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Lins JGG, Albuquerque ACAD, Almeida FAD, Britton C, Malossi C, Araújo-Júnior JPD, Louvandini H, Amarante AFT. Abomasal RNA-seq reveals a strong local cellular response in suckling lambs with resistance against Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:739-749. [PMID: 37673202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Santa Ines (SI) and Ile de France (IF) sheep are known to be resistant and susceptible to Haemonchus contortus infection, respectively. Several studies have shown some genes as potential biological markers for sheep resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes using molecular tools, including transcriptomic analysis. In this study, we sequenced the polyadenylated RNA of the abomasal tissue of SI and IF suckling lambs to identify mucosa-specific transcript alterations between breeds artificially infected with H. contortus. Naïve SI (n = 4) and IF (n = 4) lambs were artificially infected every other day, over a period of 52 days, from 14 to 66 days old, with a total of 5,400 H. contortus infective larvae. Fundic abomasal tissue samples were collected at 68 days old, and submitted to high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Differential expression analysis (P value < 0.001 and False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05) between SI and IF samples identified 292 genes, most of which showed greater expression in SI lambs. To help annotate and assign possible function to differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we used previously available single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data from ovine abomasal mucosa to putatively identify cell types and possible mechanisms involved in resistance to H. contortus. In particular, genes associated with endothelial and tuft cells showed the greatest increases in expression in SI relative to IF lambs. SI lambs had higher percentages of tuft cells than IF lambs in the fundic abomasal mucosa. Although we found innate immunity (cell-mediated in mucosa) acting as a protagonist in impairing H. contortus infection, a stronger acquired immune response was being modulated at an earlier stage by SI lambs. We suggest that the complex connection between innate and adaptive immunity is via cellular antigen processing and presentation (APP). Based on comparison with scRNA-seq data, SI lambs showed a robust APP mechanism characterized mainly by greater T cell APP, macrophage differentiation, and cytokine signalling. We identified potential mechanisms and markers to advance knowledge for selection of H. contortus resistance at a very early age, in SI as well as in other commercial sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gabriel Gonçalves Lins
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Malossi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Helder Louvandini
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Lucas Nascimento Souza J, Cavalcante Silva F, da Silva CG, Maria Fortaleza Neves Bomfim I, Rocha de Medeiros H, Giotto Zaros L. Analysis of the stability of the reference genes GAPDH, SDHA and RPL-19 in sheep from a semi-arid region infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:147. [PMID: 37679739 PMCID: PMC10483723 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the stability of reference genes already described as universal is an important methodology to lead gene expression analysis because different studies have shown that the expression of universal reference genes may vary between experimental treatments. In this sense, the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) and Ribosomal Protein L-19 (RPL-19) reference genes (already described in other studies with sheep from different regions, breeds and infectious agents or in organisms evolutionarily close to sheep) were investigated in the abomasum, small and large intestines of resistant and susceptible crossbred sheep groups to gastrointestinal nematode infections in the Semi-arid region in Northeast of Brazil. The animals were naturally infected to determine the resistance or susceptibility status by counting eggs per gram (EPG) of feces from the gastrointestinal tract after 33 weeks of observations of infection evolution. Relative gene expression was performed by RT-qPCR methodology using Sybr green and relative gene expression stability was tested by different software programs such as REST, BestKeeper, geNorm and Normfinder. Our results showed the susceptible animals had increase in egg counts per gram of feces than resistant animals (p < 0.001), and both groups showed a mixed infection by nematodes of the genus Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Trichuris. Furthermore, we show the importance of analyzing different genes in different software programs and the importance to choose ideal reference genes. In this sense, GAPDH was the most stable gene in the abomasum, whereas SDHA was the most stable in the small and large intestines. In addition, we discuss about variables which can interfere in relative expression such as breed, species, climate and tissue. However, utilizing other reference genes already described in other studies with the same and different variables should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lucas Nascimento Souza
- Graduate Program in Parasitary Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cavalcante Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Production, Jundiaí Agricultural School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carlikelly Gleicy da Silva
- Graduate Program in Parasitary Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Rocha de Medeiros
- Jundiaí Agricultural School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Giotto Zaros
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Okino CH, Niciura SCM, Giaretta PR, Melito GR, Kapritchkoff RTI, Santos IBD, Rech RR, Minho AP, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS. Enhanced mucosal response in sheep harbouring β A beta-globin against haemonchosis. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13003. [PMID: 37400087 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Association between ovine β-globin polymorphisms and resistance against haemonchosis was described and related to the mechanism of high oxygen affinity βA ➔ βC switch during anaemia, but there are no studies regarding the involved local host responses. Phenotypic parameters and local responses were evaluated in sheep from two β-globin haplotypes naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Morada Nova lambs were monitored at 63, 84 and 105 days of age for faecal egg counts and packed cell volume (PCV) under natural infection with H. contortus. At 210 days of age, lambs of Hb-AA and Hb-BB β-globin haplotypes were euthanised, and the fundic region of abomasum was sampled for evaluation of microscopic lesions and relative expression of genes related to immune, mucin and lectin activities. Lambs harbouring the βA allele presented an improved resistance/resilience against clinical haemonchosis, showing higher PCV during infection. Hb-AA animals presented increased eosinophilia in the abomasum compared to Hb-BB animals, accompanied by higher Th2 profile, mucin and lectin activity transcripts, while the inflammatory response was increased in Hb-BB animals. This is the first report to demonstrate an enhanced local response in the primary site of H. contortus infection related to βA allele of β-globin haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Roberta Giaretta
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rubia Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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DAVID CAROLINEM, COSTA RICARDOLDA, B. JUNIOR AYLTON, BELTRAME RENATOT, GONZÁLEZ ARACELIR, MADELLA-OLIVEIRA APARECIDAF, QUIRINO CELIAR. Phenotypical categorization of indigenous ewes as resistant, resilient or susceptible to Haemonchus contortus. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210601. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Metabolizable energy balance in hair sheep lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109620. [PMID: 34801871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In sheep, infection with Haemonchus contortus may increase the need for energy, and this demand may vary according to the infection level. In this study, the energy intake, digestibility, and energy retention of lambs artificially infected with different levels of H. contortus were estimated. A total of 24 hair sheep lambs reared parasite-free were experimentally infected with H. contortus at one of three infection levels: non-infected (n = 6); infected with 300 infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus/kg body weight (BW) (n = 9); and infected with 500 H. contortus L3/kg BW (n = 9). The lambs were fed for an individual weight gain of 100 g/day, and intake of organic matter (OMI) and gross energy (GEI), digestible (DEI) and metabolizable energy (MEI) were measured weekly. The digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and GE (GED) and the metabolizable energy (ME) balance adjusted to zero nitrogen balance (MEadj) were measured for each lamb during the prepatent and patent periods of infection. From day 21 post-infection (PI), the individual eggs per gram (EPG) of feces and the total number of eggs in feces (TEF) were estimated weekly. After humane slaughter on day 42 PI, the worm burden (WB) was determined. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationships between the parasitological variables (L3, EPG, TEF and WB) and the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, MEadj). During the prepatent period, there were no significant relationships of L3 with the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, ME, MEadj). Similarly, during the patent period, no relationship was evident between infection (EPG, TEF or WB) and OMI, GEI, DEI, GED, OMD, ME or MEadj. Thus, the gradient of H. contortus infection examined in the present study did not influence energy balance in hair sheep lambs, and infection did not impose any detectable energy cost. Further studies are needed to fully assess the impact of H. contortus infection on energy metabolism in hair sheep.
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Parasitological and immunological response to Haemonchus contortus infection: Comparison between resistant Garole and susceptible Sahabadi sheep. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100477. [PMID: 33308756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitological and immunological responses to the experimentally induced Haemonchus contortus infection were compared between Garole and Sahabadi breeds of sheep. The experiment was conducted in a 2 (breed) × 2 (infection status) factorial arrangement with a completely randomised design. Two breeds of sheep were divided into infected (n = 10) and control (n = 6) groups, and the infected groups were orally infected with H. contortus (500 stage 3 larvae per kilogram of body weight). Faecal egg counts (FEC) were determined from 18 days post infection (DPI) at 3-day intervals until 42 DPI. Average daily body weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), concentrations of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, IgG2, IgE and peripheral eosinophil count were measured at 14-day intervals from 0 to 42 DPI. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to somatic antigen of H. contortus was determined by in vitro lymphoproliferation assay, and concentrations of interferon gama (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in lymphocyte culture supernatant were measured at 14-day intervals until 42 DPI. Variables were analysed using the repeated measures mixed model procedure over DPI. Faecal egg count was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in Garole sheep than Sahabadi sheep and no faecal eggs were detected in the infected Garole sheep on 30 DPI. Infected Garole sheep had significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and PCV% than the infected Sahabadi sheep. In the infected Garole sheep, serum Ig except IgE increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to infected Sahabadi sheep. On 28 DPI, peripheral eosinophil number, in vitro lymphoproliferation as well as concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 in culture supernatant were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the infected Garole sheep than in the infected Sahabadi sheep. Parasitological observations indicated that Garole sheep were resistant to H. contortus and they exhibited greater cellular as well as humoral immune responses compared to Sahabadi sheep.
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Barbosa Toscano JH, Okino CH, Barbosa Dos Santos I, Giraldelo LA, Borsch von Haehling M, Novita Esteves S, Bassetto CC, Talamini do Amarante AF, de Souza Chagas AC. Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12790. [PMID: 32894881 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Lambs were ranked through faecal egg counts (FEC) after two parasitic challenges with 4,000 H.contortus L3 . After the second challenge, the lambs underwent a third artificial infection and were euthanized 7 days later. Immune-related genes were quantified locally in abomasal mucosa and lymph nodes (CD4, IFNγ, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA and MS4A2) and systemically in the whole blood (IL4 and IL13). Anti-H. contortus IgG and IgA antibodies and eosinophils and mast cells counts were also investigated. Resistant animals presented higher systemic IgG and IgA titres, both negatively correlated with FEC. Susceptible animals had higher blood levels of IL4 transcripts. At the local level, resistant lambs had higher eosinophils counts and superior MS4A2 levels in abomasal fundic mucosa, besides higher IgA levels in abomasal mucus, while susceptible lamb had superior IL4 expression in abomasal lymph nodes. CONCLUSION These data indicate that resistant lambs had an immune response mediated by antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Also, the systemic humoral profile, particularly IgA isotype, seems to be a good resistance marker for Morada Nova sheep, as we found differences between groups even when FEC did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marei Borsch von Haehling
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Tian AL, Tian X, Chen D, Lu M, Calderón-Mantilla G, Yuan XD, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Modulation of the Functions of Goat Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Fasciola gigantica Thioredoxin Peroxidase In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090758. [PMID: 32957426 PMCID: PMC7559183 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola gigantica has a remarkable ability to establish a long-term infection within the hepatobiliary system of the mammalian definitive host. F. gigantica achieves this by producing excretory-secretory molecules, which have immunomodulatory activities. In an effort to elucidate the immunomodulatory functions of F. gigantica thioredoxin peroxidase protein (FgTPx), we expressed recombinant FgTPx (rFgTPx) in Escherichia coli bacteria and examined its effects on several functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. Sequence analysis revealed that FgTPx is related to a thioredoxin-like superfamily. Western blot analysis showed that rFgTPx was recognized by the sera of goats experimentally infected by F. gigantica. The specific binding of rFgTPx protein to the surface of goat PBMCs was demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. We investigated the influence of serial concentrations of rFgTPx on various functions of goat PBMCs. All concentrations of rFgTPx increased the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but inhibited PBMC proliferation, migration, and monocyte phagocytosis. Goat PBMCs exposed to 20-40 μg/mL of rFgTPx secreted increased levels of nitric oxide (NO), and 10-40 μg/mL of rFgTPx promoted cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that rFgTPx influences various functions of goat PBMCs by interacting with a large number of cellular targets, ultimately to promote the parasite's survival. The roles of rFgTPx and their interacting proteins warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Mingmin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá. Chía, Cundinamarca 140013, Colombia;
| | - Xiao-Dan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
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Jacobs JR, Middleton D, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. RNA-Sequencing of ovine PBMC after exposure to Haemonchus contortus larval antigen. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12697. [PMID: 31958344 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of immune activation in effector cells during Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep are currently unknown. Microarray experiments have been performed on tissues of H contortus infected sheep of varying parasite resistance during early and late points of infection, but not in immune effector cells. The purpose of this study was to compare early gene activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from primed parasite susceptible (Suffolk) and resistant (St. Croix) sheep in response to H contortus larval antigen (HcLA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured for 6 hours with HcLA, and RNA-sequencing was performed. St. Croix PBMC upregulated 499 unique genes in response to HcLA while Suffolk PBMC upregulated 130 unique genes and 25 genes were shared between the two breeds. St. Croix PBMC had increased expression of genes associated with immune function, signal transduction, response to stress and others. In addition, while mechanisms of innate recognition of H contortus are unknown, multiple pattern recognition receptors were found to be upregulated in St. Croix PBMC cultured with HcLA and none were found to be upregulated in Suffolk PBMC. These patterns of immune gene activation may contribute to St. Croix's rapid response and ability to resist H contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica R Jacobs
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Denzel Middleton
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott P Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Scott A Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Immunization of Goats with Recombinant Protein 14-3-3 Isoform 2(rHcftt-2) Induced Moderate Protection against Haemonchus contortus Challenge. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010046. [PMID: 31935869 PMCID: PMC7168593 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study identified that isoform 2 (Hcftt-2) of the 14-3-3 protein of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) could suppress immune functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and might be a potential vaccine target, as neutralization of the protein function may enhance anti-parasite immunity. In this research, the recombinant Hcftt-2 was evaluated for its immunoprotective efficacy against H. contortus infection in goats. Five experimental goats were immunized twice with rHcftt-2 along with Freund’s adjuvant. The five immunized goats and five nonimmunized goats (adjuvant only) were challenged with 5000 L3-stage H. contortus larvae after 14 days of second immunization. Five nonimmunized and uninfected goats (adjuvant only) were set as the uninfected group. A significant increase in the serum immunoglobin G(IgG) and serum IgA levels were identified in the rHcftt-2 immunized animals. The mean eggs per gram in feces (EPG) and the worm burdens of rHcftt-2 immunized group were reduced by 26.46% (p < 0.05) and 32.33%, respectively. In brief, immunization of goats with rHcftt-2 induced moderate protection against H. contortus challenge.
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Middleton D, Garza JJ, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Neutrophils rapidly produce Th2 cytokines in response to larval but not adult helminth antigen. Parasite Immunol 2019; 42:e12679. [PMID: 31630404 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host protective immunity to Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infection in parasite-resistant St. Croix (STC) sheep is initiated early and characterized by an influx of innate cells and robust interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, resulting in T-helper type 2 immune (Th2) responses. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the source of early IL-4 production. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood, and populations >98% purity were cultured with larval or adult antigen to access cytokine production. Interleukin-4 and IL-13 were measured in sample supernatant using an ovine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophils exposed to HcLA peaked in IL-4 production at 30 minutes (STC, 3153.65 pg/mL and SUF, 4665.22 pg/mL). A similar trend was observed in IL-13 production by 6 hours (STC, 391.02 pg/mL and SUF, 419.6 pg/mL). Adult antigen stimulation resulted in low cytokine production when compared to HcLA stimulation (STC IL-4, 6.04 pg/mL and SUF, 8.05 pg/mL, respectively; STC IL-13, 10 pg/mL and 12.5 pg/mL; P < .001), and no breed differences were observed. Mixed immune cell assays revealed an ability of neutrophils to induce IL-4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Taken together, these data implicate neutrophils as a potential effector cell responsible for Th2 initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denzel Middleton
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Javier J Garza
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott P Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Scott A Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Innate Immune Responses Associated with Resistance against Haemonchus contortus in Morada Nova Sheep. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3562672. [PMID: 31815153 PMCID: PMC6877983 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3562672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against Haemonchus contortus infections is primarily associated with the Th2 profile. However, the exact mechanisms associated with increased sheep resistance against this parasite remains poorly elucidated. The present study is aimed at evaluating mediators from the innate immune response in lambs of the Morada Nova Brazilian breed with contrasting H. contortus resistance phenotypes. Briefly, 287 lambs were characterized through fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) after two independent experimental parasitic challenges with 4,000 H. contortus L3. 20 extreme resistance phenotypes (10 most resistant and 10 most susceptible) were selected, subjected to a third artificial infection with 4,000 L3, and euthanized 7 days later. Tissue samples were collected from abomasal fundic and pyloric mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 7 of the third parasitic challenge. RNA was extracted from tissue and blood samples for relative quantification of innate immune-related genes by RT-qPCR. For the abomasal fundic mucosa, increased TNFα and IL1β expression levels (P < 0.05) were found in the susceptible animals, while resistant animals had IL33 superiorly expressed (P < 0.05). Higher levels (P < 0.05) of TLR2 and CFI were found in the abomasal pyloric mucosa of resistant animals. TNFα was at higher levels (P < 0.05) in the blood of susceptible lambs, at day 0 of the third artificial infection. The exacerbated proinflammatory response observed in susceptible animals, at both local and systemic levels, may be a consequence of high H. contortus parasitism. This hypothesis is corroborated by the higher blood levels of TNFα before the onset of infection, which probably remained elevated from the previous parasitic challenges. On the other hand, resistant lambs had an enhanced response mediated by TLR recognition and complement activation. Nevertheless, this is the first study to directly associate sheep parasitic resistance with IL33, an innate trigger of the Th2-polarized response.
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Garza JJ, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Ovine vital neutrophil extracellular traps bind and impair Haemonchus contortus L3 in a breed-dependent manner. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12572. [PMID: 29992577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize neutrophil response to Haemonchus contortus (Hc) in vitro using cells from parasite-resistant St. Croix (STC) and parasite-susceptible Suffolk (SUF) sheep. Neutrophils from Hc-primed and naive STC and SUF sheep were incubated with Hc larval antigen (HcLA), Hc worm antigen (HcWA) or complete media (CM). After HcLA exposure, neutrophils from STC and SUF formed extracellular traps composed of DNA. Stimulation with HcLA induced a 35-fold increase in extracellular DNA compared to CM controls. However, extracellular DNA was not found when neutrophils were cultured with HcWA. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in response to HcLA yields a low percentage of necrotic cells indicating a form of vital NETosis. Neutrophils from primed and naïve STC bound Hc L3 greater (93% and 68%) than SUF (78% and 45%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, STC neutrophils significantly reduced larval ATP levels compared to SUF neutrophils (0.05 μmol/L vs 0.1 μmol/L ATP, P < 0.001). These data indicate that ovine neutrophils bind, form vital NET and reduce ATP to Hc L3 in a breed and infection status-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier J Garza
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott P Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Scott A Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Toscano JHB, Lopes LG, Giraldelo LA, da Silva MH, Okino CH, de Souza Chagas AC. Identification of appropriate reference genes for local immune-related studies in Morada Nova sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1253-1262. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Estrada-Reyes Z, López-Arellano ME, Torres-Acosta F, López-Reyes A, Lagunas-Martínez A, Mendoza-de-Gives P, González-Garduño R, Olazarán-Jenkins S, Reyes-Guerrero D, Ramírez-Vargas G. Cytokine and antioxidant gene profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Pelibuey lambs after Haemonchus contortus
infection. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Estrada-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Mérida-Xmatkuil Yucatán México
| | - M. E. López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; INIFAP; Jiutepec Morelos México
| | - F. Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; Mérida-Xmatkuil Yucatán México
| | - A. López-Reyes
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación; Tlalpan Ciudad de México México
| | | | - P. Mendoza-de-Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; INIFAP; Jiutepec Morelos México
| | - R. González-Garduño
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sur-Sureste; Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo; Tabasco México
| | - S. Olazarán-Jenkins
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; INIFAP; Jiutepec Morelos México
| | - D. Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; INIFAP; Jiutepec Morelos México
| | - G. Ramírez-Vargas
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria; INIFAP; Jiutepec Morelos México
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16
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Phenotypic expression of parasite susceptibility to Haemonchus contortus in Pelibuey sheep. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Garza JJ, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Serum‐mediated
Haemonchus contortus
larval aggregation differs by larval stage and is enhanced by complement. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Garza
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - S. P. Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA
| | - S. A. Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
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18
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Benavides MV, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell C. Genomic Regions Associated with Sheep Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:470-480. [PMID: 27183838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic markers for sheep resistance to gastrointestinal parasites have long been sought by the livestock industry as a way to select more resistant individuals and to help farmers reduce parasite transmission by identifying and removing high egg shedders from the flock. Polymorphisms related to the major histocompatibility complex and interferon (IFN)-γ genes have been the most frequently reported markers associated with infection. Recently, a new picture is emerging from genome-wide studies, showing that not only immune mechanisms are important determinants of host resistance but that gastrointestinal mucus production and hemostasis pathways may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Curtis Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Jacobs JR, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) production is associated with lower fecal egg count in parasite-resistant sheep. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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