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Harley JJ, Rowden LJ, Clifforde LM, Power A, Stanley CR. Preliminary investigation of the effects of a concert on the behavior of zoo animals. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:308-327. [PMID: 35137965 PMCID: PMC9546360 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To increase visitor footfall and engagement, zoos may host public events that may extend outside typical opening hours. With plans to hold a 2‐day concert at Tayto Park, Ireland, this study aimed to identify the behavioral response to the music event of a selected group of species in the zoo. Twenty‐two species were observed across three phases of the event (pre‐, during, and post event). Specific behaviors of interest were categorized as active, resting, asleep, abnormal, and out of sight, with repeated observations being made at each enclosure during each phase. Alongside these behavioral data, sound pressure levels (SPLs) were concurrently recorded at the observation locations in terms of both dB(A) and dB(C). The median dB(C) levels during the event were found to be significantly higher (mdn = 64.5 dB) when compared with both pre‐event (mdn = 60.7 dB) and postevent phases (mdn = 59.4 dB), while dB(A) levels were only significantly higher during the event (51.7 dB) when compared with the pre‐event phase (mdn = 49.8 dB). We found some species‐specific behavioral changes (mainly associated with active and resting behaviors) correlated with increased SPLs and/or event itself. However, the behavioral responses varied between species and there were numerous species that did not respond with any change in behavior to the increased SPLs or the event itself. This variation in response across species reinforces the need for monitoring of behavioral changes as well as consideration of their natural behavioral ecology when implementing appropriate mitigation strategies. Further research should be encouraged to provide an evidence‐based assessment of how music events may affect animal welfare and behavior and to test the efficacy of mitigation strategies that are implemented to safeguard animal welfare. We found several species expressed behavioral changes that correlated with increased noise and/or other aspects of a public event. The nature of these responses varied across species. Many species did not show any change in behavior during the event. Habitual resting/active periods may have changed due to extended opening hours. The onset of sleep behavior in vultures occurred later during the event compared with the pre‐event phase. Porcupines emerged from their dens later during the event compared to pre‐ or postevent phases. Predetermined maximum sound pressure limits for animal enclosures were not exceeded, confirming that precautionary measures, that is, soundproofing, location, stage position, and other mitigations, provided effective control of noise propagation in the zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Harley
- Animal Behavior & Welfare Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.,Knowsley Safari, Merseyside, Prescot, UK
| | | | | | - Aisling Power
- Department of Conservation, Education & Research, Tayto Park Co., Meath, Ireland
| | - Christina R Stanley
- Animal Behavior & Welfare Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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Wottlin LR, Carstens GE, Kayser WC, Pinchak WE, Pinedo PJ, Richeson JT. Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to monitor deviations in physical behavior for preclinical detection of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Meneses XCA, Park RM, Ridge EE, Daigle CL. Hourly activity patterns and behaviour-based management of feedlot steers with and without a cattle brush. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gao X, Wang L, Liu T, Xiao J, Wang H. Effect of agro-ecological landscape on the distribution of Culicoides obsoletus in northeast China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:693-696. [PMID: 32841531 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides obsoletus is an important pest for animal husbandry. In the world, it is a major vector of bluetongue disease, which has been added to the list of Class A Animal Diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and must be reported in the event of an outbreak. Although numerous studies on Culicoides sampling in farms exist, the distribution of C. obsoletus in different landscapes remains unclear. RESULTS This study aimed to assess the effect of landscape type on the distribution of C. obsoletus. Samples were collected using light traps during spring and fall. The effect of landscape type on the distribution of C. obsoletus samples was measured by the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Results show that C. obsoletus mainly appears in forests and pastures. CONCLUSION Our results may provide references for controlling the C. obsoletus population and provide suggestions of other areas that may also face the challenge of bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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The Use of an Activity Monitoring System for the Early Detection of Health Disorders in Young Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110924. [PMID: 31694292 PMCID: PMC6912257 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In large intensive beef production systems, the identification of sick animals is difficult. We hypothesized that sick bulls would change daily activities when sick. Thus, the use of activity monitoring devices might allow for the early identification of sick bulls. The device used measured steps counts, lying time, lying bouts, and frequency and time at the feed bunk. Sick bulls started to behave differently from healthy bulls at least 10 days before the appearance of clinical signs. The prediction model identified bulls at risk of becoming sick 9 days before the visual diagnostic based on the time attending to the feed bunk, the time lying, and the frequency of lying bouts. The validation indicated that the prediction resulted in 50% false positives and 7% false negatives. Activity monitoring systems may be useful tools to identify bulls at risk of becoming sick. Abstract Bulls (n = 770, average age = 127 days, SD = 53 days of age) were fitted with an activity monitoring device for three months to study if behavior could be used for early detection of diseases. The device measured the number of steps, lying time, lying bouts, and frequency and time of attendance at the feed bunk. All healthy bulls (n = 699) throughout the trial were used to describe the normal behavior. A match-pair test was used to assign healthy bulls for the comparison vs. sick bulls. The model was developed with 70% of the data, and the remaining 30% was used for the validation. Healthy bulls did 2422 ± 128 steps/day, had 28 ± 1 lying bouts/day, spent 889 ± 12 min/day lying, and attended the feed bunk 8 ± 0.2 times/d for a total of 95 ± 8 min/day. From the total of bulls enrolled in the study, 71 (9.2%) were diagnosed sick. Their activities changed at least 10 days before the clinical signs of disease. Bulls at risk of becoming sick were predicted 9 days before clinical signs with a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 81%, respectively. The validation of the model resulted in a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92%, 42%, and 82 %, respectively, and a 50% false positive and 12.5% false negative rates. Results suggest that activity-monitoring systems may be useful in the early identification of sick bulls. However, the high false positive rate may require further refinement.
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DeVries TJ. Feeding Behavior, Feed Space, and Bunk Design and Management for Adult Dairy Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Dong RL, Chibisa GE, Beauchemin KA. Estimating optimal observational sampling frequency of behaviors for cattle fed high- and low-forage diets. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:783-796. [PMID: 29401247 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Video recordings of behavioral activities including eating, ruminating, drinking, standing, and lying were monitored to determine the minimum number of sampling days and sampling frequency required to obtain reliable estimates of these behaviors. Eight continental crossbred heifers, individually housed in a tie-stall barn with total mixed ration provided once per day, were divided by BW into two blocks and assigned to each of the two dietary treatments in a crossover design: high-forage diet (HF, forage:concentrate ratio 70:30) and low-forage diet (LF, forage:concentrate ratio 30:70). The cows were monitored continuously using a digital video recording system for 6 d in each of the two periods and a trained observer manually recorded the behavioral activities by minute. Mean time spent performing each behavior for 6 d with instantaneous samples of 1 min was compared with those obtained using fewer sampling days (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d) and less frequent scanning (2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) using linear regression analysis, and the minimum number of sampling days or frequency was determined. Diet did not affect the accuracy and precision of predicting behavior from video recordings of the cows. When sampling days and scanning intervals were combined, the minimum recommended sampling frequency for accurately estimating a specific set of behaviors of beef heifers in tie stalls was: eating, 2 d with 4-min intervals; ruminating, 3 d with 4-min intervals; drinking, 2 d with 3-min intervals; and standing and lying, 2 d with 15-min intervals. Increasing sampling frequency beyond these minimums further enhanced the accuracy and precision of predictions. The total time of each behavioral activity was different between cows fed HF and LF diets with eating, ruminating, total chewing, and standing of heifers fed the HF diet greater (P < 0.01), but the lying (P < 0.01) and drinking time (P = 0.028) of heifers fed the LF diet greater. Meal patterns were different (P < 0.05) between the treatments except when meal size (kg) was expressed as DM or OM intake. For rumination patterns, the mean or maximum bout length (min/bout) was greater, but the maximum or minimum length of time heifers took to ruminate after eating was lower for the HF diet. From a practical standpoint, it is recommended to use 3 days of observations scanned at an interval of 4 min to reliably estimate the behavior of cows. If the focus is only lying and standing time, then 2 days with 15 min intervals can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - G E Chibisa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Rigot T, Drubbel MV, Delécolle JC, Gilbert M. Farms, pastures and woodlands: the fine-scale distribution of Palearctic Culicoides spp. biting midges along an agro-ecological gradient. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:29-38. [PMID: 22897885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The spatial epidemiology of Bluetongue virus (BTV) at the landscape level relates to the fine-scale distribution and dispersal capacities of its vectors, midges belonging to the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Although many previous researches have carried out Culicoides sampling on farms, little is known of the fine-scale distribution of Culicoides in the landscape immediately surrounding farms. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of Culicoides populations at increasing distances from typical dairy farms in north-west Europe, through the use of eight Onderstepoort-type black-light traps positioned along linear transects departing from farms, going through pastures and entering woodlands. A total of 16 902 Culicoides were collected in autumn 2008 and spring 2009. The majority were females, of which more than 97% were recognized as potential vectors. In pastures, we found decreasing numbers of female Culicoides as a function of the distance to the farm. This pattern was modelled by leptokurtic models, with parameters depending on season and species. By contrast, the low number of male Culicoides caught were homogeneously distributed along the transects. When transects entered woodlands, we found a higher abundance of Culicoides than expected considering the distance of the sampling sites to the farm, although this varied according to species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rigot
- Lutte Biologique et Ecologie Spatiale (LUBIES), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Miller C, Christman MC, Estevez I. Movement in a confined space: Estimating path tortuosity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Time budget, social and ingestive behaviours expressed by native beef cows in Mediterranean conditions. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Expression analysis of circadian genes in oocytes and preimplantation embryos of cattle and rabbits. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:225-35. [PMID: 20619978 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that circadian genes clock, bmal1, cry1, cry2, per1, and per2 are expressed and function as maternal mRNA regulating events in the oocytes and preimplantation embryos of mice. Recent evidence indicates however that either or both expression profiles of circadian genes in some tissues, and transcript sequences of circadian genes, differ to generate the physiological differences between diurnal and nocturnal species. We therefore investigated the expression profiles of circadian genes in oocytes and preimplantation embryos of species other than mice, namely cattle and rabbits, representing diurnal and nocturnal species, respectively, and determined the protein sequences of circadian genes in these species. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that all circadian genes considered in this study were present in the oocytes and preimplantation embryos of both species, and the transcript amounts of clock, cry1 and per1 contained in oocytes were significantly higher than in preimplantation embryos of both species. The transcripts of clock, cry1, and per1 of cattle and rabbits were determined by primer walking, and functional domains in the estimated amino acid sequences were compared between cattle and rabbits and with those of humans and mice. The sequences of clock, cry1, and per1 in cattle and rabbits closely resembled those in mice (85-100% homologies), and no difference based on diurnality or nocturnality was observed. These findings suggest that circadian genes in the oocytes and preimplantation embryos of mammals fulfill the same functions across species as maternal mRNA.
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Tuomisto L, Huuskonen A, Ahola L, Kauppinen R. Different housing systems for growing dairy bulls in Northern Finland – effects on performance, behaviour and immune status. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700902919074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Petherick JC, Phillips CJ. Space allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stanford K, Silasi R, McAllister TA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS. Behavior of feedlot cattle affects voluntary oral and physical interactions with manila ropes1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:296-303. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tuomisto L, Ahola L, Martiskainen P, Kauppinen R, Huuskonen A. Comparison of time budgets of growing Hereford bulls in an uninsulated barn and in extensive forest paddocks. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mader TL, Davis MS, Gaughan JB. Effect of sprinkling on feedlot microclimate and cattle behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2007; 51:541-51. [PMID: 17364184 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-007-0093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate strategies designed to reduce heat stress of cattle. In the first experiment, cattle were sprinkled for 20 min every 1.5 h between 1000 hours and 1750 hours (WET) versus not sprinkled (DRY). In a second experiment, treatments consisted of: (1) control, no water application; (2) water applied to the pen surfaces between 1000 hours and 1200 hours (AM); and (3) water applied to pen surfaces between 1400 hours and 1600 hours (PM). In both experiments, sprinkling lowered (P < 0.05) mid-afternoon temperatures. In the first experiment, relative humidity (RH) of WET versus DRY pens differed (P < 0.05) and averaged 72.4 and 68.9%, respectively. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) in WET pens was 0.5 units lower (P < 0.05), than the THI in DRY pens. In the second experiment, RH in sprinkled pens was also greater (P < 0.05) than RH in control (CON) pens However, THI differed (P < 0.05) among treatments, being 81.5, 80.9, and 80.3, respectively for CON, AM, and PM. Pens with sprinklers had a larger percentage of steers in areas where sprinkling took place, even on days when sprinkling had not occurred. Based on differences in percentage of cattle panting in sprinkled and non-sprinkled treatments, sprinkling was found to have a positive effect on cattle feeding area microclimate and to reduce the susceptibility of cattle to hyperthermia. However, cattle acclimatization to being sprinkled can result in slight hyperthermia even during cooler days when sprinkling would normally not be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Mader
- Northeast Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, Concord, NE, USA.
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Ishiwata T, Uetake K, Kilgour RJ, Eguchi Y, Tanaka T. Oral Behaviors of Beef Steers in Pen and Pasture Environments. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2007; 10:185-92. [PMID: 17559324 DOI: 10.1080/10888700701313629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study observed the behavioral characteristics of 122 steers in eight pens and 1,136 steers at six pastures. Nonhuman animals kept in pens performed less nutritive oral behaviors and more nonnutritive oral behaviors than animals kept at pasture. Although these could not be described as stereotypies, they did represent a replacement of nutritive oral behaviors by nonnutritive oral behaviors, rather than simply an increase in resting time. This could be indicative of a level of oral frustration. At pasture, there was a greater proportion of oral behaviors in animals with low pasture availability as compared to high availability, but this was an increase in nutritive oral behaviors rather than nonnutritive oral behaviors. Factors other than oral frustration--for example, rumen fill--probably drove this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Ishiwata
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Analysis of the movement and use of space of animals in confinement: The effect of sampling effort. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rutter SM. Diet preference for grass and legumes in free-ranging domestic sheep and cattle: Current theory and future application. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bousquet-Mélou A, Mercadier S, Alvinerie M, Toutain PL. Endectocide exchanges between grazing cattle after pour-on administration of doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:1299-307. [PMID: 15491592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-licking behaviour in cattle has recently been identified as a determinant of the kinetic disposition of topically-administered ivermectin. In the present study, we document the occurrence and extent of transfer between cattle of three topically-administered endectocides, as a consequence of allo-licking. Four groups of two Holstein cows each received one pour-on formulation of doramectin, ivermectin, or moxidectin, or no treatment. The cows were then kept together in a paddock. Systemic exposure to each topically-administered endectocide was observed in at least five of six non-treated cattle. Plasma and faecal drug concentration profiles in non-treated animals were highly variable between animals and within an animal, and sometimes attained those observed in treated animals. Drug exchanges were quantified by measuring plasma and faecal clearances after simultaneous i.v. administration of the three drugs as a cocktail. Plasma clearances were 185+/-43, 347+/-77 and 636+/-130ml/kg/day, faecal clearances representing 75+/-26, 28+/-13, and 39+/-30% of the plasma clearance for doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin, respectively. The amount of drug ingested by non-treated cattle attained 1.3-21.3% (doramectin), 1.3-16.1% (ivermectin), 2.4-10.6% (moxidectin) of a pour-on dose (500 microg/kg). The total amount of drug ingested by all non-treated cattle represented 29% (doramectin), 19% (ivermectin), and 8.6% (moxidectin) of the total amount of each drug poured on the backs of treated animals. The cumulative amounts of endectocide ingested by each non-treated cow ranged from 1.3 to 27.4% of a pour-on dose. Oral bioavailability after drug ingestion due to allo-licking was 13.5+/-9.4, 17.5+/-3.5 and 26.1+/-11.1% for doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin, respectively. The extent of drug exchange demonstrated here raises concerns for drug efficacy and safety, emergence of drug resistance, presence of unexpectedly high residue levels in treated and/or untreated animals and high environmental burdens. Moreover, scientific and regulatory aspects of clinical and bioequivalence trials for topical drug administration in cattle should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bousquet-Mélou
- UMR 181 de Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales INRA/ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, B.P. 87614, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France.
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Erickson GE, Milton CT, Fanning KC, Cooper RJ, Swingle RS, Parrott JC, Vogel G, Klopfenstein TJ. Interaction between bunk management and monensin concentration on finishing performance, feeding behavior, and ruminal metabolism during an acidosis challenge with feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2004; 81:2869-79. [PMID: 14601891 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81112869x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two commercial feedlot experiments and a metabolism study were conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin concentrations and bunk management strategies on performance, feed intake, and ruminal metabolism. In the feedlot experiments, 1,793 and 1,615 steers were used in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, in 18 pens for each experiment (six pens/treatment). Three treatments were evaluated: 1) ad libitum bunk management with 28.6 mg/kg monensin and clean bunk management strategies with either 2) 28.6 or 3) 36.3 mg/kg monensin. In both experiments, 54 to 59% of the clean bunk pens were clean at targeted clean time, or 2200, compared with 24 to 28% of the ad libitum pens. However, only 13% of the pens were clean by 2000 in Exp. 1 (summer), whereas 44% of the pens in Exp. 2 (winter) were clean by 2000. In Exp. 1, bunk management and monensin concentration did not affect carcass-adjusted performance. In Exp. 2, steers fed ad libitum had greater DMI (P < 0.01) and carcass-adjusted ADG (P < 0.01) but feed efficiency (P > 0.13) similar to that of clean bunk-fed steers. Monensin concentration had no effect on carcass-adjusted performance (P > 0.20) in either experiment. A metabolism experiment was conducted with eight fistulated steers in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square acidosis challenge experiment. An acidosis challenge was imposed by feeding 125% of the previous day's DMI, 4 h later than normal. Treatments consisted of monensin concentrations (mg/kg) of 0, 36.7, 48.9, or 36.7 until challenged and switched to 48.9 on the challenge day and 4 d following. Each replicate of the Latin square was managed with separate bunk management strategies (clean bunk or ad libitum). Feeding any concentration of monensin increased number of meals and decreased DMI rate (%/h) (P < 0.12) for the 4 d following the acidosis challenge. Meal size, pH change, and pH variance were lower (P < 0.10) for steers fed monensin with clean bunk management. However, no monensin effect was observed for steers fed ad libitum. Bunk management strategy has the potential to decrease DMI and ADG when steers managed on a clean bunk program are restricted relative to traditional, ad libitum bunk programs. Monensin helps control intake patterns for individuals, but increasing concentration above currently approved levels in this study seemed to have little effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Erickson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA.
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Wilson SC, Morrow-Tesch J, Straus DC, Cooley JD, Wong WC, Mitlöhner FM, McGlone JJ. Airborne microbial flora in a cattle feedlot. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3238-42. [PMID: 12088999 PMCID: PMC126758 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.7.3238-3242.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,408 cattle held in eight commercial feedlot pens were used to examine the quantity and diversity of microorganisms in cattle feedlot air. The effect of two feeding patterns on the generation of airborne dust and the total numbers of microorganisms was also examined (four feedlot pens/treatment). Microbial samples were collected, and dust particles that were 2.5 microm or less in diameter were measured with a Dustrak monitor during the evening dust peak for 4 days at sites both upwind and downwind of the feedlot pens. An Andersen biological cascade sampler was employed with different medium and incubation combinations for the capture and identification of bacteria and fungi. The results showed that when bacteria were considered, only nonpathogenic gram-positive organisms were recovered. However, gram-negative bacteria may have been present in a viable but nonculturable state. Fungi were recovered in smaller numbers than bacteria, and none of the fungi were pathogenic. The Dustrak results showed that one feeding pattern resulted in cattle behavior that generated levels of downwind dust lower (P = 0.04) than the levels generated by the behavior resulting from the other feeding pattern. However, the Andersen sampler results showed that there were no differences between feeding patterns with regard to the total number or diversity of microorganisms. The disparity may have been due to the different operating principles of the two systems. The overall numbers of microorganisms recovered were lower than those reported in studies of intensively housed farm animals in which similar recovery techniques were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Stricklin W, Zhou J, Gonyou H. Selfish animats and robot ethology: using artificial animals to investigate social and spatial behavior. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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