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Yang Y, Wang C, Chen S, Liu Y, Jia H, Wang H, He D. Identifying candidate genes and biological pathways in muscle development through multi-tissue transcriptome comparisons between male and female geese. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16474. [PMID: 39014195 PMCID: PMC11252291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Males and females have long shown disparities in body weight and height; yet, the underlying mechanisms influencing growth and development remain unclear. Male and female Zhedong White Geese (ZDW) geese have long been selected for large body size and egg production, respectively. This led to a large difference in body weight between males and females, making them a unique model for studying the effects of sex on growth and development. This study aimed to elucidate these mechanisms by comparing the transcriptomes of muscle and pituitary tissues in male and female ZDW geese to identify the critical genes responsible for the effects of sex on growth performance. Our analysis revealed 1101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leg musculature (507 upregulated, 594 downregulated), 773 DEGs in breast musculature (311 upregulated, 462 downregulated), and 517 DEGs in the pituitary gland (281 upregulated, 236 downregulated) between male and female geese. These DEGs were significantly enriched in gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with endocrine metabolism (e.g., hormonal activities), muscle formation (e.g., sarcomere and myofibril), and bone formation (e.g., bone morphogenesis and cartilage formation). The upregulated genes in males were enriched in KEGG pathways involving nutrient digestion and absorption (vitamin and protein), as well as the secretion of digestive juices (gastric acid and bile). Through protein-protein interaction analyses, we also observed high-density gene networks related to muscle fiber development, calcium ion metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory chain, and bone development. Therefore, our multi-tissue transcriptome analysis provides a deeper understanding of the complex and systematic gender-driven effects on growth and development in geese. IGF1, GHRHR, and NCAPG-LCORL and pathways related to myogenesis might play vital roles in gender differences before hormones exert their effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Shufang Chen
- Institute of Animal and Poultry Science, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- Institute of Animal and Poultry Science, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.
| | - Daqian He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China.
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Brustolini A, Rodrigues L, Silva F, Peloso J, Aldaz A, Junior M, Figueiredo T, Alkmin D, Fontes D. Interactive effects of feed allowance and ractopamine supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits of physically and immunologically castrated heavy weight pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Poulsen Nautrup B, Van Vlaenderen I, Aldaz A, Mah C. The effect of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor on growth performance, carcass characteristics and boar taint relevant to pig producers and the pork packing industry: A meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:182-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Channon HA, D'Souza DN, Dunshea FR. Electrical stimulation or moisture infusion improves the eating quality attributes of loin and silverside cuts from female and immunocastrated male pigs. Meat Sci 2018; 143:257-267. [PMID: 29857268 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study validated the effect of gender (female, immunocastrated male; n = 50), electrical stimulation (none or 150 mA constant current for 30 s at 2 min post-slaughter) and ageing period (2 or 14 d) on the eating quality of pork roast and stir fry sourced from the loin (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) and silverside (M. biceps femoris) and steak from the loin only. Moisture infusion was applied to 2 d aged, non-stimulated primals as a positive control treatment. Neither gender nor ageing period influenced (P > 0.05) eating quality. Electrical stimulation and moisture infusion were each effective interventions in improving pork eating quality, but their effects were inconsistent between the five cuts evaluated. No interventions achieved the fail rate target of <10% for quality grade for all cuts, indicating that additional interventions are needed to enable industry to consistently deliver high quality pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Channon
- Australian Pork Limited, P.O. Box 4746, Kingston 2604, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - D N D'Souza
- SunPork Solutions, PO Box 5950, Manly, QLD 4179, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
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Pompeu MA, Rodrigues LA, Cavalcanti LFL, Fontes DO, Toral FLB. A multivariate approach to determine the factors affecting response level of growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in finishing pigs fed ractopamine. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1644-1659. [PMID: 28464081 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ractopamine (RAC) supplementation on growth, carcass, and meat quality traits of finishing pigs was studied using a meta-analytical approach. The database was composed of 57 studies published from 2004 to 2016. The dependent variables extracted for the meta-analysis included final BW, ADG, ADFI, feed:gain ratio, HCW, dressing percentage, carcass length, lean yield, back fat thickness, loin muscle area, loin depth, postmortem pH, meat brightness, redness, and yellowness. The studies were grouped by similarity in 3 clusters (C1, C2, and C3) by hierarchical clustering on principle components. The main differences observed between clusters were those of animal initial weight, which increased from C1 through C3. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data, where studies were assumed as random effect, whereas the total amount of RAC in the diet, cluster, and sex category were considered fixed effects. The interactions between cluster and sex category (barrows, gilts, and mixed sex) and RAC level were also evaluated. Dietary RAC was effective in improving final weight ( < 0.0001), ADG ( < 0.0001), and feed:gain ratio ( < 0.0001) and had a positive effect on HCW ( < 0.0001), lean yield ( = 0.0081), loin muscle area ( = 0.0190), and loin depth ( < 0.0001). In addition, a relatively limited effect on pork quality was observed in the current study. The RAC supplementation was more effective, mainly when pigs started supplementation with higher initial weight, although different responses were observed according to sex category ( < 0.05). There is ample indication that growth and carcass traits could be improved by dietary RAC supplementation. Ractopamine supplementation did not influence the pork quality.
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Puls CL, Rojo A, Matzat PD, Schroeder AL, Ellis M. Behavior of immunologically castrated barrows in comparison to gilts, physically castrated barrows, and intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Growth responses of entire and immunocastrated male pigs to dietary protein with and without ractopamine hydrochloride. Animal 2017; 11:1482-1487. [PMID: 28215197 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between dietary balanced protein, ractopamine (RAC) and Improvac (IMP) on the growth response of 120 individually penned male PIC© pigs was evaluated. The pigs entered the trial at 16 weeks of age and were assigned to 12 treatments using a 2×2×3 factorial design. Three balanced protein diets, formulated with standard illeal digestible lysine levels of 7.50 (low), 9.79 (medium) and 12.07 g/kg (high), were fed from 20 weeks. Improvac was administered at 16 and 20 weeks, the booster being given 4 weeks before slaughter. Ractopamine was supplemented at 10 mg/kg to the applicable treatments from 20 weeks. Live weight, backfat depth and food intake were measured on a weekly basis. Primary vaccination had no influence on the parameters measured. Immunocastration, RAC and higher protein diet treatments increased weight gain, but food intake was increased only with the use of IMP. Although weight gain increased in IMP-treated males, the increased feed intake resulted in their feed conversion efficiencies (FCE) being inferior to the intact controls. Feeding RAC only benefitted FCE when a high or medium protein diet was fed. Immunocastrates deposited more backfat after the booster vaccination than did entire males. Thus the cost of using RAC, IMP and of increasing dietary protein content needs to be weighed up against the additional revenue generated through the use of these interventions.
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Garbossa CAP, Carvalho Júnior FM, Silveira H, Faria PB, Schinckel AP, Abreu MLT, Cantarelli VS. Effects of ractopamine and arginine dietary supplementation for sows on growth performance and carcass quality of their progenies. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:2872-84. [PMID: 26115274 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ractopamine (Rac) and Arg fed to pregnant sows from d 25 to 53 of gestation on fetal muscle development as well as the performance and carcass characteristics of the progeny. One hundred sows were divided into 4 treatments including a control diet, the control plus 1% Arg, the control plus 20 mg/kg Rac, and the control diet supplemented with both additives at the same levels as those used separately. During the farrowing process the data evaluated were the weight of placenta to calculate the placental efficiency and the number of piglets born alive, stillborn, and mummified. To evaluate the fiber number and area, 12 male piglets from each treatment were euthanized to harvest semitendinosus muscle. During the lactation, the preweaning mortality, weaned weights, and number of piglets weaned per litter were evaluated. After weaning, the pig performance was evaluated until the slaughter following the sow treatment. At end of finishing phase, 1 male pig of each treatment replicate was selected to evaluation the carcass and pork quality. All variables measured were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and least squares means were compared using the Tukey test with P < 0.05. The control diet + supplementation of 1.0% of L-Arg + 20 mg/kg of ractopamine HCl from d 25 to 53 of gestation (Arg+Rac) treatment had a greater number of stillborn piglets (P = 0.014) than the control group. Piglet birth weights from sows fed Rac were 11% greater (P = 0.031) than those of piglets of the control treatment. The semitendinosus muscle fiber diameters of piglets at birth from sows that received Arg, Rac, and Arg+Rac were greater (P < 0.0001) than those of control piglets, and as consequence, the fiber number per square millimeter decreased (P < 0.0001). The final nursery BW of progeny from sows fed Arg and Rac individually were greater (P = 0.010) than those of progeny of the control group. At 110 d of age, in the beginning of the finisher 1 phase, pigs from Arg-fed sows were 1.9 kg heavier (P = 0.010) than pigs from the Arg+Rac-fed sows. The HCW were 2.97 and 1.64 kg heavier (P < 0.0001) for progeny of the Arg and Rac sows, respectively, compared with those of progeny of the control. In conclusion, the trial showed that the use of Rac for gestating sows increased the piglets' weight at birth. The size of muscular fiber was increased in the semitendinosus muscle of piglets originating from sows receiving Rac or Arg. However, the combination of both compounds did not have an additive effect in comparison with the control treatment but increased the stillbirth number.
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Elsbernd AJ, Patience JF, Prusa KJ. A comparison of the quality of fresh and frozen pork from immunologically castrated males versus gilts, physical castrates, and entire males. Meat Sci 2016; 111:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pieterse E, Hoffman LC, Siebrits FK, Gloy EL, Polawska E. The effect of slaughter weight on the carcass characteristics of pork with sex type as co-variable. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted with 192 pigs of three sex types with treatments according to slaughter weight (65 kg to 144 kg). The main statistical differences observed were for slaughter weight with significant (P < 0.05) and highly significant (P < 0.01) differences describing more than 10% of variance observed for all characteristics (liveweight, warm carcass weight, dressing percentage, eye muscle area, subcutaneous fat thickness, intramuscular fat area, subcutaneous fat : eye muscle area, intramuscular fat : eye muscle area, fat thickness, muscle depth, carcass length, ham circumference, ham length and chest depth) measured. Sex differences (P < 0.05) were also observed for dressing percentage, fat measurements and muscle depth measured between the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae. Sex type differences, in all instances, accounted for 10% or less variance except for subcutaneous fat : eye muscle area ratio (18.47%). It was shown that although significant sex type differences (P < 0.05) existed; slaughter weight had the largest effect on carcass characteristics in the given circumstances accounting for most of the observed variance.
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Puls CL, Ellis M, McKeith FK, Gaines AM, Schroeder AL. Effects of ractopamine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of immunologically and physically castrated barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4725-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M. Ellis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F. K. McKeith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Puls CL, Rojo A, Ellis M, Boler DD, McKeith FK, Killefer J, Gaines AM, Matzat PD, Schroeder AL. Growth performance of immunologically castrated (with Improvest) barrows (with or without ractopamine) compared to gilt, physically castrated barrow, and intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2289-95. [PMID: 24671576 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study used a randomized complete block design (blocking factor was date of start on test) with 5 treatments: 1) physically castrated barrows (PC), 2) intact males (IM), 3) gilts (G), 4) immunologically castrated barrows (IC), and 5) immunologically castrated barrows fed ractopamine at 5 mg/kg (IC+RAC). The study used 192 pigs and was performed from the 16 wk of age (67.2 ± 2.52 kg BW) to a pen mean BW of 132.5 ± 3.60 kg. For IC+RAC, ractopamine was fed for the final 23 d of the study. Pigs were housed in groups of 4 (10 groups for PC, IM, G, and IC and 8 groups for IC+RAC) in a finishing building at a floor space of 1.18 m(2)/pig. Diets were formulated to meet requirements of IM except that the diet for the IC+RAC fed during the ractopamine feeding period was formulated to meet requirements of pigs on that treatment. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study period and were individually weighed at the start, wk 2 and 4, and subsequently every week until the end of study. For the overall study period, IC had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG than the other genders (1,150, 1,024, 1,064, and 954 g/d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 25.8) and required fewer days to reach slaughter weight than the other genders (58.1, 61.6, 61.6, and 66.5 d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 1.26). Overall ADFI was less (P ≤ 0.05) for IM and G than IC and PC, which were similar (P > 0.05) in this respect (3.11, 3.06, 2.68, and 2.75 kg/d for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 0.061). Overall G:F was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for IM than the other genders; IC had greater overall G:F than PC and G, which were similar in this respect (0.371, 0.335, 0.397, and 0.347 kg/kg for IC, PC, IM, and G, respectively; SEM = 0.0068). Immunologically castrated barrows had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (30.7%) and ADFI (22.5%) than PC from the second week following the second Improvest dose to the end of the study. During the ractopamine feeding period, IC+RAC had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (11.6%) and G:F (17.3%) than IC. The results of this study confirmed previously observed gender differences and effects of ractopamine on growth performance and that IC grew faster and had greater feed efficiency than PC during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Puls
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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