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Zhu C, Yang J, Wu Q, Chen J, Yang X, Wang L, Jiang Z. Low Protein Diet Improves Meat Quality and Modulates the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Finishing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:843957. [PMID: 35656169 PMCID: PMC9152361 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a low protein (LP) diet on growth performance, nitrogen emission, carcass traits, meat quality, and gut microbiota in finishing pigs. Fifty-four barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates (pens) of three pigs each. The pigs were fed with either high protein (HP, 16% CP), medium protein (MP, 12% CP), and LP diets (10% CP), respectively. The LP diets did not influence the growth performance, but significantly decreased the plasma urea nitrogen contents and fecal nitrogen emission (P < 0.05). The LP diet significantly decreased the plasma contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the plasma glutathione (GSH) contents (P < 0.05). The LP diets significantly increased the backfat thickness at the first and last ribs, L* (lightness) value of meat color, and muscle fiber density in the longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), leptin, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was significantly downregulated, while that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and myosin heavy chain (MYHC) IIx in the longissimus Dorsi muscle was significantly upregulated by LP diets (P < 0.05). The 16S sequencing analysis showed that the abundance of unidentified Bacteria at the phylum level, and Halanaerobium and Butyricicoccusat at the genus level in the colonic digesta were significantly decreased by LP diet (P < 0.05). The LP diet significantly decreased the observed species of α-diversity in both ileal and colonic microbiota (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis identified a significant positive correlation between the abundance of the ileal genera Streptococcus and L* value at 24 and 48 h, and a significant negative correlation between unidentified_Ruminococcasceae in both ileum and colon with L* value at 24 h (P < 0.05). Collectively, the LP diet supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan could reduce the fecal nitrogen emission without affecting growth performance and improve meat quality by regulating the antioxidant capacity and gene expression involved in fat metabolism as well as modulating the gut microbiota composition in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingsen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qiwen Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Zongyong Jiang
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Keady SM, Keane MG, Waters SM, Wylie AR, O'Riordan EG, Keogh K, Kenny DA. Effect of dietary restriction and compensatory growth on performance, carcass characteristics, and metabolic hormone concentrations in Angus and Belgian Blue steers. Animal 2021; 15:100215. [PMID: 34030031 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compensatory growth (CG) is the ability of an animal to undergo accelerated growth after a period of restricted feeding. However, there is a dearth of information in relation to the effect of genotype on CG response, thus the objective of this study was to evaluate CG response in two contrasting breed types, namely Aberdeen Angus (AN) and Belgian Blue (BB). Crossbred AN × Holstein-Friesian or BB × Holstein-Friesian steers were assigned to one of two treatment groups in a two (genotypes) × two (diets) factorial design. For 99 days, one group (11 AN and 12 BB) was offered a high energy control diet (H-H) whereas the second group (11 AN and 12 BB) was offered an energy restricted diet (L-H). At the end of the differential feeding period (99 days), both groups of animals were then offered a high energy control diet for a further 200 days. All animals were then slaughtered on day-299 of the study. During feed restriction, L-H had lower DM intake (DMI), had greater feed conversion ratio (FCR) and lower plasma concentrations of insulin, IGF-1, leptin, glucose, urea, betahydroxybutyrate and smaller M. longissimus thoracis or lumborum muscle and fat depths compared to H-H steers. During realimentation, there was no difference in DMI between diets; however, L-H had greater live weight gain compared to H-H steers. Overall, H-H consumed greater quantities on a DM basis, however, had a higher FCR compared to L-H steers. By the end of the realimentation period, there was no difference in plasma metabolite or hormone concentrations, linear body measurements, ultrasonically scanned fat depths, carcass conformation, dressing percentage or fat class between H-H and L-H steers. At slaughter, carcass weights were affected by diet with greater values for H-H compared to L-H steers. Genotype affected measures associated with body composition including pelvic width and both muscle and fat depths (P < 0.05). Overall, L-H had a CG (or recovery) index of 0.52 and did not make up for the loss of gains during the differential feeding period; however, M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum, a tissue of high economic value, recovered completely making it a target of interest for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Keady
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland; Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - M G Keane
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - S M Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - A R Wylie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - E G O'Riordan
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - K Keogh
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - D A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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Jiménez-Penago G, Hernández-Mendo O, González-Garduño R, Torres-Hernández G, Granados-Rivera LD. Immune and parasitic response to conjugated linoleic acid in the diet of pelibuey sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1988875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Hernández-Mendo
- Programa de Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México México
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera
- Campo Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, General Terán, Nuevo León, México
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Pormalekshahi A, Fatahnia F, Jafari H, Azarfar A, Varmaghany S, Taasoli G. Interaction of dietary rumen undegradable protein level and supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid on performance of growing goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haubold S, Kröger-Koch C, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E, Weitzel JM, Hoeflich A, Starke A, Tröscher A, Sauerwein H, Hammon HM. Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12069-12082. [PMID: 32981718 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine traits related to energy metabolism, including the somatotropic axis, in mid-lactation dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a dose-escalation study design and were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated fatty acids), linseed and safflower oils (EFA; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d of each), or EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA) for 6 wk. The initial dosage was doubled twice after 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosages 1, 2, and 3). Each cow received each fat treatment at different times. Cows were fed with a corn silage-based total mixed ration providing a low-fat content and a high n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones (insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins only on wk 0 and 6) were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of each treatment period. Liver biopsies were taken before starting the trial and at wk 6 of each treatment period to measure hepatic mRNA abundance of genes linked to glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and the somatotropic axis. The changes in the milk and blood fatty acid patterns and lactation performance of these cows have already been published in a companion paper. The plasma concentration of total cholesterol increased with dosage in all groups, except CLA, reaching the highest levels in EFA+CLA and CTRL compared with CLA. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma concentration increased in CTRL and was higher than that in EFA and CLA, whereas the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in a dose-dependent manner in EFA and EFA+CLA, and was higher than that in CLA. Hepatic mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase 1 was upregulated in all groups but was highest in EFA+CLA. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 tended to be lowest due to EFA treatment, whereas expression of long chain acyl-CoA-synthetase was lower in EFA than in CTRL. Hepatic mRNA expression of GHR1A tended to be higher in EFA+CLA than in CTRL. The plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I increased in CLA, and the plasma IGFBP-2 concentration was lower in EFA+CLA than in CTRL at wk 6. The plasma concentration of adiponectin decreased in EFA+CLA up to dosage 2. Plasma concentrations of albumin and urea were lower in CLA than in CTRL throughout the experimental period. Supplementation with EFA and CLA affected cholesterol and lipid metabolism and their regulation differently, indicating distinct stimulation after the combined EFA and CLA treatment. The decreased IGFBP-2 plasma concentration and upregulated hepatic mRNA abundance of GHR1A in EFA+CLA-supplemented cows indicated the beneficial effect of the combined EFA and CLA treatment on the somatotropic axis in mid-lactation dairy cows. Moreover, supplementation with CLA might affect protein metabolism in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haubold
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology of Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Lee YH, Ahmadi F, Lee M, Oh YK, Kwak WS. Effect of crude protein content and undegraded intake protein level on productivity, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, and production economics of Hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1599-1609. [PMID: 32106660 PMCID: PMC7463088 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to determine how feeding diets differing in crude protein (CP) and undegraded intake protein (UIP) levels affected productivity, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics, and the production economics of Hanwoo steers. Methods Thirty-six Hanwoo steers (age = 8.2±0.5 mo; body weight = 254±16.1 kg) were assigned at random to one of three treatments (4 steers/pen; 3 pens/treatment): i) a low-CP diet (LP; control) containing 12.1% CP with 35.1% UIP, 12.0% CP with 36.8% UIP, and 12.9% CP with 48.8% UIP, in the growing, fattening, and finishing periods, respectively; ii) a high-CP, low-UIP diet (HPLU) containing 15.0% CP with 33.7% UIP, 14.0% CP with 35.7% UIP, and 13.1% CP with 46.7% UIP, respectively; and iii) a high-CP, high-UIP diet (HPHU) containing 15.0% CP with 45.8% UIP, 14.0% CP with 44.6% UIP, and 13.0% CP with 51.1% UIP, respectively. Results The treatments did not affect feed intake and growth performance, except for average daily gain during the fattening period that tended to be the lowest (p = 0.08) in the HPLU-fed steers. The feed CP conversion ratio over the entire feeding period was higher with high-CP diets. The treatments did not affect most blood metabolites; however, blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations during the fattening and finishing periods were the lowest in steers fed a HPLU diet. The treatments had negligible effects on cold carcass weight, yield traits including longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, yield index, and yield grade, plus quality traits including meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity. However, marbling score and frequency of carcass quality grade 1++ were greater in HPHU-fed steers. Conclusion Feeding diets with higher CP and UIP levels did not affect growth performance but tended to improve the carcass quality of Hanwoo steers, resulting in greater economic return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Lee
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Myun Lee
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Young-Kyoon Oh
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Wan Sup Kwak
- Department of Food Bio-science, College of Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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Ni Q, Gasperi F, Aprea E, Betta E, Bergamaschi M, Tagliapietra F, Schiavon S, Bittante G. The volatile organic compound profile of ripened cheese is influenced by crude protein shortage and conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in the cow's diet. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1377-1390. [PMID: 31785882 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A shortage in crude protein (CP) and supplementation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in the diets of dairy cows could improve the dairy industry's ecological footprint and the nutritional value of milk, but it is not known what effect such a strategy might have on the aroma profiles of dairy products. The aim of this work was to study the effects of reducing the dietary CP content (from 150 to 123 g/kg of dry matter), with or without a supply of rumen-protected CLA (7.9 g/d C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 and 7.7 g/d C18:2 trans-10,cis-12), on the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of cheeses ripened for 3 mo. Twenty mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were reared in 4 pens (5 to a pen), and fed 4 different experimental diets over 4 periods of 3 wk each, following a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Twice in each period, 10-L milk samples were taken from each group and used to produce 32 cheeses, which we then analyzed for VOC by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We detected 48 VOC belonging to 10 chemical classes (11 alcohols, 8 ketones, 8 esters, 7 acids, 4 aldehydes, 4 sulfurs, 2 lactones, 2 phenolic, 1 monoterpene, 1 hydrocarbon); these were expressed as concentrations in cheese (quantitative data) or as proportions of total VOC (qualitative data). The results of mixed model analysis showed that the majority of VOC families and individual VOC in ripened cheese were affected by the dietary treatments: CP shortage depressed the concentrations of volatile aldehydes and increased the proportions of some esters and limonene, whereas CLA increased the concentration of total VOC, particularly several acids and esters, and decreased the proportions of ketones and phenolic compounds. The interaction between dietary CP and CLA affected the proportions of alcohols and acids. We performed a factor analysis to extract 5 latent explanatory variables from the individual VOC, which represented 79% of total VOC variance for the quantitative data and 78% for the qualitative data. Addition of CLA decreased the first qualitative factor (the "base aroma" of cheese, explaining 44% of total variance), whereas CP reduction increased the second quantitative factor ("ethyl esters," 15% of total variance) and the third qualitative factor ("butan-," 9% of total variance). In summary, the VOC profile of ripened cheese was heavily influenced by CP content and CLA supplementation in the diets of dairy cows, but the effect on sensorial properties of cheese is also worth considering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Ni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Flavia Gasperi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Eugenio Aprea
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Emanuela Betta
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Matteo Bergamaschi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Mordenti AL, Brogna N, Merendi F, Sardi L, Tassinari M, Mammi LME, Giaretta E, Formigoni A. Effect of dietary inclusion of different lipid supplements on performance and carcass quality traits of growing beef heifers. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:7683. [PMID: 31218212 PMCID: PMC6554594 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary extruded flaxseed and/or rumen-protected lipids on growth performance and carcass quality of growing beef heifers. Sixty-three crossbreed heifers (Charolais X Limousine) were distributed into seven experimental groups, balanced in terms of age and live weight. Diets fed to the groups were isoproteic and differed in both, the dietary lipid source (extruded linseed and/or rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid) and the supplementation length (90 or 180 days before slaughtering), having the same total amount of lipids and vitamin E, during their finishing period. The results obtained in the present study confirm that in low-protein diets, the inclusion of rumen-protected CLA, alone or in combination with flaxseed, did not bring any evident effect on feed intake, performance and carcass quality traits of growing beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Luigi Mordenti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Nico Brogna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Flavia Merendi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Tassinari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Giaretta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Schiavon S, Cecchinato A, Pegolo S, Dannenberger D, Tagliapietra F, Bittante G. Dose response of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid supplementation to fattening bulls and heifers on growth, and carcass and meat quality. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:997-1005. [PMID: 31025776 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpCLA) on growth performances, and carcass and meat quality traits in beef. Twenty-four young bulls and 30 heifers obtained from double-muscled beef sires and dairy cows were fed a low-protein ration (110 g/kg DM of crude protein) supplemented with 0, 8 or 80 g/d of a commercial rpCLA product. The animals were monthly weighed and scored for body muscularity and fatness. Blood samples were collected after 140 days on feed. Animals were slaughtered when they reached average in vivo fatness scores of around 2.5 (heifers) and 2.0 (bulls) points respectively. At slaughter, carcasses, various organs and parts of the gastrointestinal tract were weighed; the 5th rib was dissected and its tissue and muscle chemical composition was determined. The rpCLA had little influence on growth performance but decreased the blood urea content by 28% (p < 0.01). The rpCLA × sex interactions for daily gain (p < 0.05), conformation scores (p < 0.01), and blood creatinine content (p < 0.05) suggest that males were more responsive to rpCLA than females when fed a low-protein ration, probably because of the metabolic protein-sparing effect of CLA. Only slight differences were observed in carcass weight and quality at slaughter. The results indicate that the response of beef cattle to rpCLA is dependent on sex or on their propensity for lean and fat accretion. It is also possible that counteracting feedback mechanisms compensate for the influence of rpCLA administration over the course of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Lipid Metabolism and Muscular Adaptation Workgroup, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Interaction effect of ruminal undegradable protein level and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inclusion in the diet of growing goat kids on meat CLA content and quality traits. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:745-754. [PMID: 31006392 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) level and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpCLA) on meat fatty acid (FA) profile, chemical compositions and colour parameters of growing kids. Thirty-two Kurdish goat kids (13·06 ± 1·08 kg body weight) were fed diets differing in RUP level (low = 250 v. high = 350 g/kg of dietary crude protein) supplemented either with 15 g/kg of rpCLA or 12 g/kg of hydrogenated soyabean oil (HSO) for 80 d. Interaction of dietary rpCLA and RUP level had no effect on hot carcass weight, dressing and cut percentage, and meat chemical composition and colour parameters. Meat total SFA, MUFA and PUFA concentrations were not influenced by experimental diets, whereas kids fed diets supplemented with rpCLA had lower meat total SFA and higher PUFA concentrations compared with those fed diets supplemented with HSO. The concentration of meat trans-11-8 : 1 was not influenced by rpCLA supplementation, RUP level and their interaction. Kids fed diets containing rpCLA supplementation had higher meat total CLA and cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomers compared with those fed diets containing HSO supplementation. Desaturase indexes of C14, C16 and C18 were not influenced by rpCLA supplementation, RUP level and their interaction. It is concluded that supplementing growing kids' diets with RUP and 15 g/kg of rpCLA not only decreased meat fat content but also increased some FA considered to be of potential benefit to human health.
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Savoia S, Brugiapaglia A, Pauciullo A, Di Stasio L, Schiavon S, Bittante G, Albera A. Characterisation of beef production systems and their effects on carcass and meat quality traits of Piemontese young bulls. Meat Sci 2019; 153:75-85. [PMID: 30913411 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using the Piemontese breed as a case study, we characterised beef production systems within the EU classification, and investigated their effects on carcass and meat quality traits. The research involved 1,327 young bulls fattened on 115 farms. The production systems identified by hierarchical cluster analysis were: traditional (restricted feeding and either tie-stalls or loose-housing), modern breeders and fatteners and specialised fatteners (the last two were divided in those using or not using total mixed rations). Despite the large variability in management techniques within production systems, production systems affected (P < 0.05) farm size, animal density, environmental scoring, diet, slaughter age and all carcass traits except weight. Lightness (L*) of Longissimus thoracis was the only meat quality trait affected (P < 0.05), with values greater in the traditional tie-stall system (+0.9 L*). Given the very limited effect of production systems on meat quality traits, factors related to individual animals within farms, such as genetics, should be considered for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Savoia
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Piemontese (Anaborapi), Strada Trinità 32/A, 12061 Carrù, CN, Italy; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Alberto Brugiapaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, Università degli studi di Torino, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pauciullo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, Università degli studi di Torino, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Liliana Di Stasio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, Università degli studi di Torino, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Albera
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Piemontese (Anaborapi), Strada Trinità 32/A, 12061 Carrù, CN, Italy
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Mordenti AL, Brogna N, Canestrari G, Bonfante E, Eusebi S, Mammi LME, Giaretta E, Formigoni A. Effects of breed and different lipid dietary supplements on beef quality. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:619-627. [PMID: 30821084 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Focus of this study was to evaluate the most suitable breed/crossbred and the appropriate nutritional strategies to increase marbling in beef muscle and to improve its healthy properties, in particular the n-3 fatty acids content. One hundred and seventy-six heifers of three crossbreed commonly reared by Emilia-Romagna farmers: 48 Bleu Belge × Freisian (ITA), 48 Charolais × Aubrac (FRA), and 80 Angus (ANG) were used. Animals of each breed were randomly subdivided in two experimental groups that received two diets, differing for the dietary lipid source. Control group (C) received a basal diet containing protected vegetable fats, whereas treated one (T) received the same basal diet supplemented with 0.9 kg/head/day of extruded flaxseed. After slaughtering, a sample of Longissimus thoracis was collected from each animal for meat quality analysis. Our results demonstrated that, in a shorter fattening period, ANG animals obtained the best dry matter intake, average daily gain and the best fattening scores. ITA and ANG meat presented the highest marbling scores. ANG breed had the highest amount of C18:1, the highest unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio and the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio. The T animals, independently from breed, showed the highest amount of α-linolenic acid (ALA). In addition, ANG-T meat presented the highest ALA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio L Mordenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Nico Brogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Canestrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Eusebi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Ludovica M E Mammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Giaretta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Pinelli-Saavedra A, González-Ríos H, Dávila-Ramírez JL, Islava-Lagarda TY, Esquerra-Brauer IR. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has comparable effects to ractopamine on the growth performance, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of loin muscles of finishing pigs under commercial husbandry. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1568839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, México
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Department of Science of Animal Technology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, México
| | - José Luis Dávila-Ramírez
- Department of Science of Animal Technology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, México
| | - Thalia Yamileth Islava-Lagarda
- Department of Science of Animal Technology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, México
| | - Ingrid Rebeca Esquerra-Brauer
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Research Center for Food and Development, Hermosillo, México
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Schiavon S, Tagliapietra F, Pegolo S, Cesaro G, Cecchinato A, Bittante G. Effect of dietary protein level and conjugated linoleic acid supply on milk secretion and fecal excretion of fatty acids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Mordenti AL, Brogna N, Merendi F, Formigoni A, Sardi L, Cardenia V, Rodriguez-Estrada MT. Effect of dietary inclusion of different lipid supplements on quality and oxidative susceptibility of beef meat. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1485517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Mordenti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università di Bologna (DIMEVET; Via Tolara di sopra 50; 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna), Italy
| | - N. Brogna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università di Bologna (DIMEVET; Via Tolara di sopra 50; 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna), Italy
| | - F. Merendi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università di Bologna (DIMEVET; Via Tolara di sopra 50; 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna), Italy
| | - A. Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università di Bologna (DIMEVET; Via Tolara di sopra 50; 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna), Italy
| | - L. Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università di Bologna (DIMEVET; Via Tolara di sopra 50; 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna), Italy
| | - V. Cardenia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Università di Bologna (DISTAL; Viale G. Fanin 40; 40127, Bologna), Italy
| | - M. T. Rodriguez-Estrada
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Università di Bologna (DISTAL; Viale G. Fanin 40; 40127, Bologna), Italy
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Berton M, Cesaro G, Gallo L, Ramanzin M, Sturaro E. Sources of variation of the environmental impact of cereal-based intensive beef finishing herds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1423581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Berton
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cesaro
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Gallo
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ramanzin
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Sturaro
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Schiavon S, Bergamaschi M, Pellattiero E, Simonetto A, Tagliapietra F. Fatty Acid Composition of Lamb Liver, Muscle, And Adipose Tissues in Response to Rumen-Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation Is Tissue Dependent. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10604-10614. [PMID: 29141135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tissue-specific response to rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid supply (rpCLA) of liver, two muscles, and three adipose tissues of heavy lambs was studied. Twenty-four lambs, 8 months old, divided into 4 groups of 6, were fed at libitum on a ration supplemented without or with a mixture of rpCLA. Silica and hydrogenated soybean oil was the rpCLA coating matrix. The lambs were slaughtered at 11 months of age. Tissues were collected and analyzed for their FA profiles. The dietary rpCLA supplement had no influence on carcass fatness nor on the fat content of the liver and tissues and had little influence on the FA profiles of these tissues. In the adipose tissues, rpCLA increased the proportions of saturated FAs, 18:0 and 18:2t10c12, and decreased the proportions of monounsaturated FAs in the adipose tissues. In muscles, the effects were the opposite. The results suggest that Δ9 desaturase activity is inhibited by the rpCLA mixture in adipose tissues to a greater extent than in the other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua , Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Bergamaschi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua , Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Erika Pellattiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua , Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alberto Simonetto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua , Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua , Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Tagliapietra F, Simonetto A, Schiavon S. Growth performance, carcase characteristics and meat quality of crossbred bulls and heifers from double-muscled Belgian Blue sires and Brown Swiss, Simmental and Rendena dams. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1401911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Simonetto
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Bittante G, Cecchinato A, Tagliapietra F, Verdiglione R, Simonetto A, Schiavon S. Crossbred young bulls and heifers sired by double-muscled Piemontese or Belgian Blue bulls exhibit different effects of sexual dimorphism on fattening performance and muscularity but not on meat quality traits. Meat Sci 2017; 137:24-33. [PMID: 29149626 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As double-muscled Belgian Blue (BB) and Piemontese (PIEM) breeds are heavily selected for different objectives (the former mainly for muscularity, the latter for ease of calving), the aim of this study was to compare sexual dimorphism in 56 crossbred young bulls and heifers obtained from dairy cows mated to bulls of the two beef breeds. Young PIEM- and BB-sired bulls had similar fattening performances and beef traits, although the BB crossbreds were slightly more muscular. Otherwise, the BB-sired heifers exceeded the PIEM-sired heifers in growth rate (1.12 vs. 0.98kg/d), feed efficiency (0.129 vs. 0.121kg/kg DM), increases in muscle scores (1.45 vs. 0.98 SEUROP scores) and carcass yield (0.612 vs. 0.605), but not in fatness, retail cut proportions and meat quality traits. Sexual dimorphism is, therefore, less distinct in BB than in PIEM crossbreds. In conclusion, BB sires are to be preferred for "product quality", and PIEM sires for "process quality", on account of welfare and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Rina Verdiglione
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alberto Simonetto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Tao F, Ngadi M. Recent advances in rapid and nondestructive determination of fat content and fatty acids composition of muscle foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1565-1593. [PMID: 28118034 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1261332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for determining fat content and fatty acids (FAs) composition are generally based on the solvent extraction and gas chromatography techniques, respectively, which are time consuming, laborious, destructive to samples and require use of hazard solvents. These disadvantages make them impossible for large-scale detection or being applied to the production line of meat factories. In this context, the great necessity of developing rapid and nondestructive techniques for fat and FAs analyses has been highlighted. Measurement techniques based on near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperspectral imaging have provided interesting and promising results for fat and FAs prediction in varieties of foods. Thus, the goal of this article is to give an overview of the current research progress in application of the four important techniques for fat and FAs analyses of muscle foods, which consist of pork, beef, lamb, chicken meat, fish and fish oil. The measurement techniques are described in terms of their working principles, features, and application advantages. Research advances for these techniques for specific food are summarized in detail and the factors influencing their modeling results are discussed. Perspectives on the current situation, future trends and challenges associated with the measurement techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tao
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
| | - Michael Ngadi
- a Department of Bioresource Engineering , McGill University , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec , Canada
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Effect of diets differing in protein concentration (low vs medium) and nitrogen source (urea vs soybean meal) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on performance of finishing Italian Simmental bulls. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Pegolo S, Cecchinato A, Mach N, Babbucci M, Pauletto M, Bargelloni L, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Transcriptomic Changes in Liver of Young Bulls Caused by Diets Low in Mineral and Protein Contents and Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167747. [PMID: 27930681 PMCID: PMC5145186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional modifications and regulatory networks accounting for physiological and metabolic responses to specific nutrients in the liver of young Belgian Blue × Holstein bulls using RNA-sequencing. A larger trial has been carried out in which animals were fed with different diets: 1] a conventional diet; 2] a low-protein/low-mineral diet (low-impact diet) and 3] a diet enriched in n-3 fatty acids (FAs), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E (nutraceutical diet). The initial hypothesis was that the administration of low-impact and nutraceutical diets might influence the transcriptional profiles in bovine liver and the resultant nutrient fluxes, which are essential for optimal liver function and nutrient interconversion. Results showed that the nutraceutical diet significantly reduced subcutaneous fat covering in vivo and liver pH. Dietary treatments did not affect overall liver fat content, but significantly modified the liver profile of 33 FA traits (out of the total 89 identified by gas-chromatography). In bulls fed nutraceutical diet, the percentage of n-3 and CLA FAs increased around 2.5-fold compared with the other diets, whereas the ratio of n6/n3 decreased 2.5-fold. Liver transcriptomic analyses revealed a total of 198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when comparing low-impact, nutraceutical and conventional diets, with the nutraceutical diet showing the greatest effects on liver transcriptome. Functional analyses using ClueGo and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis evidenced that DEGs in bovine liver were variously involved in energy reserve metabolic process, glutathione metabolism, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Modifications in feeding strategies affected key transcription factors regulating the expression of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, e.g. insulin-induced gene 1, insulin receptor substrate 2, and RAR-related orphan receptor C. This study provides noteworthy insights into the molecular changes occurring as a result of nutrient variation in diets (aimed at reducing the environmental impact and improving human health) and broadens our understanding of the relationship between nutrients variation and phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Núria Mach
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Schiavon S, Cesaro G, Cecchinato A, Cipolat-Gotet C, Tagliapietra F, Bittante G. The influence of dietary nitrogen reduction and conjugated linoleic acid supply to dairy cows on fatty acids in milk and their transfer to ripened cheese. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8759-8778. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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The influence of different sample preparation procedures on the determination of fatty acid profiles of beef subcutaneous fat, liver and muscle by gas chromatography. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The present work is aimed at evaluating the behaviour of Italian Heavy Draught Horse (IHDH) foals reared in semi-covered stables and fed two isoenergetic total mixed rations with different dietary protein levels (13.2% and 10.6% of CP on dry matter). The study was prompted by the restrictions for nitrate emissions in farms of the European Nitrate Directive. One suggested solution is to reduce dietary protein while maintaining normal performance and welfare, but there is a lack of literature in studies of horses. The behaviours of 20 foals of 437±60 kg of BW, aged 379±37 days and stabled in four pens by sex (S) and diet (D) were video recorded and analysed to build a suitable ethogram including 18 behaviours in six categories: ingestion, resting, maintenance, movement, social activities, other. The percentage of the daily time spent in each behavioural category and single behaviours was analysed via a single traits GLM including S, D and their interaction. Daily activity was consistent with existing literature: foals spent about 33% of the day in ingestion activities and 41% in resting, whereas social interactions constituted 8% of the time and individual maintenance <2%. Concerning diet, foals fed high protein spent more time in movement (19.62±0.73% of day v. 10.45±0.73% in low-protein (LP) foals; P⩽0.001), whereas the LP group increased resting (43.42±1.12% v. 38.02±1.12%; P⩽0.001). No stereotypies were found, and daily activity followed the typical values for draught breeds for foals in both dietary groups, a result that suggests the maintenance of well-being after dietary protein reduction. This result, together with the findings of a companion study showing no changes in growth performances of foals, showed that a reduction of CP in foal diet is reconcilable with the maintenance of performance and welfare.
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Mantovani R, Guzzo N, Sartori C, Bailoni L. In vivo performance of Italian Heavy Draft Horse weanlings fed two protein levels and slaughtered at two ages. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:4998-5008. [PMID: 25349349 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating in vivo performance, growth parameters, intakes, dressing percentage, and blood parameters in Italian Heavy Draft Horse (IHDH) weanlings fed 2 CP levels up to the 2 typical ages of slaughter. Forty-one weanlings were grouped in 8 pens according to sex, age, and BW. After a transition period, animals were randomly assigned to 2 isoenergetic diets containing different CP levels: 10.6 and 11.2% CP in DM for low protein (LP) and 13.2 and 14.7% CP in DM for high protein (HP) diets in the first and second phase, respectively. About half of the animals (n = 22) were slaughtered when aged 13 mo (end of first phase); the remaining animals (n = 19) were slaughtered at 18 mo (end of second phase). Animals were weighed, measured for withers height, and scored in vivo for fleshiness and BCS at 3 wk intervals. Feed intake in each pen was measured weekly, and feed samples were collected every 2 mo. Blood samples from venous jugular were collected in both phases to analyze plasma protein, urea, glucose, bilirubin, hepatic enzymes, and mineral content. Growth parameters were estimated within phase by modeling BW as a function of age using fourth-degree Legendre polynomials. During the first phase, a different linear coefficient (P = 0.051) for the growth curve was observed between females fed a HP or a LP diet, while males showed differences only on quadratic and cubic Legendre coefficients. However, no significant differences were detected in ADG between the CP levels and sexes. In the second phase, Legendre coefficients were not different between treatments for the remaining weanlings, and once again no differences were found on ADG. The DM intake was influenced by diets in both periods, greater in the HP diet as compared with the LP diet (P < 0.001). No differences due to diet were observed for fleshiness or BCS scores at the end of each phase or in the dressing percentage at slaughter. As expected, plasma urea was greater (P < 0.001) in animals fed the HP diet but was within a normal range for healthy horses. In conclusion, a small dietary protein restriction (i.e., on average 3% of DM) did not change the in vivo performance of IHDH weanlings up to 13 or up to 18 mo of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and
| | - N Guzzo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - C Sartori
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment,and
| | - L Bailoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Influence of N shortage and conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on some productive, digestive, and metabolic parameters of lactating cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Keogh K, Waters SM, Kelly AK, Kenny DA. Feed restriction and subsequent realimentation in Holstein Friesian bulls: I. Effect on animal performance; muscle, fat, and linear body measurements; and slaughter characteristics1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3578-89. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Keogh
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S. M. Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - A. K. Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D. A. Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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Pellattiero E, Cecchinato A, Tagliapietra F, Schiavon S, Bittante G. The use of 2-dimensional gas chromatography to investigate the effect of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid, breed, and lactation stage on the fatty acid profile of sheep milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2088-102. [PMID: 25648807 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 2-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used to obtain a detailed fatty acid (FA) profile of sheep milk and to evaluate the effects of a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpCLA) supply, breed, days in milk (DIM), sampling period, and number of lambs suckling on the FA profile. Twenty-four ewes, from 3 autochthonous breeds of the Veneto Alps (Brogna, Foza, and Lamon), were housed in 6 pens (2 pens/breed), according to DIM (38 ± 23 d) and body weight (61 ± 13 kg). The ewes and their offspring of 3 pens (1 pen/breed) were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration (control), and the other animals received the same diet supplemented with 12 g/d per ewe, plus 4 g/d for each lamb older than 30 d, of an rpCLA mixture. The study lasted 63 d. Two composite milk samples for each ewe were prepared during the first and second months of the trial. The pooled milk samples were analyzed in duplicate for FA profile by 2-dimensional gas chromatography, which allowed us to obtain a detailed FA profile of sheep milk, with 170 different FA detected, including many that were present in small concentrations. The milk relative proportions of individual FA, groups of FA, or FA indices were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), considering diet, breed, DIM, and sampling period as sources of variation. The random effect of animal was used to test diet, breed, and DIM, whereas the effects of period were tested on the residual. Breed had a small influence on milk FA profile, mainly on branched- and odd-chain FA. Within breed, animal repeatability for the relative proportions of milk FA was notable for almost all monounsaturated FA and for saturated FA with 14 to 19 carbon atoms, except C16:0, and less so for polyunsaturated FA. The inclusion of rpCLA (CLA cis-9,trans-11 and CLA trans-10,cis-12) increased the presence of the same CLA isomers in the milk as well as that of CLA trans-9,trans-11, and decreased the proportions of de novo-synthesized short-chain FA. From a cluster analysis based on the matrix of correlation coefficients among all FA relative proportions, 3 main FA groups were observed: the first included mainly odd- or branched-chain saturated FA, C18:0, C16:0 and CLA trans-10,cis-12; the second included monounsaturated FA or polyunsaturated FA with 16 to 20 carbons, CLA cis-9,trans-11, and CLA trans-9,trans-11; and the third included short- to medium-chain saturated FA, polyunsaturated FA with 2 to 5 double bonds, and 3 CLA isomers not affected by rpCLA addition (CLA trans-11,cis-13, CLA cis-9,cis-11, and CLA cis-10,cis-12).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pellattiero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - F Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Zamiri MJ, Rajaei Sharifabadi H, Bagheri AS, Solhjoo A. Effects of inclusion of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) leaves, a tannin-containing plant, in a low-protein diet on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of fat-tailed lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:597-602. [PMID: 25627817 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein-sparing effect of condensed tannins (CT) was investigated in growing lambs fed a low- or high-protein diet during a 50-day period. Isocaloric diets containing 106 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM) (low protein; LP) or 138 g crude protein/kg DM (high protein; HP) were formulated using 70 % concentrate, 15 % corn silage, and 15 % dried licorice leaves, providing CT (4.1 g/kg DM). Twenty-four crossbred male lambs (3-4 months old, 23.9 ± 5.2 kg body weight) were assigned to one of four diets: LP with polyethylene glycol (PEG; 40 g/kg DM) supplementation (LP + PEG), LP without PEG supplementation (LP - PEG), HP with PEG supplementation (HP + PEG), and HP without PEG supplementation (HP - PEG). The effect of dietary crude protein level and CT on feed intake was not significant (P > 0.05). However, a positive effect on daily gain (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.01) was observed in lambs fed with HP diets. An interaction effect between crude protein level and PEG was observed, and consequently, FCR was higher in group LP + PEG (10.1; P < 0.05) than in groups LP - PEG (7.3), HP + PEG (5.3), or HP - PEG (5.4). There was also an interaction effect between crude protein level and PEG on kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, presenting a higher relative weight in group LP + PEG (12.6 g/kg) than in group HP + PEG (9.2 g/kg; P < 0.05), but no (P > 0.05) in groups without PEG supplementation. These preliminary results suggest that the use of CT can minimize the negative effect of low-protein diets on FCR in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Pellattiero E, Cecchinato A, Tagliapietra F, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Determination by GC×GC of fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer profiles in six selected tissues of lambs fed on pasture or on indoor diets with and without rumen-protected CLA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:963-974. [PMID: 25525905 DOI: 10.1021/jf504956x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study GC×GC was used to study the effects of pasture, hay, concentrate (indoor), and indoor plus 8 g/day of a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (indoor-CLA) diets on the detailed fatty acid (FA) profiles of six tissues (muscles, fatty tissues, and liver) collected from 36 lambs. This powerful technique allowed the quantification of 128 FAs, of which 21 SFAs, 16 MUFAs, 19 PUFAs were identified by reference standards. The diets had similar, but not identical, effects on FA profiles (g/100 g FA) in the various tissues, as both indoor diets reduced total PUFAs (from 8.91 ± 6.27 to 8.06 ± 5.97; p < 0.05) and n-3 PUFAs (from 2.70 ± 2.37 to 1.50 ± 1.69; p < 0.01) and increased n-6 PUFA (from 3.76 ± 2.46 to 4.58 ± 3.42; p < 0.01), branched (from 2.37 ± 2.05 to 3.23 ± 0.54; p < 0.01), odd-chain FAs (from 5.88 ± 5.33 to 7.07 ± 1.51; p < 0.01) compared to pasture. Indoor-CLA increased CLAc9,t11 (from 0.42 ± 0.13 to 0.53 ± 0.19; p < 0.01), CLAt10,c12 (from 0.07 ± 0.06 to 0.12 ± 0.22; p < 0.05), and CLAc11,t13 (from 0.02 ± 0.04 to 0.05 ± 0.04; p < 0.05) compared to indoor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pellattiero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova , Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Bittante G, Pellattiero E, Malchiodi F, Cipolat-Gotet C, Pazzola M, Vacca GM, Schiavon S, Cecchinato A. Quality traits and modeling of coagulation, curd firming, and syneresis of sheep milk of Alpine breeds fed diets supplemented with rumen-protected conjugated fatty acid. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4018-28. [PMID: 24819130 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the modeling of curd-firming (CF) measures and to compare the sheep milk of 3 Alpine breeds supplemented with or without rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpCLA). Twenty-four ewes of the Brogna, Foza, and Lamon breeds were allotted to 6 pens (2 pens/breed) and fed a diet composed of corn grain, corn silage, dried sugar beet pulp, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat straw, and a vitamin-mineral mixture. The rpCLA supplement (12 g/d per ewe plus 4 g/d for each lamb older than 30 d) was mixed into the diet of 1 pen per sheep breed (3 pens/treatment) to provide an average of 0.945 and 0.915 g/d per ewe of the cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 conjugated linoleic acid isomers, respectively. The trial started at 38 ± 23 d after parturition, and individual morning milk samples were collected on d 16, 23, 37, 44, and 59 of the trial. Milk samples were analyzed for composition, and duplicate samples were assessed for milk coagulation properties (MCP). A total of 180 CF measures for each sample (1 every 15s) were recorded. Model parameters were the rennet coagulation time, the asymptotic potential CF, the CF instant rate constant, the syneresis instant rate constant, the maximum CF achieved within 45 min (CFmax), and the time at achievement of CFmax. The data were analyzed using a hierarchical model that considered the fixed effects of breed, diet, lamb birth, and initial days in milk, which were tested on individual ewe (random) variance; the fixed effect of sampling day, which was tested on the within-ewe sample (random) variance; and the fixed effect of instrument or cuvette position (only for MCP), which was tested on the residual (replicates within samples) variance. The local Alpine sheep breeds displayed similar milk compositions, traditional MCP, and CF modeling parameters. Supplementation with rpCLA triggered changes in milk composition and worsened MCP (e.g., delayed rennet coagulation time, slower CF instant rate constant, and a doubling of syneresis instant rate constant), but did not influence potential CF. Overall, our results indicate that rpCLA supplementation reduced the actual maximum CF (CFmax) but did not modify the interval between rennet addition and CFmax or time to CFmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - E Pellattiero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - F Malchiodi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - C Cipolat-Gotet
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G M Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Guadagnin M, Tagliapietra F, Cattani M, Schiavon S, Worgan HJ, Belanche A, Newbold CJ, Bailoni L. Rumen fermentation and microbial yield of high- or low-protein diets containing ground soybean seeds or homemade rapeseed expellers evaluated with RUSITEC. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guadagnin, M., Tagliapietra, F., Cattani, M., Schiavon, S., Worgan, H. J., Belanche, A., Newbold, C. J. and Bailoni, L. 2013. Rumen fermentation and microbial yield of high- or low-protein diets containing ground soybean seeds or homemade rapeseed expellers evaluated with RUSITEC. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 363–371. This experiment aimed to compare diets containing two crude protein (CP) concentrations [147 or 109 g kg−1in dry matter (DM)] and two protein sources containing ground soybean seed (GSS) or rapeseed expeller (RSE). Diets were compared in terms of digestibility, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia concentrations, and N flows, using rumen simulation fermenters (RUSITEC). Home−made RSE (CP=287 g kg−1dry matter and ether extract=199 g kg−1DM) was produced using equipment adopted by small farms. Reduction of dietary CP content did not affect digestibility, except for a reduction of N apparent digestibility (P<0.01), but increased efficiency of N utilization (P=0.001) without affecting microbial N production (P=0.82). Total VFA concentration was not (P=0.56) influenced by CP content. Compared with GSS, RSE exhibited a greater neutral detergent fibre digestibility (P<0.01), it did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFA; P=0.10) but decreased the proportions of acetate and propionate on total VFA (P<0.001) and increased those of butyrate and branched-chain VFA (P<0.001). Microbial efficiency was comparable for GSS and RSE. Results suggest that reduction of dietary CP concentration in DM did not impair in vitro digestibility and microbial growth. The protein mixture containing homemade RSE showed in vitro fermentative properties and microbial growth comparable with those of GSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Guadagnin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - F. Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M. Cattani
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - S. Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - H. J. Worgan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Belanche
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3AL, United Kingdom
| | - C. J. Newbold
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3AL, United Kingdom
| | - L. Bailoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Fecal sample preparation methods for gas chromatography analysis of fatty acids of ruminants fed different amounts of rumen protected conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sbarra F, Mantovani R, Quaglia A, Bittante G. Genetics of slaughter precocity, carcass weight, and carcass weight gain in Chianina, Marchigiana, and Romagnola young bulls under protected geographical indication1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2596-604. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sbarra
- National Breeders Association of Italian Beef Breeds, Via Visciolosa 06132 S. Martino in Colle, Italy
| | - R. Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - A. Quaglia
- National Breeders Association of Italian Beef Breeds, Via Visciolosa 06132 S. Martino in Colle, Italy
| | - G. Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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Albertí P, Gómez I, Mendizabal JA, Ripoll G, Barahona M, Sarriés V, Insausti K, Beriain MJ, Purroy A, Realini C. Effect of whole linseed and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid enriched diets on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and adipose tissue development in young Holstein bulls. Meat Sci 2013; 94:208-14. [PMID: 23501252 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight young Holstein bulls (slaughtered at 458.6±9.79 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effect of whole linseed and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on animal performance, adipose tissue development, and carcass characteristics. The animals were fed with one of four isoenergetic and isoproteic diets: control (0% linseed, 0% CLA), linseed (10% linseed, 0% CLA), CLA (0% linseed, 2% CLA), and linseed plus CLA (10% linseed, 2% CLA). Animal performance and carcass characteristics were unaffected by diet composition. Adding linseed or CLA to the concentrate diet did not result in significant differences in adipocyte size and number or lipogenic enzyme activity. However, while the frequency distribution of subcutaneous adipocyte diameters followed a normal distribution, the frequency distribution of intramuscular adipocyte diameters was not normal in any dietary group (skewness coefficients: 0.8, 1.2, 0.9, 0.8 for control, linseed, CLA, and linseed plus CLA, respectively; P<0.05), indicative of adipocyte proliferation in the intramuscular adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Albertí
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Fiems LO. Double Muscling in Cattle: Genes, Husbandry, Carcasses and Meat. Animals (Basel) 2012; 2:472-506. [PMID: 26487034 PMCID: PMC4494293 DOI: 10.3390/ani2030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo O Fiems
- Animal Sciences Unit, The Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Schiavon S, Bittante G. Double-muscled and conventional cattle have the same net energy requirements if these are related to mature and current body protein mass, and to gain composition. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3973-87. [PMID: 22829619 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis tested in this paper is that double-muscled (DBM) and conventional cattle, considerably differing in body composition, have similar NE requirements when: a) NE(m) is scaled as a function of current (P(i)) and adult (P(m)) protein mass; and b) ME for gain (ME(g)) is estimated from protein (Pr) and lipid (Lr) retention and their partial ME use efficiencies, the k(p) and k(l) values, respectively. First, 2 databases were examined: 1 was developed combining well known literature information from comparative slaughter trials conducted on British beef steers; the other was based on a trial conducted using extremely lean DBM Piemontese bulls. From the first database, NE(m) was calculated to be 1.625 × P(i) ÷ P(m) × P(m)(0.73) (MJ/kg(0.73)). From the second database, the daily ME(g) was determined as 22.8 MJ × Pr ÷ k(p) + 38.74 MJ × Lr ÷ k(l), assuming (from prior reports) that k(p) = 0.20 and k(l) = 0.75. Thereafter, ME(m) was defined as ME intake minus ME(g), and, hence, NE(m) was predicted as 1.625 × P(i) ÷ P(m) × P(m)(0.73) (where 1.625 was the value obtained from the first dataset). The resulting k(m) (NE(m)/ME(m)) averaged 0.67. This k(m) value did not differ from that (0.65; P = 0.12) predicted by Garrett's equation, which uses dietary ME content as the only predictive variable. Second, the procedure was tested for the ability to detect effects on k(m) caused by increasing BW and dietary factors not estimable from the dietary ME content only. Data were gathered from a trial involving 48 DBM Piemontese bulls divided into 4 groups fed 1 of 4 diets differing in CP content (145 or 108 g/kg DM), with or without addition of 80 g/d of rumen-protected CLA (rpCLA). Bulls were examined at 3 consecutive periods of growth, corresponding to 365, 512 and 631 kg of average BW. All energy balance items were influenced by increasing BW, except k(m) (P = 0.61), in agreement with the expectation that NE(m) requirement depends on the degree of maturity (P(i)/P(m)) and the P(m)(0.73) of an animal, whereas k(m) reflects characteristics of the feed provided. The k(m) value was also influenced by the CP × rpCLA interaction (P = 0.013). We conclude that DBM and British beef steers have similar NE requirements when these are scaled as a function of P(i) and P(m), and gain composition, considering Pr, k(p), Lr and k(l). The proposed procedure will be useful to predict the energy requirements and feed use in cattle of different types that vary in BW, provided that body and gain compositions are known or accurately predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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Schiavon S, Tagliapietra F, Dalla Montà G, Cecchinato A, Bittante G. Low protein diets and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid increase nitrogen efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of double-muscled young Piemontese bulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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von Soosten D, Meyer U, Piechotta M, Flachowsky G, Dänicke S. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on body composition, body fat mobilization, protein accretion, and energy utilization in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1222-39. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Cecchinato A, De Marchi M, Penasa M, Casellas J, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Genetic analysis of beef fatty acid composition predicted by near-infrared spectroscopy1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:429-38. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M. De Marchi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M. Penasa
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - J. Casellas
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Schiavon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G. Bittante
- Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Schiavon S, De Marchi M, Tagliapietra F, Bailoni L, Cecchinato A, Bittante G. Effect of high or low protein ration combined or not with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on meat CLA content and quality traits of double-muscled Piemontese bulls. Meat Sci 2011; 89:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cecchinato A, De Marchi M, Penasa M, Albera A, Bittante G. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy predictions as indicator traits in breeding programs for enhanced beef quality1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2687-95. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Boukha A, Bonfatti V, Cecchinato A, Albera A, Gallo L, Carnier P, Bittante G. Genetic parameters of carcass and meat quality traits of double muscled Piemontese cattle. Meat Sci 2011; 89:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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