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Thacharodi A, Hassan S, Ahmed ZHT, Singh P, Maqbool M, Meenatchi R, Pugazhendhi A, Sharma A. The ruminant gut microbiome vs enteric methane emission: The essential microbes may help to mitigate the global methane crisis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119661. [PMID: 39043353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Ruminants release enteric methane into the atmosphere, significantly increasing greenhouse gas emissions and degrading the environment. A common focus of traditional mitigation efforts is on dietary management and manipulation, which may have limits in sustainability and efficacy, exploring the potential of essential microorganisms as a novel way to reduce intestinal methane emissions in ruminants; a topic that has garnered increased attention in recent years. Fermentation and feed digestion are significantly aided by essential microbes found in the rumen, such as bacteria, fungi, and archaea. The practical implications of the findings reported in various studies conducted on rumen gut concerning methane emissions may pave the way to understanding the mechanisms of CH4 production in the rumen to enhance cattle feed efficiency and mitigate CH4 emissions from livestock. This review discussed using essential bacteria to reduce intestinal methane emissions in ruminants. It investigates how particular microbial strains or consortia can alter rumen fermentation pathways to lower methane output while preserving the health and productivity of animals. We also describe the role of probiotics and prebiotics in managing methane emissions using microbial feed additives, some recent studies involving microbial interventions have been discussed. The use of new methods involving functional metagenomics and meta-transcriptomics for exploring the rumen microbiome structure has been highlighted. This review also emphasizes the challenges faced in altering the gut microbiome and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Thacharodi
- Thacharodi's Laboratories, Department of Research and Development, Puducherry, 605005, India
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India; Future Leaders Mentoring Fellow, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 20036, USA
| | - Z H Tawfeeq Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India
| | - Mohsin Maqbool
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, NatProLab, Plant Innovation Lab, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro 76130, Mexico.
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, NatProLab, Plant Innovation Lab, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro 76130, Mexico.
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Lu S, Chen S, Paengkoum S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, Surakhunthod J, Wang Q, Thongpea S, Paengkoum P. Effects of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L., BSF) Larvae Addition on In Vitro Fermentation Parameters of Goat Diets. INSECTS 2024; 15:343. [PMID: 38786899 PMCID: PMC11121845 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different levels of BSF on rumen in vitro fermentation gas production, methane (CH4) production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The experiment comprised four treatments, each with five replicates. The control group contained no BSF (BSF0), and the treatment groups contained 5% (BSF5), 10% (BSF10), and 15% (BSF15) BSF, respectively. Results showed that at 3 h, 9 h, and 24 h, gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Gas production in BSF5 and BSF10 was higher than in BSF0, while gas production in BSF15 was lower than in BSF0. At 6 h and 12 h, CH4 emission in BSF15 was significantly lower than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the pH of in vitro fermentation after BSF addition (p > 0.05). At 3 h, NH3-N levels in BSF10 and BSF15 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF5 (p < 0.05). At 6 h, NH3-N levels in BSF5 and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF0 and BSF15 (p < 0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in BSF0, BSF5, and BSF10 were significantly higher than in BSF15 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, gas production, CH4 emission, NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and VFAs were highest in BSF5 and BSF10 and lowest in BSF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Shengchang Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Weerada Meethip
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Jariya Surakhunthod
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (S.L.); (N.T.); (J.S.); (S.T.)
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Rey J, Díaz de Otálora X, Atxaerandio R, Mandaluniz N, García-Rodríguez A, González-Recio O, López-García A, Ruiz R, Goiri I. Effect of Chitosan on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Communities, Methane Emissions, and Productive Performance of Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2861. [PMID: 37760261 PMCID: PMC10525946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to expand the knowledge about the activity and mode of action of CHI on methanogenesis and rumen microbial populations in vivo. A total of 16 lactating dairy cows were distributed in two groups, one of them receiving 135 mg CHI/kg body weight daily. The effect on productive performance, milk composition, fermentation efficiency, methane emissions, microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal microbial communities was determined. Supplementation with CHI did not affect rumen microbial diversity but increased the relative abundance (RA) of the bacteria Anaeroplasma and decreased those of rumen ciliates and protozoa resulting in a shift towards a lower acetic to propionic ratio. However, no effect on milk yield or methane intensity was observed. In conclusion, supplementing 135 mg CHI/kg body weight increased the RA of Anaeroplasma and decreased those of rumen ciliates and protozoa, both being related to fiber degradation in the rumen in different ways and resulted in a shift of ruminal fermentation towards more propionate proportions, without affecting CH4 emissions, milk yield, or milk composition. Further research with higher doses would be necessary to assess the potential use of this additive as a methane inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoba Rey
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
| | - Xabier Díaz de Otálora
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Postdam, Germany
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
| | - Nerea Mandaluniz
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
| | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.G.-R.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Adrián López-García
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.G.-R.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
| | - Idoia Goiri
- NEIKER—Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Department of Animal Production, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arcaute, Spain (X.D.d.O.); (R.A.); (N.M.); (A.G.-R.); (R.R.)
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Uyanga VA, Ejeromedoghene O, Lambo MT, Alowakennu M, Alli YA, Ere-Richard AA, Min L, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Chitosan and chitosan‑based composites as beneficial compounds for animal health: Impact on gastrointestinal functions and biocarrier application. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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García CCV, Dubeux JCB, Martini X, Conover D, Santos ERS, Homem BGC, Ruiz-Moreno M, da Silva IAG, Abreu DS, Queiroz LMD, van Cleef FOS, Santos MVF, Fracetto GGM. The role of dung beetle species in nitrous oxide emission, ammonia volatilization, and nutrient cycling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3572. [PMID: 36864179 PMCID: PMC9981724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of dung beetle species alone or associated under different species on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, ammonia volatilization, and the performance of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)]. There were seven treatments, including two controls (soil and soil + dung without beetles), single species of Onthophagus taurus [Shreber, 1759] (1), Digitonthophagus gazella [Fabricius, 1787] (2), or Phanaeus vindex [MacLeay, 1819] (3); and their assemblages (1 + 2 and 1 + 2 + 3). Nitrous oxide emission was estimated for 24 days, when pearl millet was planted in sequence to assess growth, nitrogen yield (NY), and dung beetle activity. Dung beetle species presented greater N2O flow of dung on the 6th day (80 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1) compared to soil and dung (2.6 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1). Ammonia emissions varied with the presence of dung beetles (P < 0.05), and D. gazella had less NH3-N on days 1, 6, and 12 with averages of 2061, 1526, and 1048 g ha-1 day-1, respectively. The soil N content increased with dung + beetle application. Dung application affected pearl millet herbage accumulation (HA) regardless of dung beetle presence, and averages ranged from 5 to 8 g DM bucket-1. A PCA analysis was applied to analyze variation and correlation to each variable, but it indicated a low principal component explanation (less than 80%), not enough to explain the variation in findings. Despite the greater dung removal, the largest species, P. vindex and their species combination, need to be more studied to get a better understanding about their contribution on greenhouse gases. The presence of dung beetles prior to planting improved pearl millet production by enhancing N cycling, although assemblages with the three beetle species enhanced N losses to the environment via denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C V García
- Deparment of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - José C B Dubeux
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL, USA
| | - Xavier Martini
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL, USA
| | - Derick Conover
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Ruiz-Moreno
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Luana M D Queiroz
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL, USA
| | - Flavia O S van Cleef
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mércia V F Santos
- Deparment of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Giselle G M Fracetto
- Department of Soil Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Gordiano L, Ferreira F, Ribeiro CDM, de Carvalho G, Silva F, de Araújo M, Alba H, e Silva R, Azevedo J, Freitas Jr JED. Association between chitosan and unsaturated fatty acids supplementation on ruminal fermentation, digestive metabolism, and ruminal kinetics in beef heifers. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Role of Chitin and Chitosan in Ruminant Diets and Their Impact on Digestibility, Microbiota and Performance of Ruminants. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The slow progress in the development of the subsector, particularly of alternative feed sources such as agro-industrial byproducts and unconventional feed resources, has deepened the gap in the availability of and accessibility to animal feed. Production of animal feed is highly resource demanding. Recently, it has been shown that increasing climate change, land degradation, and the recurrence of droughts have worsened the feed gap. In the backdrop of these challenges, there has been attention to food-not-feed components, which have great potential to substitute human-edible components in livestock feeding. Chitosan, a non-toxic polyglucosamine, is widely distributed in nature and used as a feed additive. Chitosan is obtained from the de-acetylation process of the chitin and is mostly present in shrimp, crabs, and insect exoskeletons, and has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, antitumor, and immune-stimulatory hypo-cholesterolemic properties. This review article discusses the results of recent studies focusing on the effects of chitosan and chitin on the performance of dairy cows, beef steers, sheep, and goats. In addition, the effects of chitosan and chitin on feed intake, feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbiota are also discussed. Available evidence suggests that chitosan and chitin used as a feed additive for ruminants including dairy cows, beef steers, sheep, goats, and yaks have useful biological effects, including immune-modulatory, antimicrobial, and other important properties. These properties of chitosan and chitin are different from the other feed additives and have a positive impact on production performance, feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and bacterial population in dairy cows, beef steers, sheep, goats, and yaks. There is promising evidence that chitosan and chitin can be used as additives in livestock feed and that well-designed feeding interventions focusing on these compounds in ruminants are highly encouraged.
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Multifunctional role of chitosan in farm animals: a comprehensive review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polygluchitosanamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.
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Cangiano LR, Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, Quintela JC, DiLorenzo N, Ipharraguerre IR. Triterpenes From Olea europaea Modulate In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac056. [PMID: 35769453 PMCID: PMC9235019 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds present in Olea europaea have shown promising antimicrobial potential as an alternative to conventional coccidiostats. These effects are exerted by triterpenic acids (TT) present in the olive plant, namely, oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), and maslinic acid (MA). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of OA, UA, and MA on in vitro ruminal fermentation in comparison with monensin (MON). The study consisted of two experiments conducted as randomized complete block designs using bahiagrass hay or a high-concentrate mixed ration as basal substrates. In the first experiment (Exp. 1), a batch culture was performed with increasing doses of OA, UA, or MA. In Exp. 2, to increase the solubility of OA, two chemical forms were evaluated: a sodium salt (OA-NA) or a phyto-phospholipid complex (OA-PHYT) at 0, 4, 40, 100, and 200 mg/L of incubation inoculum. In both experiments, the dose 0 was used as control (CTL) and monensin (MON) as a positive control. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. For Exp. 2, orthogonal polynomial contrasts, adjusted for unequal spacing were used to determine the linear effects of increasing doses of OA-NA and OA-PHYT. In Exp. 1, OA reduced the concentration of CH4 in the high-concentrate substrate compared with CTL (P = 0.04). In Exp. 2 the total gas production was linearly decreased with increasing doses of OA-NA in both substrates (P ≤ 0.02). Furthermore, OA-NA and OA-PHYT decreased in vitro organic matter digestibility (P < 0.01) in the bahiagrass substrate to the same extent that MON did. However, the concentration of CH4/g of incubated DM was only reduced by the highest doses of OA-NA (P < 0.02). Lastly, no effects were observed for total VFA nor the VFA profile; however, OA-NA linearly decreased the A:P ratio in the bahiagrass substrate (P = 0.03). In conclusion, the acid form of OA as well as the sodium salt and phyto-phospholipid complex of OA were able to modify some fermentation parameters in this study; however, the magnitude of the responses was lower compared with monensin. Future studies should test OA in vivo to determine if the effects on ruminal fermentation observed here can translate into improve production efficiency while reducing carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro R Cangiano
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, 32446-7906, USA
| | - Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Francine M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | | | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, 32446-7906, USA
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Herrmann Rodewald Str. 6 D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Leon-Tinoco AY, Annis SL, Almeida ST, Guimarães BC, Killerby M, Zhang J, Wu C, Perkins LB, Ma Z, Jeong KC, Romero JJ. Evaluating the potential of lignosulfonates and chitosans as alfalfa hay preservatives using in vitro techniques. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6576121. [PMID: 35486739 PMCID: PMC9175294 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to compare the antifungal activity of 5 lignosulfonates, and 2 chitosans against fungi isolated from spoiled hay, and assess the effects of an optimized lignosulfonate, chitosan, and propionic acid (PRP) on high-moisture alfalfa hay. In experiment 1, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of 4 sodium lignosulfonates, 1 magnesium lignosulfonate, 2 chitosans, and PRP (positive control) against Aspergillus amoenus, Mucor circinelloides, Penicillium solitum, and Debaromyces hansenii at pH 4 and 6. Among sodium lignosulfonates, the one from Sappi Ltd. (NaSP) was the most antifungal at pH 4. However, chitosans had the strongest fungicidal activity with the exception of M. circinelloides at both pH 4 and 6. PRP had more antifungal effects than NaSP and was only better than chitosans for M. circinelloides. In experiment 2, we evaluated the effects of 3 additives (ADV): optimized NaSP (NaSP-O, UMaine), naïve chitosan (ChNv, Sigma-Aldrich), and PRP on high-moisture alfalfa hay. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design replicated 5 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 3 ADV× 5 doses (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2% w/w fresh basis). Additives were added to 35 g of sterile alfalfa hay (71.5 ± 0.23% DM), inoculated with a mixture of previously isolated spoilage fungi (5.8 log cfu/fresh g), and aerobically incubated in vitro for 23 d (25°C). After incubation, DM losses were reduced by doses as low as 0.25% for both NaSP-O and PRP (x=1.61) vs. untreated hay (24.0%), partially due to the decrease of mold and yeast counts as their doses increased. Also, hay NH3-N was lower in NaSP-O and PRP, with doses as low as 0.25%, relative to untreated hay (x= 1.13 vs 7.80% of N, respectively). Both NaSP-O and PRP increased digestible DM recovery (x= 69.7) and total volatile fatty acids (x= 94.3), with doses as low as 0.25%, compared with untreated hay (52.7% and 83.8 mM, respectively). However, ChNv did not decrease mold nor yeast counts (x= 6.59 and x= 6.16 log cfu/fresh g; respectively) and did not prevent DM losses relative to untreated hay. Overall, when using an alfalfa hay substrate in vitro, NaSP-O was able to prevent fungal spoilage to a similar extent to PRP. Thus, further studies are warranted to develop NaSP-O as a hay preservative under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seanna L Annis
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono , ME, 04469, USA
| | - Saulo T Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Guimarães
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Killerby
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono , ME, 04469, USA
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark , DE, 19716, USA
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark , DE, 19716, USA
| | - Lewis B Perkins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine, Orono , ME, 04469, USA
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL, 32608, USA
| | - Kwangcheol C Jeong
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL, 32608, USA
| | - Juan J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono , ME, 04469, USA
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Killerby MA, Almeida STR, Hollandsworth R, Guimaraes BC, Leon-Tinoco A, Perkins LB, Henry D, Schwartz TJ, Romero JJ. Effect of chemical and biological preservatives and ensiling stage on the dry matter loss, nutritional value, microbial counts, and ruminal in vitro gas production kinetics of wet brewer's grain silage. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6555706. [PMID: 35350073 PMCID: PMC9109006 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of chemical and biological preservatives and ensiling stage on spoilage, ruminal in vitro fermentation, and methane production of wet brewer's grain (WBG) silage. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate at 10 g/kg fresh WBG (NaL1) and 20 g/kg (NaL2), propionic acid at 5 g/kg fresh WBG (PRP, 99%), a combination inoculant (INO; Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri each at 4.9 log cfu/fresh WBG g), and untreated WBG (CON). Fresh WBG was treated and then ensiled for 60 d, after which mini silos were opened and aerobically exposed (AES) for 10 d. Data were analyzed as a RCBD (5 blocks) with a 5 TRT × 3 stages (STG; Fresh, Ensiled, and AES) factorial arrangement. Results showed that Ensiled PRP-treated WBG markedly preserved more water-soluble carbohydrates and starch than all other Ensiled TRT (P<0.001). Dry matter losses of Ensiled PRP-treated WBG were 48% lower than all other Ensiled TRT (P=0.009) but were not different than CON in AES (P=0.350). Due to its greater concentration of digestible nutrients, PRP-treated AES was less aerobically stable than CON (P=0.03). Preservation was not improved by INO, NaL1 or NaL2 but the latter prevented the increase of neutral detergent fiber across STG (P=0.392). Apparent in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) decreased only in Ensiled CON, INO and NaL1 relative to Fresh WBG and AES NaL2 had greater IVDMD than all other AES TRT (P≤0.032). In vitro ruminal fermentation of Fresh WBG resulted in a greater methane concentration and yield than the other STG (P<0.033). In conclusion, PRP was the most effective at preserving WBG during ensiling but failed to improve aerobic stability under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Killerby
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Saulo T R Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Rachel Hollandsworth
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Bianca C Guimaraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Angela Leon-Tinoco
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Lewis B Perkins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Darren Henry
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Thomas J Schwartz
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Juan J Romero
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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12
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Sırakaya S, Büyükkılıç Beyzi S. Treatment of alfalfa silage with chitosan at different levels
to determine chemical, nutritional, fermentation,
and microbial parameters. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/147014/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Harahap RP, Suharti S, Ridla M, Laconi EB, Nahrowi N, Irawan A, Kondo M, Obitsu T, Jayanegara A. Meta-analysis of dietary chitosan effects on performance, nutrient utilization, and product characteristics of ruminants. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13676. [PMID: 35028997 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CHI) has been used as a feed additive in ruminant diets, but the effects obtained to date have been varied. This study aimed to evaluate the dietary addition of CHI on performance, nutrient utilization, and product characteristics of ruminants by using a meta-analysis approach. A total of 15 articles that composed of 21 studies and 57 data points were included in the database. Number of articles reported the effects of dietary CHI addition were six on beef cattle, seven on dairy cows, and two papers on sheep. Data analysis was based on the mixed model methodology, in which CHI addition levels were considered as fixed effects whereas different studies were treated as random effects. Results revealed that, across various studies, CHI decreased ruminal acetate proportion (p < 0.05) and increased propionate proportion (p < 0.01). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were elevated due to CHI addition (p < 0.05). CHI decreased blood cholesterol level (p < 0.05) and increased monounsaturated fatty acid proportion in the milk (p < 0.05). However, CHI addition had no effect on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk efficiency of ruminants. In conclusion, CHI is able to modify rumen fermentation towards a favorable direction, but it limitedly affects performance of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhmad P Harahap
- Study Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia.,Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group (AFENUE), Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Suharti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ridla
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Erika B Laconi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nahrowi Nahrowi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agung Irawan
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group (AFENUE), Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Vocational Program in Animal Husbandry, Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Makoto Kondo
- Department of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Taketo Obitsu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling Research Group (AFENUE), Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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14
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Mejia-Turcios SE, Osorio-Doblado AM, Ciriaco FM, Urso PM, Araujo RC, Woerner DR, Johnson BJ, Dubeux JCB, Sarturi JO, DiLorenzo N, Henry DD. Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on feedlot beef cattle production. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6373985. [PMID: 34551095 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, growth, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, liver mineral concentration, and carcass quality of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, four ruminally cannulated steers (520 ± 30 kg body weight [BW]) were used as donors to perform a batch culture and an in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) procedure. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being BSS (0 or 0.33% of substrate dry matter [DM]) and CAN (0 or 2.22% of substrate DM). In Exp. 2, 200 Angus-crossbred steers (385 ± 27 kg BW) were blocked by BW and allocated to 50 pens (4 steers/pen) in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included BSS (0 or 0.33% of the diet DM) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) source (urea or encapsulated CAN [eCAN] included at 0.68% or 2.0% of the diet, respectively) with 0.28% ruminally available S (RAS). A low S diet was included as a positive control containing urea (0.68% of DM) and 0.14% RAS. For Exp. 1, data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, CAN, BSS × CAN, and the random effect of donor. For Exp. 2, the MIXED procedure of SAS was used for continuous variables and the GLIMMIX procedure for categorical data. For Exp. 1, no differences (P > 0.230) were observed for IVOMD. There was a tendency (P = 0.055) for an interaction regarding H2S production. Acetate:propionate increased (P = 0.003) with the addition of CAN. In Exp. 2, there was a NPN source effect (P = 0.032) where steers consuming urea had greater carcass-adjusted final shrunk BW than those consuming eCAN. Intake of DM (P < 0.001) and carcass-adjusted average daily gain (P = 0.024) were reduced by eCAN; however, it did not affect (P = 0.650) carcass-adjusted feed efficiency. Steers consuming urea had greater (P = 0.032) hot carcass weight, and a BSS × NPN interaction (P = 0.019) was observed on calculated yield grade. Apparent absorption of S decreased (P < 0.001) with the addition of BSS. Final liver Cu concentration was reduced (P = 0.042) by 58% in cattle fed BSS, indicating that BSS may decrease Cu absorption and storage in the liver. The results observed in this experiment indicate that BSS does not have negative effects on feedlot steer performance, whereas CAN may hinder performance of steers fed finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea M Osorio-Doblado
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA
| | - Francine M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA
| | - Phil M Urso
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Rafael C Araujo
- GRASP Ind. & Com. LTDA, Curitiba, Paraná, 81260-000, Brazil.,EW Nutrition GmbH, Visbek 49429, Germany
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2141, USA
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2141, USA
| | - Jose C B Dubeux
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446-7906, USA
| | - Jhones O Sarturi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-2141, USA
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446-7906, USA
| | - Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA 31793-5766, USA
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15
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Dietary supplementation of chitosan affects milk performance, markers of inflammatory response and antioxidant status in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Jiménez-Ocampo R, Montoya-Flores MD, Herrera-Torres E, Pámanes-Carrasco G, Arceo-Castillo JI, Valencia-Salazar SS, Arango J, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Ramírez-Avilés L, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Piñeiro-Vázquez ÁT, Ku-Vera JC. Effect of Chitosan and Naringin on Enteric Methane Emissions in Crossbred Heifers Fed Tropical Grass. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061599. [PMID: 34071608 PMCID: PMC8226738 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increase in human population and the concomitant rise in demand for animal protein have contributed to augment enteric methane emissions. It is imperative to reduce methane, increase sustainable production, avoid the use of chemical compounds, and guarantee quality products for the consumer. Chitosan and naringin possess antimicrobial properties, and they have shown their capacity to reduce methane in in vitro trials. This study investigated their effects as feed additives given to improve ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization and decrease methane in crossbred heifers fed tropical grass. In in vitro experiments, chitosan and naringin at three levels (0, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg) showed significant methane reductions when 1.5 g/kg of chitosan was included. The in situ study did not reveal changes in rumen degradability with the inclusion of the additives. However, in in vivo assays, chitosan and naringin at 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg dry matter intake or the combination of both compounds (1.5 and 1.5 g/kg) given directly into the rumen did not induce changes in rumen fermentation, methane production, or nutrient utilization. However, given the promising evidence from other studies, more research needs to be conducted to clarify the potential effects of chitosan and naringin in animal production. Abstract In order to meet consumer needs, the livestock industry is increasingly seeking natural feed additives with the ability to improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization, alternatives to antibiotics, and mitigate methane emissions in ruminants. Chitosan (CHI) is a polysaccharide with antimicrobial capability against protozoa and Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts while naringin (NA) is a flavonoid with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. First, an in vitro gas production experiment was performed adding 0, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg of CHI and NA under a completely randomized design. The substrate containing forage and concentrate in a 70:30 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. Compounds increased the concentration of propionic acid, and a significant reduction in methane production was observed with the inclusion of CHI at 1.5 g/kg in in vitro experiments (p < 0.001). In a dry matter rumen degradability study for 96 h, there were no differences in potential and effective degradability. In the in vivo study, six crossbred heifers fitted with rumen cannulas were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design according to the following treatments: control (CTL), no additive; chitosan (CHI1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (CHI2, 3.0 g/kg DMI); naringin (NA1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (NA2, 3.0 g/kg DMI) and a mixture of CHI and NA (1.5 + 1.5 g/kg DMI) given directly through the rumen cannula. Additives did not affect rumen fermentation (p > 0.05), DM intake and digestibility of (p > 0.05), and enteric methane emissions (p > 0.05). CHI at a concentration of 1.5 g/kg DM in in vitro experiments had a positive effect on fermentation pattern increasing propionate and reduced methane production. In contrast, in the in vivo studies, there was not a positive effect on rumen fermentation, nor in enteric methane production in crossbred heifers fed a basal ration of tropical grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
- National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research—INIFAP, Experimental Field Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34170, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.J.-O.); (J.C.K.-V.)
| | - María Denisse Montoya-Flores
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Crops, and Livestock Research—Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ajuchitlan C.P. 76280, Mexico;
| | - Esperanza Herrera-Torres
- National Technologic of Mexico, Technological Institute of Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34371, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Pámanes-Carrasco
- Institute of Silviculture and Wood Industry, National Council of Science and Technology–Durango State Juarez University, Durango CP 34126, Mexico;
| | - Jeyder Israel Arceo-Castillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | | | - Jacobo Arango
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira C.P. 763537, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | - Luis Ramírez-Avilés
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | - Francisco Javier Solorio-Sánchez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ku-Vera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.-O.); (J.C.K.-V.)
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17
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Thompson AJ, Smith ZK, Sarturi JO, Johnson BJ. Antimicrobial supplementation alters digestibility and ruminal fermentation in a continuous culture model. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1876704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Thompson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | - Zachary K. Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Jhones O. Sarturi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bradley J. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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18
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Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, Araujo RC, Fontes PLP, Oosthuizen N, Mejia-Turcios SE, Garcia-Ascolani ME, Rostoll-Cangiano L, Schulmeister TM, Dubeux JCB, Lamb GC, DiLorenzo N. Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5868550. [PMID: 32638002 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum) and sugarcane molasses. Ten ruminally cannulated steers (n = 8; 461 ± 148 kg of body weight [BW]; average BW ± SD) and heifers (n = 2; 337 ± 74 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments as follows: 1) 2.7 g/kg of BW of molasses (NCTRL), 2) NCTRL + 182 mg/kg of BW of urea (U), 3) U + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (UB), 4) NCTRL + 538 mg/kg of BW of eCAN (NIT), and 5) NIT + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (NITB). With the exception of NCTRL, all treatments were isonitrogenous. Beginning on day 14 of each period, ruminal fluid was collected and rectal temperature was recorded 4× per day for 3 d to determine ruminal changes every 2 h from 0 to 22 h post-feeding. Ruminal gas cap samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h on day 0 of each period followed by 0 h on days 1, 2, 3, and 14. Microbial N flow was determined using Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, YbCl3, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber for liquid, small particle, and large particle phases, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion, NPN source, BSS, and NPN source × BSS. There was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on concentrations of H2S on day 0, 1, 2, or 14; however, on day 3, concentrations of H2S were reduced (P = 0.018) when NPN was provided. No effect of treatment (P = 0.864) occurred for ruminal pH. There was an effect of NPN source on total concentrations of VFA (P = 0.011), where a 6% reduction occurred when eCAN was provided. There were effects of NPN (P = 0.001) and NPN source (P = 0.009) on the concentration of NH3-N, where cattle consuming NPN had a greater concentration than those not consuming NPN, and eCAN reduced the concentration compared with urea. Total concentrations of VFA and NH3-N were not affected (P > 0.05) by BSS. There was an effect of BSS (P = 0.009) on rectal temperature, where cattle not consuming BSS had greater temperatures than those receiving BSS. No differences for NPN, NPN source, nor BSS (P > 0.05) were observed for microbial N flow. In conclusion, eCAN does not appear to deliver equivalent ruminal fermentation parameters compared with urea, and BSS has limited effects on fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren D Henry
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Francine M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Rafael C Araujo
- GRASP Ind. & Com. LTDA, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,EW
- Nutrition GmbH, Visbek, Germany
| | - Pedro L P Fontes
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Nicola Oosthuizen
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Mariana E Garcia-Ascolani
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Lautaro Rostoll-Cangiano
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Tessa M Schulmeister
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - Jose C B Dubeux
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
| | - G Cliff Lamb
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL
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19
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Lourenco JM, Kieran TJ, Seidel DS, Glenn TC, da Silveira MF, Callaway TR, Stewart RL. Comparison of the ruminal and fecal microbiotas in beef calves supplemented or not with concentrate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231533. [PMID: 32282837 PMCID: PMC7153887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the research efforts involving the bovine gastrointestinal microbiota have focused on cattle’s forestomach, particularly the rumen, so information concerning the bovine fecal microbiota is more scarce, especially in young beef cattle. The present study was performed to evaluate the ruminal and fecal microbiotas of beef calves as they reached the end of their nursing phase. A total of 18 Angus cow/calf pairs were selected and assigned to one of two treatment groups for the last 92 days of the calves’ nursing period, as follows: 1) calves were supplemented with concentrate in a creep feeding system; or 2) control group with no supplementation of calves. After 92 days, ruminal and fecal samples were individually obtained from calves in both groups, and their microbiotas were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Ruminal samples were predominated by Prevotella (18 to 23% of the total bacterial abundance), regardless if calves received supplementation or not; however, in the feces, Prevotella was only the seventh most abundant genus (0.6 to 2.1% of total bacterial abundance). Both the rumen (P = 0.01) and the feces (P = 0.05) of calves that received supplementation had greater abundance of Firmicutes. In addition, calves that were supplemented had lower abundance of Fibrobacteres (P = 0.03) in their rumens. Regardless if the calves were supplemented or not, Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity index (P ≤ 0.007) and total concentration of short chain fatty acids (P < 0.001) were both greater in the rumen than in the feces of calves. In summary, the ruminal and fecal microbiotas of weanling beef calves were considerably distinct. Additionally, supplementation with creep feed caused some significant changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of the calves, especially in the rumen, where supplementation caused an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in abundance of Fibrobacteres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Darren S. Seidel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Travis C. Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - R. Lawton Stewart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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20
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The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110942. [PMID: 31717570 PMCID: PMC6912464 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ruminant husbandry is one the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector, particularly of methane gas, which is a byproduct of the anaerobic fermentation of structural and non-structural carbohydrates in the rumen. Increasing the efficiency of production systems and decreasing its environmental burden is a global commitment, thus methane mitigation is a strategy in which to reach these goals by rechanneling metabolic hydrogen (H2) into volatile fatty acids (VFA) to reduce the loss of energy as methane in the rumen, which ranges from 2% (grain rations) to 12% (poor-quality forage rations) of gross energy intake. A strategy to achieve that goal may be through the manipulation of rumen fermentation with natural compounds such as chitosan. In this review, we describe the effects of chitosan on feed intake and rumen fermentation, and present some results on methanogenesis. The main compounds with antimethanogenic properties are the secondary metabolites, which are generally classified into five main groups: saponins, tannins, essential oils, organosulfurized compounds, and flavonoids. Novel compounds of interest include chitosan obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, with beneficial properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and chelation of metal ions. This compound has shown its potential to modify the rumen microbiome, improve nitrogen (N) metabolism, and mitigate enteric methane (CH4) under some circumstances. Further evaluations in vivo are necessary at different doses in ruminant species as well as the economic evaluation of its incorporation in practical rations. Abstract Livestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH4 with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N2O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO2) arising from enteric fermentation or from manure management, respectively. In fact, CH4 is the second most important GHG emitted globally. This current scenario has increased the concerns about global warming and encouraged the development of intensive research on different natural compounds to be used as feed additives in ruminant rations and modify the rumen ecosystem, fermentation pattern, and mitigate enteric CH4. The compounds most studied are the secondary metabolites of plants, which include a vast array of chemical substances like polyphenols and saponins that are present in plant tissues of different species, but the results are not consistent, and the extraction cost has constrained their utilization in practical animal feeding. Other new compounds of interest include polysaccharide biopolymers such as chitosan, mainly obtained as a marine co-product. As with other compounds, the effect of chitosan on the rumen microbial population depends on the source, purity, dose, process of extraction, and storage. In addition, it is important to identify compounds without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. The present review is aimed at providing information about chitosan for dietary manipulation to be considered for future studies to mitigate enteric methane and reduce the environmental impact of GHGs arising from livestock production systems. Chitosan is a promising agent with methane mitigating effects, but further research is required with in vivo models to establish effective daily doses without any detrimental effect to the animal and consider its addition in practical rations as well as the economic cost of methane mitigation.
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Duffy C, O'Riordan D, O'Sullivan M, Jacquier JC. In vitro evaluation of chitosan copper chelate gels as a multimicronutrient feed additive for cattle. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4177-4183. [PMID: 29418003 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective micronutrient supplementation strategies are critical to ensure optimal health and productivity in livestock. The objective of this study was to develop a copper and vitamin (multimicronutrient) delivery system based on chitosan gel beads, and test its suitability, in vitro, for use as a cattle feed additive. RESULTS Chitosan was chelated with copper sulfate to produce millimetre-scale gel matrices (∼2 mm). The copper content was significantly increased (from 61 to 95 mg g by adjusting pH to alkaline conditions post bead formation. The beads could subsequently be loaded with the model vitamin riboflavin to levels as high as 324 µg g-1 beads. Restricted rehydration of the dried gel matrices in simulated rumen fluid led to a sustained release of riboflavin with no copper released in these neutral conditions for up to 24 h, demonstrating copper rumen bypass. Moreover, sustained release of the mineral was observed in abomasal conditions of pH 2 over a 3 h period. CONCLUSIONS The matrices showed rumen bypass for copper yet supplied nutritionally relevant levels of the free mineral in abomasal conditions, as required for effective supplementation in cattle. The controlled-release properties demonstrated by the matrices indicate their potential as a multimicronutrient functional feed additive to enhance cattle nutrition and productivity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Duffy
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dolores O'Riordan
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Jacquier
- Food for Health Ireland, UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Dias A, Goes R, Gandra J, Takiya C, Branco A, Jacaúna A, Oliveira R, Souza C, Vaz M. Increasing doses of chitosan to grazing beef steers: Nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen utilization. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Montenegro J, Barrantes E, DiLorenzo N. Methane emissions by beef cattle consuming hay of varying quality in the dry forest ecosystem of Costa Rica. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rajasekaran P, Santra S. Hydrothermally Treated Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Copper and Zinc Particles as a Potential Micronutrient-Based Antimicrobial Feed Additive. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:62. [PMID: 26664989 PMCID: PMC4672281 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale use of antibiotics in food animal farms as growth promoters is considered as one of the driving factors behind increasing incidence of microbial resistance. Several alternatives are under investigation to reduce the amount of total antibiotics used in order to avoid any potential transmission of drug resistant microbes to humans through food chain. Copper sulfate and zinc oxide salts are used as feed supplement as they exhibit antimicrobial properties in addition to being micronutrients. However, higher dosage of copper and zinc (often needed for growth promoting effect) to animals is not advisable because of potential environmental toxicity arising from excreta. Innovative strategies are needed to utilize the complete potential of trace minerals as growth promoting feed supplements. To this end, we describe here the development and preliminary characterization of hydrothermally treated chitosan as a delivery vehicle for copper and zinc nanoparticles that could act as a micronutrient-based antimicrobial feed supplement. Material characterization studies showed that hydrothermal treatment makes a chitosan hydrogel that rearranged to capture the copper and zinc metal particles. Systemic antimicrobial assays showed that this chitosan biopolymer matrix embedded with copper (57.6 μg/ml) and zinc (800 μg/ml) reduced the load of model gut bacteria (target organisms of growth promoting antibiotics), such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus fermentum under in vitro conditions. Particularly, the chitosan/copper/zinc hydrogel exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial effect against L. fermentum, one of the primary targets of antibiotic growth promoters. Additionally, the chitosan matrix ameliorated the cytotoxicity levels of metal supplements when screened against a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and in TE-71, a murine thymic epithelial cell line. In this proof-of-concept study, we show that by using chitosan as a delivery platform, micronutrient-based metal feed additives could be used to minimize the undesirable levels of microbial population without causing significant cytotoxic effect under in vitro conditions. These findings provide the platform for further studies in target animal models to quantify the required physiological concentrations of copper and zinc when delivered via a chitosan hydrogel platform to elicit a growth promoting effect without causing any toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL , USA ; Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL , USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL , USA ; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida , Orlando, FL , USA
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