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Macedo MB, Cunha EO, Reis AD, Machado MS, de Campos D, Malysz T, Dallegrave E. Morphometric Evaluation of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of Wistar Rats Exposed to Pesticides. J Voice 2024; 38:264-272. [PMID: 34782225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The literature has been shown that exposition by inhalation to chemical compounds can cause vocal disorders and dysphagia in humans, in addition to other symptoms that are manifested according to the type, concentration and duration of exposure to the substance. Cypermethrin and dichlorvos are pesticides widely used in agriculture, public health, veterinary, and home environments. Despite the scientific evidence that cypermethrin and dichlorvos can cause neurodegenerative damage and motor alterations, there are no studies evaluating the toxic effects of these pesticides on the morphology of structures responsible for vocal mobility, especially to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN). Considering the association between vocal disorders in humans and variations in RLN and morphometry, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible alterations in the microstructure of RLN secondary to subchronic exposure to cypermethrin (pyrethroid) and dichlorvos (organophosphate) in Wistar rats. The experimental protocol (approved by CEUA-UFCSPA: 321/15 and 323/15) consisted of 15 male Wistar rats, allocated in 3 groups: Control (n = 5, exposed to water), Cypermethrin (n = 5, exposed to cypermethrin - 1/10 of the inhalation median lethal concentration [LC50] - 0.25 mg/L) and dichlorvos (n = 5, exposed to dichlorvos - 1/10 of the LC50 - 1.5 mg/L). Inhalation exposure was performed for 4 hours, 5 times per week, for 6 weeks. The nerves were collected, histologically processed and analyzed using morphometric parameters measured using ZEN 2.6 (Zeiss - Germany). The cypermethrin and dichlorvos groups showed significant changes (P < 0.001, ANOVA) in the g-ratio and in the thickness of the myelin sheath of the RLN when compared to the control animals, however, none of the other parameters evaluated showed statistically significant differences. These findings indicate that repeated inhalation exposure to commercial products of cypermethrin and dichlorvos is able to modify the structure of the RLN and possibly generating vocal changes and / or dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Belmonte Macedo
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Oliveira Cunha
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aléxia Dos Reis
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Salgado Machado
- Department of Speech Therapy and Audiology, University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Deivis de Campos
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Life Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Malysz
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Roza TH, Marchionatti LE, Gosmann NP, do Canto GC, Machado PV, Massuda R, Passos IC, Kessler FHP, Magalhães PVDS, Telles LEDB. Characteristics of deaths by suicide in postmortem studies in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2023; 53:1086-1107. [PMID: 37864416 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is one of the leading causes of death, with a trend for its increase in Brazil in past decades. This study aimed to review the characteristics of suicides in Brazilian postmortem studies. METHODS Studies investigating suicide deaths in Brazil, and based on autopsy or psychological autopsy were included. Proportions were pooled across studies with the use of random and fixed effects models. RESULTS 6777 references were retrieved from six databases (searches up to January, 2023), and 45 studies included. In autopsy studies (k = 37, n = 16,231), substance use at toxicological analysis was found in 36.42% of cases (95% CI: 30.05-43.32), previous suicide attempts in 23.92% (95% CI: 6.73-57.78). In psychological autopsy studies (k = 8, n = 139), previous suicide attempts were reported in 28.09% (95% CI: 19.74-38.28), psychiatric conditions/symptoms in 90.67% (95% CI: 67.79-97.82), family history of suicidality in 21.33% (95% CI: 13.5-32.03). Most suicide deaths were reported in males and took place at the victim's home, hanging was the most frequent suicide method. Included studies presented significant limitations in quality assessment. CONCLUSION Future studies should present more robust methodology, including bigger samples, the use of controls, and validated methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Henrique Roza
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lauro Estivalete Marchionatti
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natan Pereira Gosmann
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Section of Negative Affect and Social Processes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Cambraia do Canto
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Vasconcelos Machado
- Seção de Perícias Psíquicas (Forensic Psychological and Psychiatric Examination Unit), Departamento-Médico Legal (Institute of Legal Medicine), Instituto-Geral de Perícias (General Crime Scene Investigation Institute), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raffael Massuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Magalhães
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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