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Whitney TR. Ground Juniperus pinchotii and urea in supplements fed to Rambouillet ewe lambs: I. Feedlot growth traits, blood serum parameters, and fecal characteristics. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3676-3686. [PMID: 28805920 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground woody products and urea are low-cost roughage and N sources. Rambouillet ewe lambs ( = 48, 6 lambs/treatment; initial BW = 42 kg ± 3.8) were used to evaluate effects of using ground (juniper) and urea in supplements on feedlot lamb growth traits, blood serum parameters, and fecal characteristics. In a randomized complete block design (40 d), lambs were individually fed an ad libitum basal sorghum-Sudangrass hay diet, which was fed separate from 1 of 8 supplemental diets (6 lambs/diet; 533 g of supplement/d, as-fed basis). Treatment structure was a 4 × 2 factorial: 4 concentrations of ground juniper (JN: 15%, 30%, 45%, or 60% of DM) and 2 concentrations of urea (UR: 1 or 3% of DM). Lamb growth traits were evaluated on d 0, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, and 40; blood serum was evaluated on d 6 to 8, 20 to 22, and 34 (at h 3 and 6), and feces was evaluated on d 35. Compared to lambs fed all of the other treatments, lambs fed JN60UR1 or JN60UR3 had reduced supplement DMI (negative quadratic, = 0.007). Hay and total DMI were variable across day (JN × UR × day, < 0.04), but no linear or quadratic trends were detected ( > 0.10). A JN × day interaction was detected ( < 0.001) for lamb BW and the JN × day negative quadratic trend ( = 0.02) for BW was influenced by reduced ADG (linear decrease, < 0.001) of lambs fed JN60. Lambs supplemented with UR3 vs. UR1 tended ( = 0.06) to have reduced BW but had similar ( > 0.17) ADG and G:F. Lamb G:F fluctuated across day (JN × day, = 0.007), but the JN × day quadratic trend ( < 0.001) was mainly due to reduced G:F in lambs fed JN45 or JN60 diets. As the percentage of JN increased in the supplement, serum IGF-1 linearly decreased ( = 0.04), and serum urea N quadratically increased ( < 0.001). The UR × hour interaction ( < 0.001) for serum urea N resulted from a greater decline from 3 to 6 h after feeding in lambs supplemented with UR1 vs. UR3. Increasing JN concentration tended to quadratically increase ( = 0.09) fecal DM and linearly decrease ( = 0.002) fecal N, but an effect due to dietary UR was not detected ( > 0.34). Results indicated that daily supplement DMI was restricted only by using JN60. However, a 60% JN-based supplement will not make an effective rangeland supplement for growing ewe lambs, and using 3% UR should not be considered, especially since daily UR intake was not restricted enough to be considered safe.
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Linneen SK, McGee AL, Cole JR, Jennings JS, Stein DR, Horn GW, Lalman DL. Supplementation of monensin and Optimase to beef cows consuming low-quality forage during late gestation and early lactation. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3076-83. [PMID: 26115293 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of feeding monensin and/or slow release urea with a fibrolytic feed enzyme (Optimase; Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) on performance, milk production, calf growth performance, and blood metabolites in beef cows. Spring-calving cows and heifers were used in a completely randomized design in Exp. 1 (N = 84; 534 ± 68 kg initial BW) and Exp. 2 (N = 107; 508 ± 72 kg initial BW). Exp. 1 supplements were formulated to meet cow protein requirements and fed daily and included 1) cottonseed meal with no monensin (control); or 2) monensin added to control to supply 200 mg per head per d (MON). In Exp. 2, experimental supplements included 1) cottonseed meal/wheat middlings (CS) fed at a rate to provide adequate DIP and CP according to , 2) the CS plus soybean hulls and 61 g per cow per d Optimase (OPT), 3) the CS plus monensin to supply 200 mg per cow per d (MON2), and 4) OPT plus MON2 (Combo). Cows were fed in last trimester through early lactation in Exp. 1 and during 2nd trimester in Exp. 2. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS with animal as the experimental unit. In Exp. 1, treatment did not affect cow BW or BCS change (P > 0.19). Calf birth BW was not affected by dam treatment (P = 0.24); however, calves from dams consuming MON weighed more (P < 0.04) at d 45 and at trial end. Calves also had greater (P = 0.04) ADG from birth to trial end. Milk production did not significantly differ among treatments (P > 0.41). In Exp. 2, mean cow BW and BCS were similar (P > 0.35) among treatments on d 90. However, from d 0 to 54, cows assigned to the OPT supplement gained less BCS (P = 0.02) compared with cows assigned to the CS supplement. Cumulative BCS gain was greater (P < 0.01) for CS-fed cows than for cows fed the OPT and MON2 supplements, although it was not significantly different for cows fed the Combo supplement. These studies indicate that the influence of monensin on cow BW and BCS change is inconsistent. The potential for monensin supplementation to positively impact calf performance during early lactation seems to be clearer. Replacing a portion of oilseed N in the supplement with Optimase may marginally reduce cow performance. Further research is needed to determine both the effects of monensin and the implications of combining monensin with Optimase on forage intake and cow performance at various stages of production.
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Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or soybean meal to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forage: I—Effects on efficiency of nitrogen use and nutrient digestion. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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El Hag MG, Al Shargi KM. Comparative Performance of Goats and Sheep Fed on High-fiber Pelleted Diets Supplemented with Different Nitrogen Sources. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1998.9706684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. El Hag
- a Rumais Livestock Research Station Directorate General of Agricultural Research Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries , Muscat P.O. Box 439, 111 , Sultanate of Oman
| | - K. M. Al Shargi
- a Rumais Livestock Research Station Directorate General of Agricultural Research Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries , Muscat P.O. Box 439, 111 , Sultanate of Oman
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Taylor-Edwards CC, Hibbard G, Kitts SE, McLeod KR, Axe DE, Vanzant ES, Kristensen NB, Harmon DL. Effects of slow-release urea on ruminal digesta characteristics and growth performance in beef steers. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:200-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lawler-Neville TL, Shellito SM, Maddock TD, Bauer ML, Lardy GP, Gilbery TC, Caton JS. Effects of concentrated separator by-product (desugared molasses) on intake, site of digestion, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance in ruminants fed forage-based diets1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2232-42. [PMID: 16864885 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Exp. 1, 4 ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef steers (444.0 +/- 9.8 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square with a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement to evaluate the effects of forage type (alfalfa or corn stover) and concentrated separator byproduct (CSB) supplementation (0 or 10% of dietary DM) on intake, site of digestion, and microbial efficiency. In Exp. 2, 5 wethers (44 +/- 1.5 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate the effects of CSB on intake, digestion, and N balance. Treatments were 0, 10, and 20% CSB (DM basis) mixed with forage; 10% CSB offered separately from the forage; and a urea control, in which urea was added to the forage at equal N compared with the 10% CSB treatment. In Exp. 1, intakes of OM and N (g/kg of BW) were greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed alfalfa compared with corn stover. Steers fed 10% CSB had greater (P < 0.08) OM and N intakes (g/kg of BW) compared with 0% CSB-fed steers. Total duodenal, microbial, and nonmicrobial flows of OM and N were greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed alfalfa compared with corn stover. Steers fed 10% CSB had increased (P = 0.02) duodenal microbial flow (N and OM) compared with 0% CSB-fed steers. Forage x CSB interactions (P < 0.01) existed for total tract N digestibility; alfalfa with or without CSB was similar (67.4 vs. 69.5), whereas corn stover with CSB was greater than corn stover without CSB (31.9 vs. -23.9%). True ruminal OM digestion was greater (P < 0.09) in steers fed alfalfa vs. corn stover (73.0 vs. 63.1%) and in steers fed 10 vs. 0% CSB (70.3 vs. 65.8%). Microbial efficiency was unaffected (P > 0.25) by forage type or CSB supplementation. In Exp. 2, forage and total intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as CSB increased and were greater (P < 0.04) in 10% CSB mixed with forage compared with 10% CSB fed separately. Feeding 10% CSB separately resulted in similar DM and OM apparent total tract digestibility compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Increasing CSB led to an increase (linear; P < 0.02) in DM, OM, apparent N digestion, and water intake. Nitrogen balance (g and percentage of N intake) increased (linear; P < 0.08) with CSB addition. Feeding 10% CSB separately resulted in greater (P < 0.01) N balance compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Using urea resulted in similar (P = 0.30) N balance compared with 10% CSB fed mixed. Inclusion of CSB improves intake, digestion, and increases microbial N production in ruminants fed forage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Lawler-Neville
- Animal and Range Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Currier TA, Bohnert DW, Falck SJ, Bartle SJ. Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea or biuret to ruminants consuming low-quality forage: I. Effects on cow performance and the efficiency of nitrogen use in wethers. J Anim Sci 2005; 82:1508-17. [PMID: 15144094 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8251508x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of supplemental nonprotein N (NPN) provided daily (D) or every other day (2D) on ruminant performance and N efficiency. Treatments included an unsupplemented control (CON) and a urea (28.7% CP) or biuret (28.6% CP) supplement provided D or 2D at 0700. In Exp. 1, five wethers (39 +/- 1 kg BW) were used in an incomplete 5 x 4 Latin square with four 24-d periods to determine the influence of supplemental NPN source and supplementation frequency (SF) on the efficiency of N use in lambs consuming low-quality grass straw (4% CP). The amount of CP supplied by each supplement was approximately 0.10% of BW/d (averaged over a 2-d period). In Exp. 2, 80 Angus x Hereford cows (540 +/- 8 kg BW) in the last third of gestation were used to determine the effect of NPN source and SF on cow performance. The NPN treatments were formulated to provide 90% of the estimated degradable intake protein requirement. The supplemented treatments received the same amount of supplemental N over a 2-d period; therefore, the 2D treatments received double the quantity of supplemental N on their respective supplementation day than the D treatments. In Exp. 1, total DM, OM, and N intake; DM, OM, and N digestibility; N balance; and digested N retained were greater (P < 0.03) for supplemented than for CON wethers, with no difference (P > 0.05) between NPN sources or SF. Plasma urea-N (PUN) was increased with N supplementation compared with CON (P < 0.01), and urea treatments had greater PUN than biuret (P < 0.01). In addition, PUN was greater (P = 0.02) for D than for 2D treatments. In Exp. 2, pre- and postcalving (within 14 d and 24 h after calving, respectively) cow weight and body condition score change were more positive (P < 0.05) for supplemented groups than for CON. These results suggest that supplements containing urea or biuret as the primary source of supplemental N can be effectively used by lambs and cows consuming low-quality forage, even when provided every other day.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Currier
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns 97720, USA
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Farmer CG, Woods BC, Cochran RC, Heldt JS, Mathis CP, Olson KC, Titgemeyer EC, Wickersham TA. Effect of supplementation frequency and supplemental urea level on dormant tallgrass-prairie hay intake and digestion by beef steers and prepartum performance of beef cows grazing dormant tallgrass-prairie. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:884-94. [PMID: 15032447 DOI: 10.2527/2004.823884x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of supplementation frequency and supplemental urea level on forage use (Exp. 1) and performance (Exp. 2 and 3) of beef cattle consuming low-quality tallgrass-prairie were evaluated. For Exp. 1 and 2, a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure was used, such that two supplements (30% CP) containing 0 or 30% of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) from urea were fed daily or on alternate days. In Exp. 1 and 2, supplement was fed at 0.41% BW daily or at 0.83% BW (DM basis) on alternate days. For Exp. 3, a 2 x 4 factorial treatment structure was used, such that four supplements (40% CP) containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% of supplemental DIP from urea were fed daily or 3 d/wk. Supplements were group-fed at 0.32% BW daily or at 0.73% BW (DM basis) 3 d/wk. In Exp. 1, 16 Angus x Hereford steers (initial BW = 252 kg) were blocked by BW and assigned to treatment. Urea level x supplementation frequency interactions were not evident for forage intake, digestion, or rate of passage. Forage OM intake (OMI) and total digestible OMI (TDOMI) were not significantly affected by treatment. Total-tract digestion of OM (P = 0.03) and NDF (P = 0.06) were greater for steers supplemented daily. In Exp. 2, 48 Angus x Hereford cows (initial BW = 490 kg) grazing winter tallgrass prairie were used. Significant frequency x urea interactions were not evident for BW and body condition (BC) change; similarly, the main effects were not substantive for these variables. In Exp. 3, 160 Angus x Hereford cows (initial BW = 525 kg) grazing dormant, tallgrass prairie were used. Supplement refusal occurred for cows fed the highest urea levels, particularly for cows fed the supplement with 45% of the DIP from urea 3 d/wk, and supplement refusal increased closer to calving. A frequency x urea interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for prepartum BW changes. As supplemental urea level increased, prepartum BW loss increased quadratically (P = 0.02); however, a greater magnitude of loss occurred when feeding supplements containing > or = 30% of DIP from urea 3 d/ wk. Cumulative BC change followed a similar trend. In conclusion, moderate protein (< or = 30% CP) supplements with < or = 30% of supplemental DIP from urea can be fed on alternate days without a substantive performance penalty. However, infrequent feeding of higher protein (> 30% CP) supplements with significant urea levels (> 15% of DIP from urea) may result in decreased performance compared with lower urea levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Farmer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66505, USA
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Effects of type of supplemental carbohydrate and source of supplemental rumen degradable protein on low quality forage utilization by beef steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reddy G, Reddy M. Nutritive value of rice straw (Oryza sativa) ensiled with animal excreta and rumen digesta. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(89)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bowman J, Asplund J. Nitrogen utilization, ruminal fermentation and abomasal nitrogen flow in sheep fed caucasian bluestem hay supplemented with lucerne or urea. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(88)90125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Langhans W. Pathophysiologic der Inappetenz: 2. Inappetenz als Folge von erlernten Geschmacksaversionen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1986.tb00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thomas VM, Katz R, Auld D, Peterson C. Value of mechanically extracted rape and safflower oilseed meals as protein supplements for growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(84)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chalupa W, Baile CA, McLaughlin CL, Brand JG. Effect of Introduction of Urea on Feeding Behavior of Holstein Heifers. J Dairy Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chalupa W. Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 105:473-95. [PMID: 727024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3366-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation. Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN. Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes. Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN. The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e. amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria. Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients. High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials. Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity. Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.
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McAllan AB, Smith RH. Effect of dietary nitrogen source on carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen of the young steer. Br J Nutr 1976; 36:511-22. [PMID: 1009076 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19760105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Steers, fitted with simple rumen and duodenal cannulas, were given diets of approximately equal parts of flaked maize and hay (A) (containing 16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM) or diets of flaked maize and straw supplemented with decorticated groundnut meal (B), fish meal (C), or heated (D) or unheated (E) soya-bean meal (containing 24 g N/kg DM). Chromic oxide was given as a marker with the feeds, and flows of different combined sugars at the duodenum estimated from the values for sugars:marker at this site. Contributions of bacterial constituents to these flows were estimated from amounts of RNA present. 2. Rumen bacteria from steers receiving diet A contained approximately 110 g alpha-dextran-glucose/kg DM and contributed about 60 g alpha-dextran-glucose/d at the duodenum; bacteria from steers receiving diets B, C, D or E contained 25-40 g alpha-dextran-glucose/kg DM and contributed about 20-30 g alpha-dextran-glucose/d at the duodenum. There were no significant differences between different N supplements. About half the alpha-dextran-glucose, varying amounts of the mannose and galactose, and nearly all the rhamnose and ribose in duodenal digesta were contributed by the bacteria. Almost all the arabinose, xylose and cellulose-glucose was of dietary origin. 3. For steers receiving diet A, mean coefficients of digestibility between mouth and duodenum, corrected where necessary for bacterial contribution, were 0-96, 0-73, 0-58, 0-22 and 0-53 for starch-glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and cellulose-glucose respectively. Corresponding mean values when diets B, C, D and E were given, which did not differ significantly amongst themselves, were 0-98, 0-79, 0-81, 0-59 and 0-58. Most values for galactose, arabinose and xylose were significantly higher than the diet A values.
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