1
|
Amdi C, Pedersen MLM, Larsen C, Klaaborg J, Williams AR, Madsen JG. Suckling Induces Differential Gut Enzyme Activity and Body Composition Compared to Feeding Milk Replacer in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223112. [PMID: 36428340 PMCID: PMC9687014 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in growth, hematology, metabolism, small intestine (SI) morphology, and enzyme activity of sow-reared piglets (SOW) compared to artificially reared piglets (MILK) given milk replacers in two different environments. Thirty-six piglets were selected at birth based on their birth weight; eighteen were kept on a commercial farm, another eighteen transferred to an animal research facility for artificial rearing. Differences were observed in enzymatic activity, with a larger amount of sucrase in the SOW compared with MILK group across the SI. SOW piglets also had a body composition with a larger amount of fat, muscle, and bone mass content. Differences in hematology were observed, suggesting environmental influences, biochemistry differences reflective of the diets given, and finally, an increased dry matter (DM) intake in SOW piglets was estimated. No differences were observed in immune function and only small differences in the gut integrity were found between the two groups. It can be concluded that body composition and enzyme activity can be manipulated through dietary intervention and that an increase in DM during lactation is beneficial for gut function. The study warrants further investigation into what this means for the subsequent weaning period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Amdi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Marie Louise M. Pedersen
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axeltorv 3, 1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christina Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Joanna Klaaborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Johannes Gulmann Madsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu HL, Zhao XW, Han RW, DU QJ, Qi YX, Jiang HN, Huang DW, Yang YX. Changes in bacterial community and expression of genes involved in intestinal innate immunity in the jejunum of newborn lambs during the first 24 hours of life. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9263-9275. [PMID: 33985780 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The newborn gut undergoes rapid colonization by commensal microorganisms and possible exposure to pathogens. The contribution of colostrum intake to host protection is well known; however, limited research exists on the intestinal innate immunity corresponding to colostrum intake during the passive immune transfer period in newborn ruminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in bacterial community and expression of genes encoding toll-like receptors (TLR), mucins (MUC), antimicrobial peptides, and tight junctions in the jejunum of lambs that were fed colostrum during the first 24 h of life. Twenty-seven newborn lambs were used in this study, of which 18 lambs were bottle-fed pooled bovine colostrum within the first 2 h after birth to obtain an intake of approximately 8% of body weight. Lambs were slaughtered at 12 (n = 9) and 24 h (n = 9) after birth. The remaining 9 lambs without any feeding were slaughtered at 30 min after birth (0 h). Tissue and ligated segment samples from the jejunum were collected immediately after the lambs were slaughtered. The bacterial profile in the ligated jejunum segment was assessed using amplicon sequencing. The gene expression in the jejunum tissue was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus increased, whereas those of Sphingomonas, Phyllobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Rudaea decreased during the first 24 h of life. Expression of TLR2 and β-defensin 109-like was upregulated at 12 h after birth, but a recovery was detected at 24 h; TLR3, TLR5, LYZ, MUC1, MUC13, MUC20, and CLDN7 showed a higher expression level in samples taken at 24 h than in those taken at 0 h. In addition, expression level of CLDN1, CLDN4, and the junctional adhesion molecule-1 tended to be higher at 24 h than at 0 h after birth. Correlation analysis indicated that TLR2 expression was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bradyrhizobium, whereas TLR5 expression was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Pelagibacterium. These results suggest that TLR, MUC, antimicrobial peptides, and CLDN act together and play an important role in intestinal defense during the passive immune transfer period. They are potentially associated with microbial colonization. The findings from this study provide novel information to elucidate the role of colostrum components in regulating the development of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier in newborn lambs during the passive immune transfer period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - X W Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - R W Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Q J DU
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Y X Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H N Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - D W Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nauwelaerts N, Deferm N, Smits A, Bernardini C, Lammens B, Gandia P, Panchaud A, Nordeng H, Bacci ML, Forni M, Ventrella D, Van Calsteren K, DeLise A, Huys I, Bouisset-Leonard M, Allegaert K, Annaert P. A comprehensive review on non-clinical methods to study transfer of medication into breast milk - A contribution from the ConcePTION project. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111038. [PMID: 33526310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays a major role in the health and wellbeing of mother and infant. However, information on the safety of maternal medication during breastfeeding is lacking for most medications. This leads to discontinuation of either breastfeeding or maternal therapy, although many medications are likely to be safe. Since human lactation studies are costly and challenging, validated non-clinical methods would offer an attractive alternative. This review gives an extensive overview of the non-clinical methods (in vitro, in vivo and in silico) to study the transfer of maternal medication into the human breast milk, and subsequent neonatal systemic exposure. Several in vitro models are available, but model characterization, including quantitative medication transport data across the in vitro blood-milk barrier, remains rather limited. Furthermore, animal in vivo models have been used successfully in the past. However, these models don't always mimic human physiology due to species-specific differences. Several efforts have been made to predict medication transfer into the milk based on physicochemical characteristics. However, the role of transporter proteins and several physiological factors (e.g., variable milk lipid content) are not accounted for by these methods. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling offers a mechanism-oriented strategy with bio-relevance. Recently, lactation PBPK models have been reported for some medications, showing at least the feasibility and value of PBPK modelling to predict transfer of medication into the human milk. However, reliable data as input for PBPK models is often missing. The iterative development of in vitro, animal in vivo and PBPK modelling methods seems to be a promising approach. Human in vitro models will deliver essential data on the transepithelial transport of medication, whereas the combination of animal in vitro and in vivo methods will deliver information to establish accurate in vitro/in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) algorithms and mechanistic insights. Such a non-clinical platform will be developed and thoroughly evaluated by the Innovative Medicines Initiative ConcePTION.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nauwelaerts
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Neel Deferm
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Leuven, Neonatology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Peggy Gandia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
| | - Alice Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PB. 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Anthony DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
| | - Isabelle Huys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michele Bouisset-Leonard
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Werk Klybeck Postfach, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland.
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Annaert
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suárez-Trujillo A, Senn LK, Teeple K, Casey TM, Stewart KR. A standardized model to study effects of varying 24-h colostrum dose on postnatal growth and development. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:txaa212. [PMID: 33409467 PMCID: PMC7758992 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival, feed efficiency, growth, and fertility of swine are dependent on colostrum intake in the first 24 h after birth. This study determined the effects of three doses of a homogeneous colostrum sample on 24-h body weight, rectal temperature (RT), immunocrit, and growth and survival to postnatal day (PND) 7. Three female piglets were selected from eight litters (n = 24 piglets) at birth, removed from their litter, and bottle-fed 10% (COL10, n = 8), 15% (COL15, n = 8), or 20% (COL20, n = 8) colostrum based on birth weight over 12 bottle feedings every 2 h. At 24 h, piglets were weighed, RT recorded, and blood was collected to measure immunocrit. Piglets were returned to the litter of origin, and weight was measured daily until PND 7. Colostrum dose had an overall effect on weight gain at 24 h, RT, immunocrit, and growth to PND 7 (P < 0.05). Piglets in the 20% BrW colostrum group had greater weight gain, RT, and immunocrit at 24 h than COL10 piglets (P < 0.05), but these variables were not different between COL15 and the other treatments. Despite no difference in average daily gain after being returned to their litters, the greater weight (P < 0.05) in COL20 compared to COL10 and COL15 was sustained over 7 d. Seven piglets in each treatment survived to PND 7. This model using standardized doses of a homogeneous colostrum sample enables controlled studies aimed at understanding the role of 24-h colostrum intake on piglet development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L Kirsten Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kelsey Teeple
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Theresa M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kara R Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML, Annaert P. Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:534-548. [PMID: 30894104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation. METHODS Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. RESULTS Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. CONCLUSION By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The microbial community of the gut differs between piglets fed sow milk, milk replacer or bovine colostrum. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:964-978. [PMID: 28460652 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the gut microbiota composition of piglets fed bovine colostrum (BC), milk replacer (MR) or sow milk (SM) in the post-weaning period. Piglets (n 36), 23-d old, were randomly allocated to the three diets. Faecal samples were collected at 23, 25, 27 and 30 d of age. Digesta from the stomach, ileum, caecum and mid-colon was collected at 30 d of age. Bacterial DNA from all samples was subjected to amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial enumerations by culture and SCFA analysis were conducted as well. BC-piglets had the highest abundance of Lactococcus in the stomach (P<0·0001) and ileal (P<0·0001) digesta, whereas SM-piglets had the highest abundance of Lactobacillus in the stomach digesta (P<0·0001). MR-piglets had a high abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in the ileal digesta (P<0·0001) and a higher number of haemolytic bacteria in ileal (P=0·0002) and mid-colon (P=0·001) digesta than SM-piglets. BC-piglets showed the highest colonic concentration of iso-butyric and iso-valeric acid (P=0·02). Sequencing and culture showed that MR-piglets were colonised by a higher number of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas the gut microbiota of BC-piglets was characterised by a change in lactic acid bacteria genera when compared with SM-piglets. We conclude that especially the ileal microbiota of BC-piglets had a closer resemblance to that of SM-piglets in regard to the abundance of potential enteric pathogens than did MR-piglets. The results indicate that BC may be a useful substitute for regular milk replacers, and as a feeding supplement in the immediate post-weaning period.
Collapse
|
7
|
Prims S, Pintens N, Vergauwen H, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Casteleyn C. Effect of artificial rearing of piglets on the volume densities of M cells in the tonsils of the soft palate and ileal Peyer’s patches. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 184:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
Effect of a Semi-Purified Oligosaccharide-Enriched Fraction from Caprine Milk on Barrier Integrity and Mucin Production of Co-Culture Models of the Small and Large Intestinal Epithelium. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050267. [PMID: 27164134 PMCID: PMC4882680 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine milk contains the highest amount of oligosaccharides among domestic animals, which are structurally similar to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This suggests caprine milk oligosaccharides may offer similar protective and developmental effects to that of HMOs. However, to date, studies using oligosaccharides from caprine milk have been limited. Thus, this study aimed to examine the impact of a caprine milk oligosaccharide-enriched fraction (CMOF) on barrier function of epithelial cell co-cultures of absorptive enterocytes (Caco-2 cells) and mucus-secreting goblet cells (HT29-MTX cells), that more closely simulate the cell proportions found in the small (90:10) and large intestine (75:25). Treatment of epithelial co-cultures with 0.4, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/mL of CMOF was shown to have no effect on metabolic activity but did enhance cell epithelial barrier integrity as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), in a dose-dependent manner. The CMOF at the maximum concentration tested (4.0 mg/mL) enhanced TEER, mucin gene expression and mucin protein abundance of epithelial co-cultures, all of which are essential components of intestinal barrier function.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yeruva L, Spencer NE, Saraf MK, Hennings L, Bowlin AK, Cleves MA, Mercer K, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Rank RG, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ. Formula diet alters small intestine morphology, microbial abundance and reduces VE-cadherin and IL-10 expression in neonatal porcine model. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 27005303 PMCID: PMC4804644 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is associated with a variety of positive health outcomes in children and is recommended exclusively for the first 6 months of life; however, 50-70 % of infants in the US are formula-fed. To test the hypothesis that immune system development and function in neonates and infants are significantly influenced by diet, 2-day old piglets were fed soy or milk formula (n = 6/group/gender) until day 21 and compared to a sow-fed group (n = 6/gender). METHODS Histomorphometric analyses of ileum, jejunum and Peyer's patches were carried out, to determine the inflammation status, mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and growth-related chemokines and cytokines. RESULTS In formula-fed animals, increases in ileum and jejunum villus height and crypt depth were observed in comparison to sow-fed animals (jejunum, p < 0.01 villus height, p < 0.04 crypt depth; ileum p < 0.001 villus height, p < 0.002 crypt depth). In formula-fed the lymphoid follicle size (p < 0.01) and germinal centers (p < 0.01) with in the Peyer's patch were significantly decreased in comparison to sow-fed, indicating less immune education. In ileum, formula diet induced significant up-regulation of AMCFII, IL-8, IL-15, VEGFA, LIF, FASL, CXCL11, CCL4, CCL25 and down-regulation of IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-27, IFNA4, CSF3, LOC100152038, and LOC100736831 at the transcript level. We have confirmed some of the mRNA data by measuring protein, and significant down-regulation of anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10 in comparison to sow-fed piglets was observed. To further determine the membrane protein expression in the ileum, VE-cadherin, occludin, and claudin-3, Western blot analyses were conducted. Sow fed piglets showed significantly more VE-Cadherin, which associated with levels of calcium, and putrescine measured. It is possible that differences in GI tract and immune development are related to shifts in the microbiome; notably, there were 5-fold higher amounts of Lactobacillaceae spp and 3 fold higher Clostridia spp in the sow fed group in comparison to milk formula-fed piglets, whereas in milk formula-fed pigs Enterobacteriaceae spp was 5-fold higher. CONCLUSION In conclusion, formula diet alters GI morphology, microbial abundance, intestinal barrier protein VE-cadherin and anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10 expression. Further characterization of formula effects could lead to modification of infant formula to improve immune function, reduce inflammation and prevent conditions such as allergies and infections.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diet
- Down-Regulation
- Fas Ligand Protein/drug effects
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Humans
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/metabolism
- Ileum/microbiology
- Ileum/pathology
- Infant Formula/pharmacology
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferon-alpha/drug effects
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-27/genetics
- Interleukin-27/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/drug effects
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Interleukin-9/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Jejunum/drug effects
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Jejunum/microbiology
- Jejunum/pathology
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/drug effects
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/genetics
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/metabolism
- Milk
- Peyer's Patches/drug effects
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Soy Foods
- Swine
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Yeruva
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | | - Manish K. Saraf
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Leah Hennings
- />Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Anne K. Bowlin
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Mario A. Cleves
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kelly Mercer
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Roger G. Rank
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Martin J. J. Ronis
- />Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prims S, Tambuyzer B, Vergauwen H, Huygelen V, Cruchten SV, Ginneken CV, Casteleyn C. Intestinal immune cell quantification and gram type classification of the adherent microbiota in conventionally and artificially reared, normal and low birth weight piglets. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Kanwar JR, Kanwar RK, Stathopoulos S, Haggarty NW, MacGibbon AKH, Palmano KP, Roy K, Rowan A, Krissansen GW. Comparative activities of milk components in reversing chronic colitis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2488-2501. [PMID: 26805965 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a poorly understood chronic immune disorder for which there is no medical cure. Milk and colostrum are rich sources of bioactives with immunomodulatory properties. Here we compared the therapeutic effects of oral delivery of bovine milk-derived iron-saturated lactoferrin (Fe-bLF), angiogenin, osteopontin (OPN), colostrum whey protein, Modulen IBD (Nestle Healthsciences, Rhodes, Australia), and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched milk fat in a mouse model of dextran sulfate-induced colitis. The CLA-enriched milk fat significantly increased mouse body weights after 24d of treatment, reduced epithelium damage, and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitrous oxide. Modulen IBD most effectively decreased the clinical score at d 12, and Modulen IBD and OPN most effectively lowered the inflammatory score. Myeloperoxidase activity that denotes neutrophil infiltration was significantly lower in mice fed Modulen IBD, OPN, angiogenin, and Fe-bLF. A significant decrease in the numbers of T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and a significant decrease in cytokine expression were observed in mice fed the treatment diets compared with dextran sulfate administered mice. The Fe-bLF, CLA-enriched milk fat, and Modulen IBD inhibited intestinal angiogenesis. In summary, each of the milk components attenuated IBD in mice, but with differing effectiveness against specific disease parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - R K Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | - N W Haggarty
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - K P Palmano
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - A Rowan
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G W Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Zhao B, Chen Y, Ma L, Chen EZ, Mao EQ. Biliary tract external drainage protects against intestinal barrier injury in hemorrhagic shock rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12800-12813. [PMID: 26668504 PMCID: PMC4671035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i45.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of biliary tract external drainage (BTED) on intestinal barrier injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock (HS).
METHODS: BTED was performed via cannula insertion into the bile duct of rats. HS was induced by drawing blood from the femoral artery at a rate of 1 mL/min until a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 ± 5 mmHg was achieved. That MAP was maintained for 60 min. A total of 99 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a sham group, an HS group and an HS + BTED group. Nine rats in the sham group were sacrificed 0.5 h after surgery. Nine rats in each of the HS and HS + BTED groups were sacrificed 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after resuscitation. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma D-lactate levels were analyzed using colorimetry. The expression levels of occludin and claudin-1 in the ileum were analyzed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Histology of the ileum was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
RESULTS: Plasma TNF-α levels in the HS + BTED group decreased significantly compared with the HS group at 1 h and 6 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05). Plasma IL-6 levels in the HS + BTED group decreased significantly compared with the HS group at 0.5 h, 1 h and 2 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05). Plasma D-lactate and LPS levels in the HS + BTED group decreased significantly compared with the HS group at 6 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05). The expression levels of occludin in the HS + BTED group increased significantly compared with the HS group at 4 h and 6 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05). The expression levels of claudin-1 in the HS + BTED group increased significantly compared with the HS group at 6 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05). Phenomena of putrescence and desquamation of epithelial cells in the ileal mucosa were attenuated in the HS + BTED group. Ileal histopathologic scores in the HS + BTED group decreased significantly compared with the HS group at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after resuscitation (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: BTED protects against intestinal barrier injury in HS rats.
Collapse
|
13
|
Huygelen V, De Vos M, Prims S, Vergauwen H, Fransen E, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Birth weight has no influence on the morphology, digestive capacity and motility of the small intestine in suckling pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|