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Wang Z, Zhang X, Liu Y, Pei S, Kong Y, Li F, Wang W, Yue X. Preliminary genetic parameter estimates of meat quality traits in Hu sheep. Meat Sci 2024; 212:109476. [PMID: 38452564 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Because substantial numbers of Chinese consumers are prepared to pay for tender and quality lamb, meat quality traits are becoming more relevant for breeding programs for Chinese sheep breeds. The current study estimated heritabilities and genetic correlations for 13 meat quality traits recorded on lamb loins from Hu sheep. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.04 ± 0.06 for meat redness at 45 min to 0.57 ± 0.10 for drip loss, with most of the meat quality traits having moderate heritabilities. Positive genetic correlations were observed among meat color traits. Intramuscular fat (IMF) was genetically correlated with most meat quality traits, indicating that increasing IMF can favor meat pH, color, and tenderness, but would lead to increased cooking loss. Direct selection to increase IMF of loins is recommended to be included in breeding programs for Hu sheep, as it was more efficient than indirect selection on the other meat quality traits. The genetic parameters presented in this preliminary study provide valuable genetic information needed to design a breeding program aimed at improving the quality of lamb meat from Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Yangkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Shengwei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
| | - Xiangpeng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China.
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2
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Lv X, Chen W, Wang S, Cao X, Yuan Z, Getachew T, Mwacharo JM, Haile A, Sun W. Whole-genome resequencing of Dorper and Hu sheep to reveal selection signatures associated with important traits. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3016-3026. [PMID: 36200839 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2127409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dorper and Hu sheep exhibit different characteristics in terms of reproduction, growth, and meat quality. Comparison of the genomes of two breeds help to reveal important genomic information. In this study, whole genome resequencing of 30 individuals (Dorper, DB and Hu sheep, HY) identified 15,108,125 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Population differentiation (Fst) and cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) were performed for selective signal analysis. In total, 106 and 515 overlapped genes were present in both the Fst results and XP-EHH results in HY vs DB and in DB vs HY, respectively. In HY vs DB, 106 genes were enriched in 12 GO terms and 83 KEGG pathways, such as ATP binding (GO:0005524) and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (oas04151). In DB vs HY, 515 genes were enriched in 109 GO terms and 215 KEGG pathways, such as skeletal muscle cell differentiation (GO:0035914) and MAPK signaling pathway (oas04010). According to the annotation results, we identified a series of candidate genes associated with reproduction (UNC5C, BMPR1B, and GLIS1), meat quality (MECOM, MEF2C, and MYF6), and immunity (GMDS, GALK1, and ITGB4). Our investigation has uncovered genomic information for important traits in sheep and provided a basis for subsequent studies of related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanhe Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiukai Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tesfaye Getachew
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joram M Mwacharo
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aynalem Haile
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wei Sun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Xue S, Liu K, Zhao L, Zhou L, Gao X, Liu L, Liu N, He J. The role of miR-369-3p in proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes in Aohan fine-wool sheep. Arch Anim Breed 2023. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-93-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of non-coding RNAs
that play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of
adipocytes. Our previous sequencing analysis revealed higher expression of
miR-369-3p in the longissimus muscle of 2-month-old Aohan fine-wool sheep
(AFWS) compared to 12-month-old sheep (P<0.05), suggesting that
miR-369-3p may regulate fat deposition in AFWS. To test this, miR-369-3p
mimics, inhibitors, and negative controls (NCs) were constructed and
transfected into AFWS preadipocytes. After transfection with miR-369-3p
mimics, we found a decrease (P<0.05) in the expression of genes and
proteins related to cell proliferation and differentiation, detected by
RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and western blot analyses. Moreover, EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) detection and Oil Red O
staining showed a decrease (P<0.05) in cell proliferation and lipid
accumulation, respectively. The opposite trends (P<0.05) were
obtained after transfection with miR-369-3p inhibitors. In conclusion, the
results showed that miR-369-3p can inhibit the proliferation and
differentiation of AFWS preadipocytes, providing a theoretical basis to
further explore the molecular mechanism of fat deposition in sheep and other
domestic animals.
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Yuan Z, Sunduimijid B, Xiang R, Behrendt R, Knight MI, Mason BA, Reich CM, Prowse-Wilkins C, Vander Jagt CJ, Chamberlain AJ, MacLeod IM, Li F, Yue X, Daetwyler HD. Expression quantitative trait loci in sheep liver and muscle contribute to variations in meat traits. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:8. [PMID: 33461502 PMCID: PMC7812657 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variants that regulate transcription, such as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), have shown enrichment in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for mammalian complex traits. However, no study has reported eQTL in sheep, although it is an important agricultural species for which many GWAS of complex meat traits have been conducted. Using RNA sequence data produced from liver and muscle from 149 sheep and imputed whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), our aim was to dissect the genetic architecture of the transcriptome by associating sheep genotypes with three major molecular phenotypes including gene expression (geQTL), exon expression (eeQTL) and RNA splicing (sQTL). We also examined these three types of eQTL for their enrichment in GWAS of multi-meat traits and fatty acid profiles. Results Whereas a relatively small number of molecular phenotypes were significantly heritable (h2 > 0, P < 0.05), their mean heritability ranged from 0.67 to 0.73 for liver and from 0.71 to 0.77 for muscle. Association analysis between molecular phenotypes and SNPs within ± 1 Mb identified many significant cis-eQTL (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.01). The median distance between the eQTL and transcription start sites (TSS) ranged from 68 to 153 kb across the three eQTL types. The number of common variants between geQTL, eeQTL and sQTL within each tissue, and the number of common variants between liver and muscle within each eQTL type were all significantly (P < 0.05) larger than expected by chance. The identified eQTL were significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in GWAS hits associated with 56 carcass traits and fatty acid profiles. For example, several geQTL in muscle mapped to the FAM184B gene, hundreds of sQTL in liver and muscle mapped to the CAST gene, and hundreds of sQTL in liver mapped to the C6 gene. These three genes are associated with body composition or fatty acid profiles. Conclusions We detected a large number of significant eQTL and found that the overlap of variants between eQTL types and tissues was prevalent. Many eQTL were also QTL for meat traits. Our study fills a gap in the knowledge on the regulatory variants and their role in complex traits for the sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Grassland Agriculture Engineering Center, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China.,Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development (Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolormaa Sunduimijid
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Ruidong Xiang
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ralph Behrendt
- Agriculture Victoria, Hamilton Centre, Hamilton, VIC, 3300, Australia
| | - Matthew I Knight
- Agriculture Victoria, Hamilton Centre, Hamilton, VIC, 3300, Australia
| | - Brett A Mason
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Coralie M Reich
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Claire Prowse-Wilkins
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Christy J Vander Jagt
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Amanda J Chamberlain
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Iona M MacLeod
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Grassland Agriculture Engineering Center, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangpeng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Grassland Agriculture Engineering Center, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hans D Daetwyler
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia. .,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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Wang X, Jiang G, Kebreab E, Li J, Feng X, Li C, Zhang X, Huang X, Fang C, Fang R, Dai Q. 1H NMR-based metabolomics study of breast meat from Pekin and Linwu duck of different ages and relation to meat quality. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109126. [PMID: 32466939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of breed and age on meat quality, and metabolite profiles of duck breast meat, and the relationship between changes in metabolite profiles and the meat quality. The meat quality and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics of breast meat from Pekin and Linwu ducks at 2 different ages (42 and 72d) was analyzed. The results showed that age exerted a greater effect on the observed meat quality traits of breast meat than breed, and its interaction (breed × age) effect on pH values and yellowness (b*) of duck breast meat was significant. Total of 32 metabolites were detected in breast meat of Pekin and Linwu duck. The difference of metabolite profiles in breast meat between Pekin and Linwu duck at 72 d was greater than that at 42 d, while the effects of age on metabolites of duck meat from both breeds were similar. Anserine, aspartate, and carnosine were the most relevant metabolites of duck breast meat quality, and nicotinamide in duck breast meat was negatively correlated with cooking loss. These results provide an overall perspective for bridging the gap between the breed and age on duck meat quality and metabolome, and improve the understanding of the relationship between metabolites and duck meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Wang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Chuang Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China.
| | - Xuan Huang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China.
| | - Chengkun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410131, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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Mortimer SI, Fogarty NM, van der Werf JHJ, Brown DJ, Swan AA, Jacob RH, Geesink GH, Hopkins DL, Hocking Edwards JE, Ponnampalam EN, Warner RD, Pearce KL, Pethick DW. Genetic correlations between meat quality traits and growth and carcass traits in Merino sheep1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3582-3598. [PMID: 29893862 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlations between 16 meat quality and nutritional value traits and live weight at various ages, live ultrasound fat and muscle depth, carcass measures, and carcass dissection traits were estimated for Merino sheep in the Information Nucleus (IN). Genetic correlations between live weight at various ages and the carcass traits are also reported. The IN comprised 8 genetically linked flocks managed across a range of Australian sheep environments. Meat quality traits included between 1,200 and 1,300 records for progeny from over 170 sires for intramuscular fat (IMF), lean meat yield (LMY), shear force (SF5), pH, meat color, and meat nutritional value traits including iron and zinc levels and long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. The genetic correlations indicated that selection of Merino sheep to either reduce fat or increase muscle using ultrasound assessments will result in little change in IMF and SF5. Myoglobin levels would tend to be reduced following selection for reduced ultrasound fat depth (0.35 ± 0.21, 0.43 ± 0.14), whereas increases in myoglobin levels would occur due to selection for increased ultrasound muscle depth (0.25 ± 0.24, 0.38 ± 0.15). Selection for increased live weight will result in favorable correlated responses in hot carcass weight (0.76 to 0.97), dressing percentage (0.13 to 0.47), and carcass muscle (0.37 to 0.95), but unfavorable responses of increases in carcass fatness (0.13 to 0.65) and possible small reductions in muscle oxidative activity (-0.13 ± 0.14 to -0.73 ± 0.33) and iron content (-0.14 ± 0.15 to -0.38 ± 0.16), and a possible deterioration of shear force from selection at later ages (0.15 ± 0.26, 0.27 ± 0.24). Negligible changes are generally expected for LMY and meat color traits following selection for increased live weight (most genetic correlations less than 0.20 in size). Selection for increased LMY would tend to result in unfavorable changes in several aspects of meat quality, including reduced IMF (-0.27 ± 0.18), meat tenderness (0.53 ± 0.26), and meat redness (-0.69 ± 0.40), as well as reduced iron levels (-0.25 ± 0.22). These genetic correlations are a first step in assisting the development of breeding values for new traits to be incorporated into genetic evaluation programs to improve meat production from Merino sheep and other dual-purpose sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne I Mortimer
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Research Centre, Trangie, NSW, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Neal M Fogarty
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Julius H J van der Werf
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel J Brown
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew A Swan
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Robin H Jacob
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Baron Hay Court, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Geert H Geesink
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - David L Hopkins
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development, Cowra, NSW, Australia
| | - Janelle E Hocking Edwards
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, Naracoorte, SA, Australia
| | - Eric N Ponnampalam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture Victoria, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Attwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Agriculture Victoria, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Attwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Pearce
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - David W Pethick
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sheep Industry Innovation, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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