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Niwa MVG, Ítavo LCV, Ítavo CCBF, Dias AM, Dos Santos Difante G, Longhini VZ, da Costa Gomes R, Vedovatto M, Gurgel ALC, de Moraes GJ, de Aquino Monteiro GO. Effect of physically effective neutral detergent fiber on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal and blood parameters, and ingestive behavior of confined beef cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:224. [PMID: 37222852 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of physically effective neutral detergent fiber from forage (NDFfor) on confined cattle's metabolism and ingestive behavior. Four crossbred steers (514.0 ± 4.54 kg BW) rumen-cannulated were used. The animals were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin square design, and the treatments were diets with 9.5%, 5.5%, 2.5%, and 0.0% NDF from whole plant corn silage. The trial was divided into 4 periods of 21 days. The dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), physically effective NDF 8mm (peNDF8mm) and NDF1.18mm intakes, and the digestibility of OM and NDF showed a quadratic behavior. The rumen pH values showed a decreasing linear, and the time at pH below 5.8 increased linearly in the diets with lower NDFfor. The production of volatile fatty acids and the proportions of propionate and butyrate showed an increasing quadratic behavior. On the other hand, the proportion of acetate fitted a decreasing quadratic equation. With the lower participation of forage in the diets, the time spent on rumination activity decreased in a quadratic way, and the time spent in idleness increased in a quadratic way. The corn silage can be reduced to 135 g/kg DM in the diet to obtain a minimum of 5.5% of NDF from roughage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Garcia Niwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Alexandre Menezes Dias
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Gelson Dos Santos Difante
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Zirondi Longhini
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo da Costa Gomes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, MS, 79106-550, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriella Jorgetti de Moraes
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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Performance, Feeding Behavior and Immune Response in Nellore and Angus × Nellore Steers Fed Whole Shelled Corn Diets with or without Fiber. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192692. [PMID: 36230432 PMCID: PMC9558971 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Grain diets provide a higher energy supply during the finishing phase, however, they can reduce rumen pH, leading to physiological stress in animals, affecting immune and metabolic systems and animal performance. To avoid this, an alternative is using fiber sources in low quantities. This study indicated that using fiber sources increases DMI and performance in whole shelled corn diets, and greater DMI increases haptoglobin blood concentration in low fiber diets. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate performance, to evaluate performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, and humoral immune response in Nellore and Angus × Nellore steers fed whole shelled corn diets. Sixteen Nellore and 16 Angus × Nellore steers with 353 ± 25.3 kg were randomly assigned into 2 feeding groups, whole shelled corn without forage (WSC) or whole shelled corn and sugarcane bagasse (WSCB). The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Angus × Nellore steers had greater final BW, DMI, ADG, and subcutaneous fat thickness than Nellore. Moreover, Nellore steers had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake but spent more time ruminating and had a greater rumination rate of NDF. Regarding the diets, steers fed the WSCB had greater DMI and spent more time chewing and ruminating. Nellore × Angus steers had a greater haptoglobin concentration. The concentration of D-Lactate tended to be greater in the Nellore steers regardless of diet. In conclusion, the use of sugarcane bagasse in WSC diets increases DMI and ADG without affecting feed efficiency or the carcass traits of the steers. Although Angus × Nellore steers have increased haptoglobin concentration, this effect was not enough to reduce the performance of these animals.
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Dias BGC, Santos FAP, Meschiatti M, Brixner BM, Almeida AA, Queiroz O, Cappellozza BI. Effects of feeding different probiotic types on metabolic, performance, and carcass responses of Bos indicus feedlot cattle offered a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac289. [PMID: 36055763 PMCID: PMC9584148 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of different probiotic combinations on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot Bos indicus beef bulls offered a high-concentrate diet. In experiment 1, 30 rumen-fistulated Nellore steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW = 350 ± 35.0 kg) and within blocks (n = 10), animals were randomly assigned to receive: 1) high-concentrate diet without probiotic supplementation (n = 10; CONT), 2) CONT plus 1 g per head of a probiotic mixture containing three strains of Enterococcus faecium and one strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3.5 × 109 CFU/g; n = 10; EFSC), and 3) CONT plus 2 g per head of a probiotic mixture containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU/g; n = 10; BLBS). The experimental period lasted 35 d, being 28 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. From day 34 to day 35 of the experimental period, ruminal fluid and fecal samples were collected every 3 h, starting immediately before feeding (0 h) for rumen fermentation characteristics and apparent nutrient digestibility analysis, respectively. In experiment 2, 240 Nellore bulls were ranked by initial shrunk BW (375 ± 35.1 kg), assigned to pens (n = 4 bulls per pen), and pens randomly assigned to receive the same treatments as in experiment 1 (n = 20 pens per treatment). Regardless of treatment, all bulls received the same step-up and finishing diets throughout the experimental period, which lasted 115 d. In both experiments, data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts to partition-specific treatment effects: 1) probiotic effect: CONT vs. PROB and 2) probiotic type: EFSC vs. BLBS (SAS Software Inc.). In experiment 1, no contrast effects were observed on nutrient intake, overall nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation analyses (P ≥ 0.13). Nonetheless, supplementation of probiotics, regardless of type (P = 0.59), reduced mean acetate:propionate ratio and rumen ammonia-N concentration vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.05). In experiment 2, no significant effects were observed for final BW and dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.12), but average daily gain and feed efficiency tended to improve (P ≤ 0.10) when probiotics were offered to the animals. Probiotic supplementation or type of probiotic did not affect carcass traits (P ≥ 0.22). In summary, supplementation of probiotics containing a mixture of E. faecium and S. cerevisiae or a mixture of B. licheniformis and B. subtilis reduced rumen acetate:propionate ratio and rumen ammonia-N levels and tended to improve the performance of feedlot cattle offered a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G C Dias
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio A P Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Murillo Meschiatti
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara M Brixner
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Alecsander A Almeida
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
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Lacerda NG, Oliveira LRS, Oliveira CMC, Ferreira TTA, Alves KS, de Almeida MR, de Souza TS, Santos MCA, Gomes DI, Mezzomo R. Whole or coarsely broken açai seed as a source of roughage in the diet of feedlot cattle: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:206. [PMID: 35676389 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two methods of provision of açai seed (AS) as a fiber source (coarsely broken or whole) for feedlot beef cattle on the intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Four bulls (male, non-castrated, and rumen fistulated), with an average body weight of 340 ± 31 kg, distributed in two simultaneous 2 × 2 Latin squares, were used. The treatments were two methods of processing of the açai seed, as follows: whole açai seed (WAS), and coarsely broken açai seed (CBAS). The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake were higher (P < 0.10) with the use of CBAS. The digestibility of DM and nutrients was not affected (P > 0.10) by AS processing. Acetate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations, and acetate:propionate ratio were higher with the CBAS diet, whereas the pH was higher with the WAS diet. The concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3) did not change with AS processing. Thus, coarsely broken açai seed increases the intake of DM and nutrients without altering the digestibility. Furthermore, it increases the concentrations of total fatty acids and acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Gomes Lacerda
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon - Parauapebas, PA 275, km 13, Parauapebas, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kaliandra Souza Alves
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon - Parauapebas, PA 275, km 13, Parauapebas, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | - Thamiris Silva de Souza
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon - Parauapebas, PA 275, km 13, Parauapebas, 68515-000, Brazil
| | | | - Daiany Iris Gomes
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon - Parauapebas, PA 275, km 13, Parauapebas, 68515-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mezzomo
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon - Parauapebas, PA 275, km 13, Parauapebas, 68515-000, Brazil.
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Pan L, Harper K, Queiroz O, Copani G, Cappellozza BI. Effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on in vitro nutrient digestibility of forage and high-starch concentrate substrates. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac067. [PMID: 35702175 PMCID: PMC9186312 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on in vitro dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; experiment 1) and starch (experiment 2) digestibility of a variety of ruminant feedstuffs. In experiment 1, 10 forage sources were evaluated: ryegrass, alfalfa hay, leucaena, corn silage, spinifex, buffel grass, flinders grass, Mitchell grass, Rhodes grass hay, and Queensland bluegrass. Experimental treatments were control (forages with no probiotic inoculation; CON) and forage sources inoculated with a mixture containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU per g; DFM). In vitro DM and NDF digestibility were evaluated at 24- and 48-h post-treatment inoculation. Treatment × hour interactions were noted for IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility) and IVNDFD (in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility) (P ≤ 0.05). More specifically, DFM inoculation increased (P ≤ 0.03) IVDMD at 24 h in four forages and increased 48-h IVDMD (P ≤ 0.02) in alfalfa hay, ryegrass, leucaena, and Mitchell grass hay, but opposite results were observed for Queensland bluegrass (P < 0.01). A 24- and 48-h IVNDFD increased following DFM inoculation (P ≤ 0.02) in five forage sources, but reduced for Queensland bluegrass (P < 0.01). When the forages were classified according to their quality, main treatment effects were detected for IVDMD (P ≤ 0.02) and IVNDFD (P < 0.01). In experiment 2, five common cereal grains were evaluated—high-density barley (82 g/100 mL), low-density barley (69 g/100 mL), corn, sorghum, and wheat—under the same treatments as in experiment 1. In vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) was evaluated at 6- and 12-h following treatment inoculation. Treatment × hour interactions were observed for starch digestibility in three out of five concentrate sources (P ≤ 0.001). Inoculation of DFM yielded greater 24-h starch digestibility for high-, low-density barley, and wheat (P ≤ 0.02), but also greater at 48 h in wheat (P < 0.0001). Moreover, mean starch digestibility improved for corn and sorghum inoculated with DFM (P < 0.01). Using a Bacillus-based DFM (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) improved the mean in vitro DM and NDF digestibility of different forage sources of varying qualities (based on crude protein content). Similarly, IVSD was also greater following DFM inoculation, highlighting the potential of this probiotic to improve nutrient digestibility and utilization in the beef and dairy cattle herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Pan
- University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Australia
| | - Karen Harper
- University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Australia
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Effects of wet distillers bran plus solubles and corn oil in diets containing flint corn grain and citrus pulp for finishing Nellore bulls. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang H, Guo X. Effects of total mixed ration with various silage on growth performance, serum parameters, ruminal fermentation, and bacteria community profile in beef cattle. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5959-5970. [PMID: 34760229 PMCID: PMC8565238 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibilities of using high-quality forages in incorporation with total mixed ration (TMR) during the fattening period of beef cattle have been investigated. A total of 30 Simmental bulls (438.94 ± 11.45 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups, TMR with single corn silage (SS) and TMR with various silage (MS). The whole experiment consisted of 15 days preparation period and 69 days experimental period. Rumen fluid and blood samples were taken from six beef cattle per treatment at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the average daily gain of the MS group (1.56 kg/day) was higher than (p < .05) the SS group (1.30 kg/day), and a decrease of feed conversion ratio in the MS (10.83) group was observed compared with SS group (12.36) (p < .05). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids for MS group was greater than (p < .05) the SS group. The activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase from MS group were also higher than the SS group, but lower urea nitrogen was found in the MS group from serum (p < .05). In addition, the abundances of the Prevotella-1 and Verrucomicrobia were higher in the MS group than the SS group (p < .05). An increase in the flavonoid biosynthesis was detected in the MS group compared with the SS group by Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. The present findings suggest that it is economical and healthy to substitute high-quality forage +low level of concentrate for a relatively low proportion forage +high level of concentrate in a finishing diet of beef cattle, which was a feasible and healthy strategy in the intensive feeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsKey Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry InnovationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Hucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsKey Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry InnovationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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Mobiglia AM, Camilo FR, Couto VRM, Castro FGF, Drouillard JS, Gouvêa VN, Fernandes JJR. Effects of grain adaptation programs and antimicrobial feed additives on performance and nutrient digestibility of Bos indicus cattle fed whole shelled corn. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab119. [PMID: 34671721 PMCID: PMC8521737 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feed additives [monensin (MON); 30 mg/kg of dry matter (DM), and virginiamycin (VM); 25 mg/kg DM] and grain adaptation programs [adding roughage (ROU; sugarcane bagasse) or not (NO-ROU) during the 20-d adaptation period] on performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of Bos indicus cattle fed finishing diets containing 85% whole shelled corn and 15% of a pelleted protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. In Exp.1, 105 Nellore bulls [initial body weight (BW) = 368 ± 25 kg] were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of two feed additives (MON and VM) associated with two adaptation programs (ROU or NO-ROU during the 20-d adaptation period). Effects of feed additives × adaptation programs were not detected (P ≥ 0.13). Feed additives did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (G:F) during the 20-d adaptation period (P ≥ 0.35). During the total feeding period (105 d), feeding MON decreased DMI (P ≤ 0.03) compared to VM. Adding sugarcane bagasse to finishing diets during the 20-d adaptation period (ROU) increased ADG (P = 0.05) and G:F (P = 0.03), and tended to increase BW (P = 0.09) compared to NO-ROU. In Exp. 2, 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 268 ± 38 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of the two feed additives used in the Exp. 1 (MON and VM; 5 steers/treatment) on DMI, total apparent digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation characteristics. No differences in DMI, total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation characteristics were observed between MON and VM (P ≥ 0.32). An effect of sampling day (P < 0.001) was observed for ruminal pH, which was greater on day 0 compared to day 7, 14, and 21 of the experimental period (P ≤ 0.05). In summary, supplementing monensin and virginiamycin for finishing Nellore bulls fed whole shelled corn diets, resulted in similar growth performance and carcass characteristics. Including sugarcane bagasse to adapt finishing bulls to no-roughage diets containing whole shelled corn is an alternative to increase growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Mobiglia
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Camilo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Victor R M Couto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - James S Drouillard
- Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Vinícius N Gouvêa
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Clayton Livestock Research Center, Clayton, NM 88415, USA
| | - Juliano J R Fernandes
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil
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Effects of corn stalk inclusion and tylosin on performance, rumination, ruminal papillae morphology, and gut pathogens associated with liver abscesses from finishing beef steers. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang X, Wang H, Guo X. Comparative analysis of rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial profiles during adaption to different fattening stages in beef cattle fed TMR with various forage silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alhadas H, Valadares Filho S, Silva F, Silva F, Pucetti P, Pacheco M, Silva B, Tedeschi L. Effects of including physically effective fiber from sugarcane in whole corn grain diets on the ingestive, digestive, and ruminal parameters of growing beef bulls. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Li YQ, Xi YM, Wang ZD, Zeng HF, Han Z. Combined signature of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5788440. [PMID: 32141506 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed intake is a major factor in maintaining the balance between ruminal fermentation and the microbial community of dairy cows. To explore the relationship among feed intake, microbial metabolism, and ruminal fermentation, we examined the combined signatures of the microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels. Eighteen dairy cows were allocated to high feed intake (HFI), medium feed intake (MFI), and low feed intake (LFI) groups according to their average daily feed intake. 16S rDNA sequencing results revealed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HFI group was significantly higher than that in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was significantly lower in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_unclassified, Veillonellaceae_unclassified, and Saccharofermentants was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the LFI and MFI groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae_unclassified and Butyrivibrio was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed five key pathways, including the linoleic acid metabolism pathway, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, which are closely related to energy and amino acid metabolism. Linoleic acid, glutamate, alpha-linolenic acid, l-methionine, and l-valine levels were significantly lower in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (q < 0.05), while the relative content of glutamate was significantly lower in the MFI group than in the LFI group (q < 0.05). Stearic acid content was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the LFI group (q < 0.05). Our findings provide insight into the rumen microbiome of dairy cows with different feed intake and the metabolic pathways closely associated with feed intake in early-lactating cows. The candidates involved in these metabolic pathways may be useful for identifying variations in feed intake. The signatures of the rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows may help make decisions regarding feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Q Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng M Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zedong D Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanfang F Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyu Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Goulart RS, Vieira RAM, Daniel JLP, Amaral RC, Santos VP, Toledo Filho SG, Cabezas-Garcia EH, Tedeschi LO, Nussio LG. Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa107. [PMID: 32386225 PMCID: PMC7344115 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Goulart
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A M Vieira
- Laboratório de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Amaral
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio G Toledo Filho
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward H Cabezas-Garcia
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Luiz G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Effects of soybean oil or various levels of whole cottonseed on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing bulls. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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de Melo AHF, Marques RS, Gouvêa VN, de Souza J, Batalha CDA, Basto DC, Millen DD, Drouillard JS, Santos FAP. Effects of dietary roughage neutral detergent fiber levels and flint corn processing method on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3562-3577. [PMID: 31181141 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flint corn processing method [coarse ground corn (CGC; 3.2 mm average particle size) or steam-flaked corn (SFC; 0.360 kg/L flake density)] was evaluated in conjunction with 4 levels of NDF from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as roughage source (RNDF; 4%, 7%, 10%, and 13%; DM basis) to determine impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, starch utilization, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus beef cattle. Two hundred and forty Nellore bulls were blocked by initial BW (350 ± 37 kg), assigned to 32 feedlot pens and pens within weight block were randomly assigned, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (2 corn processing and 4 levels of RNDF) to treatments. Effects of corn grain processing × RNDF level were not detected (P ≥ 0.14) for growth performance, dietary net energy concentration, carcass traits, rumen morphometrics, and feeding behavior, except for time spent ruminating and time spent resting (P ≤ 0.04), and a tendency for papillae width (P ≤ 0.09). Bulls fed SFC-based diets consumed 7% less (P = 0.001), had 10.6% greater carcass-adjusted ADG (P < 0.001) and 19% greater carcass-adjusted feed efficiency (P < 0.001) compared with bulls fed CGC-based diets. Observed net energy for maintenance and gain values were 14.9% and 19.4% greater (P < 0.001), respectively, for SFC than for CGC-based diets. Fecal starch concentration was less (P < 0.001) for bulls fed SFC compared with those fed CGC. No grain processing effects were detected (P = 0.51) for rumenitis score; however, cattle fed SFC presented smaller ruminal absorptive surface area (P = 0.03). Dry matter intake increased linearly (P = 0.02) and carcass-adjusted feed efficiency tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly as RNDF increased. Dietary RNDF concentration did not affect carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.19), except for dressing percentage, which tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as RNDF in finishing diets increased. Increasing RNDF in finishing diets had no effect (P = 0.26) on time spent eating, but time spent ruminating and resting increased linearly (min/d; P < 0.001) with increased dietary RNDF. Steam flaking markedly increased flint corn energy value, net energy of diets, and animal growth performance, and led to improvements on feed efficiency when compared with grinding, regardless of RNDF content of diets. Increasing dietary RNDF compromised feedlot cattle feed efficiency and carcass dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
| | - Vinícius N Gouvêa
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas de Souza
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila D A Batalha
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora C Basto
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo D Millen
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - James S Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Flávio A P Santos
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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16
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Meschiatti MAP, Gouvêa VN, Pellarin LA, Batalha CDA, Biehl MV, Acedo TS, Dórea JRR, Tamassia LFM, Owens FN, Santos FAP. Feeding the combination of essential oils and exogenous α-amylase increases performance and carcass production of finishing beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:456-471. [PMID: 30351389 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance responses of finishing feedlot cattle to dietary addition of essential oils and exogenous enzymes. The treatments in each experiment consisted of (DM basis): MON-sodium monensin (26 mg/kg); BEO-a blend of essential oils (90 mg/kg); BEO+MON-a blend of essential oils plus monensin (90 mg/kg + 26 mg/kg, respectively); BEO+AM-a blend of essential oils plus exogenous α-amylase (90 mg/kg + 560 mg/kg, respectively); and BEO+AM+PRO-a blend of essential oils plus exogenous α-amylase and exogenous protease (90 mg/kg + 560 mg/kg + 840 mg/kg, respectively). Exp. 1 consisted of a 93-d finishing period using 300 Nellore bulls in a randomized complete block design. Animals fed BEO had higher DMI (P < 0.001) but similar feed efficiency to animals fed MON (P ≥ 0.98). Compared with MON, the combination of BEO+AM resulted in 810 g greater DMI (P = 0.001), 190 g greater average daily gain (P = 0.04), 18 kg heavier final body weight (P = 0.04), and 12 kg heavier hot carcass weight (P = 0.02), although feed efficiency was not significantly different between BEO+AM and MON (P = 0.89). Combining BEO+MON tended to decrease hot carcass weight compared with BEO alone (P = 0.08) but not compared with MON (P = 0.98). Treatments did not impact observed dietary net energy values (P ≥ 0.74) or the observed:expected net energy ratio (P ≥ 0.11). In Exp. 2, five ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were used to evaluate intake, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal parameters in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Feeding BEO increased the total tract digestibility of CP compared to MON (P = 0.03). Compared to MON, feeding the combination of BEO+MON increased the intake of CP (P = 0.04) and NDF (P = 0.05), with no effects on total tract digestibility of nutrients (P ≥ 0.56), except for a tendency (P = 0.09) to increase CP digestibility. Intakes of all nutrients measured, except for ether extract (P = 0.16) were greater in animals fed BEO+AM when compared with MON (P ≤ 0.03), with no differences on total tract nutrient digestibilities (P ≥ 0.11) between these two treatments. In summary, diets containing the BEO used herein enhanced DMI of growing-finishing feedlot cattle compared with a basal diet containing MON without impair feed efficiency. A synergism between BEO and AM was detected, further increasing cattle performance and carcass production compared to MON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo A P Meschiatti
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas A Pellarin
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila D A Batalha
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Biehl
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Flavio A P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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17
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de Almeida Contadini M, Ferreira FA, Corte RRS, Antonelo DS, Gómez JFM, da Luz E Silva S. Roughage levels impact on performance and carcass traits of finishing Nellore cattle fed whole corn grain diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1709-1713. [PMID: 28849431 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chopped hay levels in high-concentrate diets with whole corn grain (WCG) on performance and carcass traits of finishing Nellore cattle. One hundred and eight 24-month-old Nellore intact males (453 ± 75 kg) were fed one of three WCG-based diets that differed in roughage level: without roughage (WCG), with 5% chopped hay included (WCG5), or with 12% chopped hay included (WCG12) in a block design (based on initial body weight) for 86 days. Animals fed WCG5 or WCG12 had significantly improved on final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage when compared to those fed WCG. The Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.1108), backfat thickness (BFT; P = 0.6089), and rump fat thickness (P = 0.1798) were not affected by roughage levels. Therefore, using WCG diets without roughage negatively affects the performance of feedlot Nellore cattle but does not affect carcass traits and does lead to the minimum BFT required by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Almeida Contadini
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.,Agroceres Multimix Animal Nutrition Ltda, 1411 01 JN Street, Rio Claro, SP, 13502-741, Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Ruegger Silva Corte
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Antonelo
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Juan Fernando Morales Gómez
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Saulo da Luz E Silva
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, 225 Duque de Caxias Avenue, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Lemos BJM, Castro FGF, Santos LS, Mendonça BPC, Couto VRM, Fernandes JJR. Monensin, virginiamycin, and flavomycin in a no-roughage finishing diet fed to zebu cattle. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4307-4314. [PMID: 27898865 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of monensin, virginiamycin, and flavomycin on growth performance, carcass characteristics, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation of zebu cattle fed a no-roughage finishing diet (whole shelled corn [WSC] based). In Exp. 1, 100 crossbred bulls (; 392 kg [SD 46.8] average initial BW) were blocked by initial BW in a 101-d feedlot trial. Five treatments were evaluated using 4 pens per treatment (5 bulls/pen): monensin at 30 mg/kg DM, virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM, monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM, flavomycin at 4.4 mg/kg DM, and monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus flavomycin at 2.2 mg/kg DM. There were no differences in growth performance (final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F; ≥ 0.527) and carcass characteristics (HCW, dressing percent, and 12th-rib fat; ≥ 0.235) among treatments. In Exp. 2, 7 ruminally fistulated steers were used in a 7 × 7 Latin square design to evaluate the 5 treatments of Exp. 1 and 2 additional treatments: monensin at 30 mg/kg DM plus virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM and monensin at 20 mg/kg DM plus flavomycin at 4.4 mg/kg DM. Experimental periods were 14 d in length (9 d of adaptation and 5 d of measurements). Apparent total tract DM, OM, CP, and NDF digestibilities were similar among treatments ( ≥ 0.224). There was no treatment effect ( ≥ 0.253) in rumen fermentation responses (ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, VFA, and number of protozoa). In conclusion, no evidence of benefits to cattle fed a no-roughage WSC-based diet was found to support the use of monensin combined with virginiamycin or flavomycin in the doses tested herein.
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