 mg tylosin tartrate (CONV), or received no implant (NAT). Steers on the 2 treatments grazed wheat or cereal rye for 109 d. Conventional steers had an 18.5% improvement in ADG (1.22 vs. 1.03 kg/d, P<0.01) and a heavier final BW (385 vs. 366 kg, P<0.01) compared with NAT steers. Following the pasture phase, steers (n=160 steers, 5 steers/pen, 8 pens/treatment) were assigned to a 2×2 factorial in the feedlot phase. Production system (NAT vs. CONV) was maintained from the pasture phase, and the second factor was 7 vs. 12% low-quality roughage (DM basis, LOW vs. HIGH). During finishing, CONV steers were given 120 mg of TBA and 24 mg estradiol at processing, fed monensin and tylosin, and fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 20 d of the experiment. There were no program×roughage level interactions (P>0.07). The CONV steers ate 6.9% more feed (11.8 vs. 11.0 kg/d, P<0.01), gained 28.4% faster (1.90 vs. 1.48 kg/d, P<0.01), and were 24.2% more efficient (0.164 vs. 0.132, P<0.01) compared with NAT steers. The LOW steers had greater G:F (0.153 vs. 0.144, P<0.01) compared with HIGH steers. There was a 28.3% improvement in estimated carcass weight gain (1.36 vs. 1.06 kg/d), 18.6% improvement in carcass efficiency (0.115 vs. 0.097, P<0.01), and 21.6% improvement (1.52 vs. 1.25 Mcal/kg, P<0.01) in calculated dietary NEg for CONV compared with NAT steers. Hot carcass weight was increased by 62 kg (424 vs. 362 kg, P<0.01) and LM area was increased by 16.9 cm2 (100.9 vs. 84.0 cm2, P<0.01), decreasing USDA yield grade (YG, 3.09 vs. 3.54, P<0.01) for CONV steers compared with NAT steers. Natural steers had a greater percentage of carcasses in the upper 2/3 of USDA Choice grade (48.7 vs. 18.7%, P<0.01), a greater percentage of YG 4 and 5 carcasses (25.4 vs. 9.3%, P<0.01), and a greater percentage of abscessed livers (39.6 vs. 10.5%, P<0.01) compared with CONV steers. The results show that CONV production results in more rapid and efficient production that resulted in heavier carcasses with superior YG and desirable quality grades with both roughage levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D L Step
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
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22
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Reinhardt CD, Vahl CI, Depenbusch BE, Hutcheson JP, Thomson DU. Feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride is associated with decreased dry matter intake shortly after initiation of feeding dependent on season and previous intake1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4751-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - C. I. Vahl
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | | | | | - D. U. Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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23
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Hales KE, Shackelford SD, Wells JE, King DA, Hayes MD, Brown-Brandl TM, Kuehn LA, Freetly HC, Wheeler TL. Effects of feeding dry-rolled corn-based diets with and without wet distillers grains with solubles and zilpaterol hydrochloride on performance, carcass characteristics, and heat stress in finishing beef steers1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4023-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Hales
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | | | - J. E. Wells
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - D. A. King
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - M. D. Hayes
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | | | - L. A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - H. C. Freetly
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - T. L. Wheeler
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
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24
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Johnson BJ, Smith SB, Chung KY. Historical Overview of the Effect of β-Adrenergic Agonists on Beef Cattle Production. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:757-66. [PMID: 25050012 PMCID: PMC4093185 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal muscle hypertrophy of beef cattle is the result of enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis and reduced protein turnover. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been studied in cattle fed β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA), which are receptor-mediated enhancers of protein synthesis and inhibitors of protein degradation. Feeding β-AA to beef cattle increases longissimus muscle cross-sectional area 6% to 40% compared to non-treated cattle. The β-AA have been reported to improve live animal performance, including average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage. Treatment with β-AA increased mRNA concentration of the β2 or β1-adrenergic receptor and myosin heavy chain IIX in bovine skeletal muscle tissue. This review will examine the effects of skeletal muscle and adipose development with β-AA, and will interpret how the use of β-AA affects performance, body composition, and growth in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | - Ki Yong Chung
- Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 232-950, Korea
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25
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Martin JN, Garmyn AJ, Miller MF, Hodgen JM, Pfeiffer KD, Thomas CL, Rathmann RJ, Yates DA, Hutcheson JP, Brooks JC. Comparative effects of beta-adrenergic agonist supplementation on the yield and quality attributes of selected subprimals from calf-fed Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4204-16. [PMID: 25006060 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical portioning tests were performed on beef rib, strip loin, tenderloin, and top sirloin subprimals obtained from calf-fed Holstein steers to characterize the influence of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), ractopamine hydrochloride (RH), or no β-adrenergic agonist (βAA; CON) on subprimal and steak yield. In addition, βAA effects on tenderness, composition, and raw and cooked color of steaks from the aforementioned strip loin subprimals were characterized. At 14 to 15 d (ribs, tenderloins, and top sirloin) or 16 d (strip loin) postmortem, subprimals were portioned into steaks using a mechanical portioning machine. The appropriate variables were measured before and after portioning to determine βAA influence on trimmed and untrimmed subprimal weight, subprimal length (rib only), steak weight and yield, and steak thickness (rib only). Steaks obtained from the strip loin subprimals were subjected to analysis of raw instrument color (L*, a*, b*), proximate composition, and pH. In addition, strip steaks were aged (16 or 23 d) before analysis of cooked internal color, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and slice shear force (SSF). Briefly, ZH supplementation increased (P < 0.01) the weight of all subprimals when compared to CON. Furthermore, subprimals from CON animals consistently had fewer and lighter steaks (P ≤ 0.04) than subprimals from ZH-fed steers. Additionally, raw steaks from ZH cattle were a less vivid red (lower a* and saturation index values; P < 0.01) when compared to CON and RH steaks, which did not differ (P > 0.05). There was no interaction between βAA treatment and postmortem aging length for WBSF or SSF (P > 0.10). However, CON steaks (3.25 kg) had lower WBSF values (P < 0.05) than ZH or RH steaks (3.68 and 3.67 kg, respectively). Regardless, aging for 23 d vs. 16 d resulted in decreased WBSF and SSF (P < 0.01) for all βAA treatments. Although differences were numerically small, evaluations indicated the internal cooked surfaces of ZH and RH steaks were less red (P < 0.05) than CON steaks. Overall, these data reemphasize increased subprimal weights due to βAA supplementation, particularly ZH. However, the data are not indicative of increased steak yield due to βAA supplementation. Furthermore, the data demonstrate βAA supplementation increases the shear force of calf-fed Holstein strip steaks regardless of postmortem aging period. However, no differences in shear force between the βAA treatments (ZH or RH) were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Martin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - A J Garmyn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - M F Miller
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | | | | | | | - R J Rathmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - D A Yates
- Merck Animal Health, DeSoto, KS 66018
| | | | - J C Brooks
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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26
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Parr SL, Brown TR, Ribeiro FRB, Chung KY, Hutcheson JP, Blackwell BR, Smith PN, Johnson BJ. Biological responses of beef steers to steroidal implants and zilpaterol hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3348-63. [PMID: 24987078 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
British × Continental steers (n = 168; 7 pens/treatment; initial BW = 362 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of dose/payout pattern of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol-17β (E2) and feeding of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on serum urea-N (SUN), NEFA, IGF-I, and E2 concentrations and LM mRNA expression of the estrogen (ER), androgen (ANR), IGF-I (IGF-IR), β1-adrenergic (β1-AR), and β2-adrenergic (β2-AR) receptors and IGF-I. A randomized complete block design was used with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Main effects were implant (no implant [NI], Revalor-S [REV-S; 120 mg TBA + 24 mg E2], and Revalor-XS [REV-X; 200 mg TBA + 40 mg E2]) and ZH (0 or 8.3 mg/kg of DM for 20 d with a 3-d withdrawal). Steers were fed for 153 or 174 d. Blood was collected (2 steers/pen) at d -1, 2, 6, 13, 27, 55, 83, 111, and 131 relative to implanting; LM biopsies (1 steer/pen) were collected at d -1, 27, 55, and 111. Blood and LM samples were collected at d -1, 11, and 19 relative to ZH feeding. A greater dose of TBA + E2 in combination with ZH increased ADG and HCW in an additive manner, suggesting a different mechanism of action for ZH and steroidal implants. Implanting decreased (P < 0.05) SUN from d 2 through 131. Feeding ZH decreased (P < 0.05) SUN. Serum NEFA concentrations were not affected by implants (P = 0.44). There was a day × ZH interaction (P = 0.06) for NEFA; ZH steers had increased (P < 0.01) NEFA concentrations at d 11 of ZH feeding. Serum E2 was greater (P < 0.05) for implanted steers by d 27. Serum trenbolone-17β was greater (P < 0.05) for implanted steers by d 2 followed by a typical biphasic release rate, with a secondary peak at d 111 for REV-X (P < 0.05) implanted steers. Implanting did not affect mRNA expression of the ANR or ER, but the IGF-IR and the β1-AR and β2-AR were less (P < 0.05) for REV-S than NI at d 55 and β2-AR mRNA was less (P < 0.05) for REV-S than for REV-X. Expression of the IGF-IR and the β1-AR at d 111 was greater (P< 0.05) for REV-X than for REV-S and NI at d 111, and the β2-AR was less (P< 0.05) for REV-S than for REV-X. Feeding ZH did not affect mRNA expression of the β1-AR and β2-AR. Both implanting and feeding ZH decreased SUN, but a greater dose of TBA + E2 did not result in further decreases. In addition, feeding ZH increased serum NEFA concentrations. Metabolic changes resulting from implanting and feeding ZH may aid in explaining steer performance and carcass responses to these growth promotants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Parr
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79415
| | - T R Brown
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79415
| | - F R B Ribeiro
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79415
| | - K Y Chung
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79415
| | | | - B R Blackwell
- Texas Tech University, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Lubbock 79409
| | - P N Smith
- Texas Tech University, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Lubbock 79409
| | - B J Johnson
- Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock 79415
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Vahedi V, Towhidi A, Zare Shahneh A, Sadeghi M, Zamani F, Dunshea F. Effects of β-agonist zilpaterol hydrochloride feeding and supplementation period on growth and carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth performance and carcass characteristics of wether goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dávila-Ramírez JL, Macías-Cruz U, Torrentera-Olivera NG, González-Ríos H, Soto-Navarro SA, Rojo-Rubio R, Avendaño-Reyes L. Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride and soybean oil supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of hair-breed ram lambs under heat stress conditions. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1184-92. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Dávila-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México, 21705
| | - U. Macías-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México, 21705
| | - N. G. Torrentera-Olivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México, 21705
| | - H. González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000
| | - S. A. Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003
| | - R. Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Temascaltepec, Estado de México, 51300
| | - L. Avendaño-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México, 21705
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Choi SH, Wickersham TA, Wu G, Gilmore LA, Edwards HD, Park SK, Kim KH, Smith SB. Abomasal infusion of arginine stimulates SCD and C/EBPß gene expression, and decreases CPT1ß gene expression in bovine adipose tissue independent of conjugated linoleic acid. Amino Acids 2013; 46:353-66. [PMID: 24327170 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous research with bovine peadipocytes, we hypothesized that infusion of arginine into the abomasum of Angus steers stimulates stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene expression in bovine subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissue, and that this would be attenuated by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Growing Angus steers were infused abomasally with L-arginine 50 g/day; n = 13; provided as L-arginine HCl) or L-alanine (isonitrogenous control, 100 g/day; n = 11) for 14 days. For the subsequent 14 days, half of the steers in each amino acid group were infused with CLA (100 g/day). Body weight gain and average daily gain were unaffected (P > 0.15) by infusion of arginine or CLA into the abomasum. The plasma concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA were increased CLA infusion (P = 0.001) and infusion of arginine increased plasma arginine (P = 0.01). Compared with day 0, fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activities in s.c. adipose tissue increased by day 14 in steers infused with either alanine or arginine (all P < 0.01). NADP-MDH activity was higher (P = 0.01) in steers infused with arginine than in steers infused with arginine plus CLA by day 28, but lipid synthesis in vitro from glucose and acetate was unaffected by infusion of either arginine or CLA (P > 0.40). By day 28, C/EBPβ and SCD gene expression was higher, and CPT1β gene expression was lower, in s.c. adipose tissue of steers infused with arginine than in steers infused with alanine (±CLA) (P = 0.05). CLA decreased adipose tissue oleic acid (18:1n-9) in alanine- or arginine-infused steers (P = 0.05), although CLA had no effect on SCD gene expression. The data indicate that supplemental arginine promotes adipogenic gene expression and may promote lipid accumulation in bovine adipose tissue. L-Arginine may beneficially improve beef quality for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Choi SH, Silvey DT, Johnson BJ, Doumit ME, Chung KY, Sawyer JE, Go GW, Smith SB. Conjugated linoleic acid (t-10, c-12) reduces fatty acid synthesis de novo, but not expression of genes for lipid metabolism in bovine adipose tissue ex vivo. Lipids 2013; 49:15-24. [PMID: 24293227 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that exogenous fatty acids, and especially or 18:2 trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), would decrease adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues. Fresh i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues were collected from the longissimus thoracis muscle of Angus steers at 12, 14, and 16 months of age (n = 4 per time point). Adipose tissue explants were incubated in duplicate for 48 h with 40 μM α-linolenic (ALA), oleic, stearic, trans-vaccenic, or CLA. Adipocyte size, acetate and glucose incorporation into fatty acids in vitro and mRNA levels for C/EBPβ, CPT1β, GPR43, PPARγ, PRKAA1 (AMPKα) and SCD1 were measured following the incubations. PRKAA1 and SCD1gene expression were greater (P < 0.001) in s.c. adipose tissue than in i.m. adipose tissue and acetate incorporation into lipids and C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and SCD1gene expression were greater at 16 months of age than at 12 months of age in i.m. adipose (P < 0.01). C/EBPβ gene expression increased by 16 months of age and PRKAA1 gene expression decreased by 16 months of age in s.c. adipose tissue. All fatty acids increased s.c. adipocyte volumes whereas CLA decreased acetate incorporation into lipids in s.c. adipose tissue (P < 0.05), but none of the fatty acids affected gene expression in i.m. or s.c. adipose tissue (P > 0.10). Thus, CLA depressed de novo fatty acid biosynthesis from acetate but neither CLA nor other fatty acids significantly affected adipogenic or lipogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
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Reinhardt CD, Lee TL, Thomson DU, Mamedova LK, Bradford BJ. Restricted nutrient intake does not alter serum-mediated measures of implant response in cell culture. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 24245980 PMCID: PMC3866970 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During nutritional stress, reduced intake may reduce the efficacy of anabolic implants. This study was conducted to evaluate basic cellular responses to a growth promotant implant at two intake levels. Methods Sixteen crossbred steers (293 ± 19.3 kg) were used to evaluate the impact of anabolic implants in either an adequate or a restricted nutritional state. Steers were trained to individual Calan gates, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of: presence or absence of an anabolic growth implant (Revalor-XS, 200 mg TBA and 40 mg estradiol; IMPLANT or CONTROL) and a moderate energy, pelleted, starting cattle diet fed at either 2.0 × or 1.0 × maintenance energy (NEM) requirements (HIGH or LOW). Serum (d 0, 14, and 28) was used for application to bovine muscle satellite cells. After treatment with the serum (20% of total media) from the trial cattle, the satellite cells were incubated for 72 h. Protein abundance of myosin heavy chain (MHC), phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (phospho-ERK), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR) were analyzed to determine the effects of implant, intake, and their interaction (applied via the serum). Results Intake had no effect on MHC (P = 0.85) but IMPLANT increased (P < 0.01) MHC abundance vs. CONTROL. Implant status, intake status, and the interaction had no effect on the abundance of phospho-ERK (P ≥ 0.23). Implanting increased phospho-mTOR (P < 0.01) but there was no effect (P ≥ 0.51) of intake or intake × implant. Conclusions The nearly complete lack of interaction between implant and nutritional status indicates that the signaling molecules measured herein respond to implants and nutritional status independently. Furthermore, results suggest that the muscle hypertrophic effects of anabolic implants may not be mediated by circulating IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, 232 Weber Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Choi C, Jung K, Chung K, Yang B, Chin K, Suh S, Oh D, Jeon M, Baek K, Lee S, Kim S, Lee Y, Yates D, Hutcheson J, Johnson B. Administration of zilpaterol hydrochloride alters feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, muscle, and fat profiling in finishing Hanwoo steers. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arp TS, Howard ST, Woerner DR, Scanga JA, McKenna DR, Kolath WH, Chapman PL, Tatum JD, Belk KE. Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation on longissimus muscle shear force and sensory attributes of beef steers. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5989-97. [PMID: 24166996 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on LM shear force and sensory attributes was determined using pens (n = 40) British × Continental crossbred steers randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: control; RH fed at 200 (RH 200) or 300 mg • steer(-1) • d(-1) (RH 300), or 400 mg • steer(-1) • d(-1) (RH 400) top-dressed for the final 30 d of feeding; or ZH fed at 7.5 mg/kg, beginning 23 d before slaughter with a 3-d withdrawal. Two replicates (pens) per treatment were represented in four blocks. Eighteen carcasses per pen were randomly selected and one 5-cm LM sample was removed from both carcass sides to be used for shear force and sensory evaluation. Samples were aged for 14 d, frozen at -28.8 °C, and cut into 2.5-cm steaks. All steaks were cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1 °C before being evaluated for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), slice shear force (SSF), or being fed to trained sensory panelists. Increasing dose and potency of β-agonist increased WBSF by 4 to 17% and SSF by 5 to 24% (P < 0.05). Steaks from steers fed ZH had higher WBSF and SSF values compared with all other treatments (P < 0.05), whereas steaks from controls and steers fed RH 200 were not different (P > 0.05). Probability of steaks failing to meet shear force standards to be certified tender (WBSF <4.4 kg, SSF < 20 kg) was increased from an initial probability of <0.06 in steaks from steers in the control treatment to 0.10 to 0.20 in steers fed RH 400 or ZH (P < 0.05). No difference was detected in panel ratings for overall tenderness of steaks from steers fed RH 200 compared with controls (P > 0.05). Steaks from steers fed RH 300 and RH 400 were comparable for all sensory attributes; however, both RH 300 and RH 400 were rated lower for overall tenderness than controls (P < 0.05). Panelists failed to detect differences in overall tenderness of steaks from steers fed RH 400 and ZH (P < 0.05). Panelists detected no difference in flavor profile or juiciness among treatments (P > 0.05). Results from this study indicated β-agonists negatively affected beef tenderness and these effects may be more noticeable in steers supplemented with ZH and higher doses of RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Arp
- Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
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35
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Effects of respiratory vaccination timing and growth-promoting implant on health, performance, and immunity of high-risk, newly received stocker cattle11This project was supported by funding from the University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Hatch Project No. AR002159. We express our appreciation to D. Krieder and J. Powell from the University of Arkansas Department of Animal Science, Fayetteville, for their advice and technical assistance on this experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Korn KT, Lemenager RP, Claeys MC, Waddell JN, Engstrom M, Schoonmaker JP. Supplemental vitamin D3 and zilpaterol hydrochloride. II. Effect on calcium concentration, muscle fiber type, and calpain gene expression of feedlot steers1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3332-40. [PMID: 23798523 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Korn
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - R. P. Lemenager
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - M. C. Claeys
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - J. N. Waddell
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
| | - M. Engstrom
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ 07054
| | - J. P. Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
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Johnson BJ, Ribeiro FRB, Beckett JL. Application of growth technologies in enhancing food security and sustainability. Anim Front 2013. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - F. R. B. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Macías-Cruz U, Álvarez-Valenzuela FD, Soto-Navarro SA, Águila-Tepato E, Avendaño-Reyes L. Effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride on feedlot performance, nutrient intake, and digestibility in hair-breed sheep. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1844-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U. Macías-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México 21705
| | - F. D. Álvarez-Valenzuela
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México 21705
| | - S. A. Soto-Navarro
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003
| | - E. Águila-Tepato
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México 21705
| | - L. Avendaño-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ejido Nuevo León, Baja California, México 21705
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Kongsuwan K, Knox MR, Allingham PG, Pearson R, Dalrymple BP. The effect of combination treatment with trenbolone acetate and estradiol-17β on skeletal muscle expression and plasma concentrations of oxytocin in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:67-73. [PMID: 22503145 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of trenbolone acetate (TBA) in conjunction with estradiol-17β (E(2)) increases growth, feed conversion efficiency, and carcass leanness in cattle. Our previous study in Brahman steers suggested that the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OXT) may be involved in increasing muscle growth after TBA-E(2) treatment. The present study aimed to determine whether OXT mRNA expression in the longissimus muscle (LM) is also up-regulated in TBA-E(2-)implanted wethers as has been found in steers. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of the gene encoding the OXT precursor, three genes with increased expression in the LM muscle of TBA-E(2)-treated steers, MYOD1 (muscle transcription factor), GREB1 (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1), and WISP2 (Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2), and two genes encoding IGF pathway proteins, IGF1, IGFR, in the LM of both untreated and TBA-E(2)-treated wethers. The expression of OXT mRNA in wethers that received the TBA-E(2) treatment was increased ~4.4-fold (P = 0.01). TBA-E(2) treatment also induced a 2.3-fold increase in circulating OXT (P = 0.001). These data, together with the observation that untreated wethers had much higher baseline concentrations of circulating OXT than previously observed in steers, suggest that wethers and steers have quite different OXT hormone systems. TBA-E(2) treatment had no effect on the expression of IGF1, IGFR, and the muscle regulatory gene MYOD1 mRNA levels in wethers (P ≥ 0.15), but there was an increase in the expression of the two growth-related genes, GREB1 (P = 0.001) and WISP2 (P = 0.04). Both genes are common gene targets for both the estrogen and androgen signaling pathways. Consequently, their actions may contribute to the positive interaction between TBA and E(2) on additive improvements on muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kongsuwan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia QLD 4067, Australia
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Capper JL, Hayes DJ. The environmental and economic impact of removing growth-enhancing technologies from U.S. beef production. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3527-37. [PMID: 22665660 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental and economic impact of withdrawing growth-enhancing technologies (GET) from the U.S. beef production system. A deterministic model based on the metabolism and nutrient requirements of the beef population was used to quantify resource inputs and waste outputs per 454 × 10(6) kg of beef. Two production systems were compared: one using GET (steroid implants, in-feed ionophores, in-feed hormones, and beta-adrenergic agonists) where approved by FDA at current adoption rates and the other without GET use. Both systems were modeled using characteristic management practices, population dynamics, and production data from U.S. beef systems. The economic impact and global trade and carbon implications of GET withdrawal were calculated based on feed savings. Withdrawing GET from U.S. beef production reduced productivity (growth rate and slaughter weight) and increased the population size required to produce 454 × 10(6) kg beef by 385 × 10(3) animals. Feedstuff and land use were increased by 2,830 × 10(3) t and 265 × 10(3) ha, respectively, by GET withdrawal, with 20,139 × 10(6) more liters of water being required to maintain beef production. Manure output increased by 1,799 × 10(3) t as a result of GET withdrawal, with an increase in carbon emissions of 714,515 t/454 × 10(6) kg beef. The projected increased costs of U.S. beef produced without GET resulted in the effective implementation of an 8.2% tax on beef production, leading to reduced global trade and competitiveness. To compensate for the increase in U.S. beef prices and maintain beef supply, it would be necessary to increase beef production in other global regions, with a projected increase in carbon emissions from deforestation, particularly in Brazil. Withdrawing GET from U.S. beef production would reduce both the economic and environmental sustainability of the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Capper
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA.
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López-Carlos MA, Ramírez RG, Aguilera-Soto JI, Rodríguez H, Aréchiga CF, Méndez-Llorente F, Chavez JJ, Medina CA, Silva JM. Effect of the administration program of 2 β-adrenergic agonists on growth performance and carcass and meat characteristics of feedlot ram lambs. J Anim Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. López-Carlos
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, 66450, México
| | - R. G. Ramírez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, 66450, México
| | - J. I. Aguilera-Soto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
| | - H. Rodríguez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
| | - C. F. Aréchiga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
| | - F. Méndez-Llorente
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, 66450, México
| | - J. J. Chavez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
| | - C. A. Medina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
| | - J. M. Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98500, México
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Capper JL. Is the Grass Always Greener? Comparing the Environmental Impact of Conventional, Natural and Grass-Fed Beef Production Systems. Animals (Basel) 2012; 2:127-43. [PMID: 26486913 PMCID: PMC4494320 DOI: 10.3390/ani2020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The environmental impact of three beef production systems was assessed using a deterministic model. Conventional beef production (finished in feedlots with growth-enhancing technology) required the fewest animals, and least land, water and fossil fuels to produce a set quantity of beef. The carbon footprint of conventional beef production was lower than that of either natural (feedlot finished with no growth-enhancing technology) or grass-fed (forage-fed, no growth-enhancing technology) systems. All beef production systems are potentially sustainable; yet the environmental impacts of differing systems should be communicated to consumers to allow a scientific basis for dietary choices. Abstract This study compared the environmental impact of conventional, natural and grass-fed beef production systems. A deterministic model based on the metabolism and nutrient requirements of the beef population was used to quantify resource inputs and waste outputs per 1.0 × 109 kg of hot carcass weight beef in conventional (CON), natural (NAT) and grass-fed (GFD) production systems. Production systems were modeled using characteristic management practices, population dynamics and production data from U.S. beef production systems. Increased productivity (slaughter weight and growth rate) in the CON system reduced the cattle population size required to produce 1.0 × 109 kg of beef compared to the NAT or GFD system. The CON system required 56.3% of the animals, 24.8% of the water, 55.3% of the land and 71.4% of the fossil fuel energy required to produce 1.0 × 109 kg of beef compared to the GFD system. The carbon footprint per 1.0 × 109 kg of beef was lowest in the CON system (15,989 × 103 t), intermediate in the NAT system (18,772 × 103 t) and highest in the GFD system (26,785 × 103 t). The challenge to the U.S beef industry is to communicate differences in system environmental impacts to facilitate informed dietary choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Capper
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Smith SB, Go GW, Johnson BJ, Chung KY, Choi SH, Sawyer JE, Silvey DT, Gilmore LA, Ghahramany G, Kim KH. Adipogenic gene expression and fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots of Angus steers between 9 and 16 months of age. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2505-14. [PMID: 22307484 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that among carcass adipose tissue depots, brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue contains the greatest concentration of MUFA and lowest concentration of SFA. Therefore, we hypothesized that brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue depots would exhibit greater adipogenic gene expression over time than other major subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Four Angus steers, each at 9, 12, 14, and 16 mo of age, were harvested and fresh subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from over the brisket, chuck, rib, loin, sirloin, round, flank, and plate. Relative gene expression for C/EBPβ, PPARγ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT-1β), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), and G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and CPT-1β was greatest at 12 to 14 mo of age (all P < 0.0001) and declined to very low abundance by 16 mo of age in all depots. Expression of PPARγ and CPT-1β was greater (P < 0.03) in flank, rib, and sirloin subcutaneous adipose tissues than in brisket and round adipose tissues. The expression of the SCD gene did not differ among the 4 age groups (P = 0.95). The palmitoleic:stearic acid ratio (an estimate of SCD activity) was greater (P < 0.001) in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from brisket, plate, and round than in the loin, rib, and sirloin. Conversely, subcutaneous adipose tissue from the loin, rib, and sirloin had greater (P < 0.001) SCD gene expression than the brisket, plate, and round. In general, subcutaneous adipose tissues with the highest concentration of MUFA and least SFA consistently exhibited the least SCD gene expression and adipogenic gene expression. We conclude that MUFA in the brisket and other depots with large SCD indices were deposited before 9 mo of age, during a time when the subcutaneous adipocytes were highly differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Weber MJ, Dikeman ME, Unruh JA, Jaeger JR, Murray L, Houser TA, Johnson BJ. Effects of sequential feeding of β-adrenergic agonists on cull cow performance, carcass characteristics, and mRNA relative abundance. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1628-37. [PMID: 22147469 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplementation with a single β-adrenergic agonist (β-AA) or a sequence of β-AA on cow performance, carcass characteristics, and mRNA relative abundance of cull cows implanted and fed a concentrate diet. Sixty cull cows were implanted with Revalor-200 (200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 20 mg of estradiol) and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 15/treatment): CON = fed a concentrate diet only; RH = supplemented with ractopamine-HCl for the last 25 d before slaughter; ZH = supplemented with zilpaterol-HCl for 20 d before a 3-d withdrawal before slaughter; RH + ZH = supplemented with RH for 25 d, followed by ZH for 20 d before a 3-d withdrawal before slaughter. Ractopamine-HCl was supplemented at a dose of 200 mg·animal(-1)·d(-1), and ZH was supplemented at 8.33 mg/kg (100% DM basis) of feed. All cows were fed a concentrate diet for 74 d. Each treatment had 5 cows per pen and 3 replicate pens. Body weights were collected on d 1, 24, 51, and 72. Muscle biopsies from the LM were collected on d 24, 51, and at slaughter from a subsample of 3 cows per pen. Carcass traits were evaluated postslaughter. The 2 ZH treatments averaged 15.3 kg more BW gain, 0.20 kg greater ADG, and 7.8 cm(2) larger LM area than CON and RH treatments, and 21 kg more HCW than CON, but these differences were not significant (P > 0.10), likely due to a sample size of n = 15/treatment. The sequence of RH followed by ZH tended to optimize the combination of HCW, LM area, percent intramuscular fat, and lean color and maturity compared with the ZH treatment. Abundance of β(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) mRNA was not altered in the RH + ZH treatment during RH supplementation from d 24 to 51 of feeding. However, the abundance of β(2)-AR mRNA increased (P < 0.05) the last 23 d of feeding for the RH treatment and tended (P = 0.10) to increase in ZH cows during ZH supplementation. For all cows, abundance of type IIa myosin heavy chain (MHC-IIa) mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) after 24 d of feeding. Abundance of MHC-IIx mRNA increased (P < 0.05) for ZH and RH + ZH treatments the last 23 d of feeding during ZH supplementation. Although few significant differences were observed in performance or carcass traits, mRNA quantification indicated that β-AA supplementation elicited a cellular response in cull cows. Implanting and feeding cull cows for 74 d, regardless of β-AA supplementation, added economic value by transitioning cows from a cull cow to what is referred to in industry as a white cow market in which cows have white fat resulting from grain feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Weber
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Girard I, Aalhus JL, Basarab JA, Larsen IL, Bruce HL. Modification of muscle inherent properties through age at slaughter, growth promotants and breed crosses. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Girard, I., Aalhus, J. L., Basarab, J. A., Larsen, I. L. and Bruce, H. L. 2011. Modification of muscle inherent properties through age at slaughter, growth promotants and breed crosses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 635–648. A 24 factorial experiment tested the interactions of slaughter age (12–13 or 18–20 mo), growth hormone use, β-adrenergic agonist (β-AA) use and breed cross [Hereford–Aberdeen Angus (HAA) or Charolais–Red Angus (CRA)] on the composition, fibre types, and connective tissue characteristics of m. semitendinosus (ST) and m. gluteus medius (GM) from 112 crossbred steers. Muscle weights increased with slaughter age, implantation and CRA genetics (P<0.05), but were not affected by ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) (P>0.10).Animal age increased fast glycolytic (FG) and decreased fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibre percentages by 7.2 and 6.6%, respectively, in the ST and increased slow oxidative (SO) and FOG fibre areas in both muscles (P<0.05). Cross-sectional areas of all fibre types were increased in the ST with implantation. In the GM, implantation increased SO (3.1%) and reduced FOG (3.2%) fibre percentages, while RAC reduced the SO (3.8%) and increased the FG (6.1%) fibre percentages (P<0.05).Only GM total collagen content increased with slaughter age (P<0.05),but collagen solubility decreased with slaughter age for both muscles (P<0.05). CRA genetics increased FG percentage in the GM of yearling-fed steers and increased moisture and protein and reduced fat contents of both muscles (P<0.05). In the muscles studied, IMP, slaughter age and animal genetics induced greater changes in muscle inherent properties than RAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Girard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - J. L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - J. A. Basarab
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - I. L. Larsen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - H. L. Bruce
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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Shibata M, Matsumoto K, Hikino Y, Oe M, Ojima K, Nakajima I, Muroya S, Chikuni K. Influence of different feeding systems on the growth performance and muscle development of Japanese Black steers. Meat Sci 2011; 89:451-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Miller EK, Chung KY, Hutcheson JP, Yates DA, Smith SB, Johnson BJ. Zilpaterol hydrochloride alters abundance of β-adrenergic receptors in bovine muscle cells but has little effect on de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1317-27. [PMID: 22079997 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We predicted that zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), a β-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, would depress mRNA and protein abundance of β-AR in bovine satellite cells. We also predicted that ZH would decrease total lipid synthesis in bovine adipose tissue. Bovine satellite cells isolated from the semimembranosus muscle were plated on tissue culture plates coated with reduced growth factor matrigel or collagen. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure specific gene expression after 48 h of ZH exposure in proliferating satellite cells and fused myoblasts. There was no effect of ZH dose on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in proliferating myoblasts. Zilpaterol hydrochloride at 1 µM decreased (P < 0.05) β1-AR mRNA, and 0.01 and 1 µM ZH decreased (P < 0.05) β2-AR and β3-AR mRNA in myoblasts. The expression of IGF-I mRNA tended to increase (P = 0.07) with 1 µM ZH. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of ZH on the β-AR or IGF-I gene expression in fused myotube cultures at 192 h or on fusion percentage. The β2-AR antagonist ICI-118, 551 at 0.1 µM attenuated (P < 0.05) the effect of 0.1 µM ZH to reduce expression of β1- and β2-AR mRNA. The combination of 0.01 µM ZH and 0.1 µM ICI-118, 551 caused an increase (P < 0.05) in β1-AR gene expression. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of ICI-118, 551 or ZH on β3-AR or IGF-I. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein content of β2-AR in ZH-treated myotube cultures decreased (P < 0.05) relative to control. Total lipid synthesis from acetate was increased by ZH in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue explants in the absence of theophylline but was decreased by ZH when theophylline was included in the incubation medium. These data indicate that ZH alters mRNA and protein concentrations of β-AR in satellite cell cultures, which in turn could affect responsiveness of cells to prolonged ZH exposure in vivo. Similar to other β-adrenergic agonists, ZH had only modest effects on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Lopez-Carlos M, Ramirez R, Aguilera-Soto J, Plascencia A, Rodriguez H, Arechiga C, Rincon R, Medina-Flores C, Gutierrez-Bañuelos H. Effect of two beta adrenergic agonists and feeding duration on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parr SL, Chung KY, Galyean ML, Hutcheson JP, DiLorenzo N, Hales KE, May ML, Quinn MJ, Smith DR, Johnson BJ. Performance of finishing beef steers in response to anabolic implant and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:560-70. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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