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Chen L, Zhou M, Li H, Liu D, Liao P, Zong Y, Zhang C, Zou W, Gao J. Mitochondrial heterogeneity in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:311. [PMID: 37607925 PMCID: PMC10444818 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As key organelles involved in cellular metabolism, mitochondria frequently undergo adaptive changes in morphology, components and functions in response to various environmental stresses and cellular demands. Previous studies of mitochondria research have gradually evolved, from focusing on morphological change analysis to systematic multiomics, thereby revealing the mitochondrial variation between cells or within the mitochondrial population within a single cell. The phenomenon of mitochondrial variation features is defined as mitochondrial heterogeneity. Moreover, mitochondrial heterogeneity has been reported to influence a variety of physiological processes, including tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, immunoregulation, and tumor progression. Here, we comprehensively review the mitochondrial heterogeneity in different tissues under pathological states, involving variant features of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, protein and lipid components. Then, the mechanisms that contribute to mitochondrial heterogeneity are also summarized, such as the mutation of the mitochondrial genome and the import of mitochondrial proteins that result in the heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and protein components. Additionally, multiple perspectives are investigated to better comprehend the mysteries of mitochondrial heterogeneity between cells. Finally, we summarize the prospective mitochondrial heterogeneity-targeting therapies in terms of alleviating mitochondrial oxidative damage, reducing mitochondrial carbon stress and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis to relieve various pathological conditions. The possibility of recent technological advances in targeted mitochondrial gene editing is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Fujian, No. 16, Luoshan Section, Jinguang Road, Luoshan Street, Jinjiang City, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
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Li J, Xin Y, Li J, Chen H, Li H. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: from Functions to Diseases. Aging Dis 2022; 14:879-891. [PMID: 37191416 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Locating on endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria associated membrane, Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), catalyzes phosphatidylethanolamine methylation to phosphatidylcholine. As the only endogenous pathway for choline biosynthesis in mammals, the dysregulation of PEMT can lead to imbalance of phospholipid metabolism. Dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism in the liver or heart can lead to deposition of toxic lipid species that adversely result in dysfunction of hepatocyte/cardiomyocyte. Studies have shown that PEMT-/- mice increased susceptibility of diet-induced fatty liver and steatohepatitis. However, knockout of PEMT protects against diet-induced atherosclerosis, diet-induced obesity, and insulin resistance. Thus, novel insights to the function of PEMT in various organs should be summarized. Here, we reviewed the structural and functional properties of PEMT, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of obesity, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other conditions.
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Membrane Lipid Composition: Effect on Membrane and Organelle Structure, Function and Compartmentalization and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092167. [PMID: 31052427 PMCID: PMC6540057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are key elements for the maintenance of cell architecture and physiology. Beyond a pure barrier separating the inner space of the cell from the outer, the plasma membrane is a scaffold and player in cell-to-cell communication and the initiation of intracellular signals among other functions. Critical to this function is the plasma membrane compartmentalization in lipid microdomains that control the localization and productive interactions of proteins involved in cell signal propagation. In addition, cells are divided into compartments limited by other membranes whose integrity and homeostasis are finely controlled, and which determine the identity and function of the different organelles. Here, we review current knowledge on membrane lipid composition in the plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments, emphasizing its role in sustaining organelle structure and function. The correct composition and structure of cell membranes define key pathophysiological aspects of cells. Therefore, we explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating membrane lipid composition with approaches like membrane lipid therapy, aiming to normalize cell functions through the modification of membrane lipid bilayers.
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Kudaibergenova M, Perissinotti LL, Noskov SY. Lipid roles in hERG function and interactions with drugs. Neurosci Lett 2019; 700:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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5
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Li XS, Wang Z, Cajka T, Buffa JA, Nemet I, Hurd AG, Gu X, Skye SM, Roberts AB, Wu Y, Li L, Shahen CJ, Wagner MA, Hartiala JA, Kerby RL, Romano KA, Han Y, Obeid S, Lüscher TF, Allayee H, Rey FE, DiDonato JA, Fiehn O, Tang WHW, Hazen SL. Untargeted metabolomics identifies trimethyllysine, a TMAO-producing nutrient precursor, as a predictor of incident cardiovascular disease risk. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99096. [PMID: 29563342 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an untargeted metabolomics approach in initial (N = 99 subjects) and replication cohorts (N = 1,162), we discovered and structurally identified a plasma metabolite associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine (trimethyllysine, TML). Stable-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry analyses of an independent validation cohort (N = 2,140) confirmed TML levels are independently associated with incident (3-year) major adverse cardiovascular event risks (hazards ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-3.4) and incident (5-year) mortality risk (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0-4.2). Genome-wide association studies identified several suggestive loci for TML levels, but none reached genome-wide significance; and d9(trimethyl)-TML isotope tracer studies confirmed TML can serve as a nutrient precursor for gut microbiota-dependent generation of trimethylamine (TMA) and the atherogenic metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Although TML was shown to be abundant in both plant- and animal-derived foods, mouse and human fecal cultures (omnivores and vegans) showed slow conversion of TML to TMA. Furthermore, unlike chronic dietary choline, TML supplementation in mice failed to elevate plasma TMAO or heighten thrombosis potential in vivo. Thus, TML is identified as a strong predictor of incident CVD risks in subjects and to serve as a dietary precursor for gut microbiota-dependent generation of TMAO; however, TML does not appear to be a major microbial source for TMAO generation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex G Hurd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Skye
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam B Roberts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher J Shahen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew A Wagner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaana A Hartiala
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert L Kerby
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kymberleigh A Romano
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Slayman Obeid
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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6
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The total and mitochondrial lipidome of Artemia franciscana encysted embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1727-1735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Wang M, Han X. Advanced Shotgun Lipidomics for Characterization of Altered Lipid Patterns in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:405-22. [PMID: 26235081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) is a powerful technology platform among current lipidomics practices due to its high efficiency, sensitivity, and reproducibility, as well as its broad coverage. This platform has been widely used to determine the altered lipid profiles induced by diseases, injury, genetic manipulations, drug treatments, and aging, among others. Herein, we summarize the principles underlying this platform and present a protocol for analysis of many of the lipid classes and subclasses covered by MDMS-SL directly from lipid extracts of brain samples. We believe that this protocol can aid researchers in the field to determine altered lipid patterns in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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8
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Horvath SE, Daum G. Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:590-614. [PMID: 24007978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol. Other mitochondrial membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sterols and sphingolipids have to be imported. The mitochondrial lipid composition, the biosynthesis and the import of mitochondrial lipids as well as the regulation of these processes will be main issues of this review article. Furthermore, interactions of lipids and mitochondrial proteins which are highly important for various mitochondrial processes will be discussed. Malfunction or loss of enzymes involved in mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis lead to dysfunction of cell respiration, affect the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial protein import machinery and cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology or even lethality. Molecular aspects of these processes as well as diseases related to defects in the formation of mitochondrial membranes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Gassler N. Sphingolipids in intestine and liver: How to analyze? World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:99-101. [PMID: 23515208 PMCID: PMC3602439 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i6.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and quantification of lipids, in particular sphingolipids from intestine and liver, using multidimensional mass spectrometry has dramatically improved our understanding of lipid-based molecular pathways and signaling. The editorial gives a short overview about basic technical approaches to characterize lipids from intestine and liver.
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10
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Metabolomic profiling for identification of novel potential biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:790132. [PMID: 21274272 PMCID: PMC3022229 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics involves the identification and quantification of metabolites present in a biological system. Three different approaches can be used: metabolomic fingerprinting, metabolic profiling, and metabolic footprinting, in order to evaluate the clinical course of a disease, patient recovery, changes in response to surgical intervention or pharmacological treatment, as well as other associated features. Characteristic patterns of metabolites can be revealed that broaden our understanding of a particular disorder. In the present paper, common strategies and analytical techniques used in metabolomic studies are reviewed, particularly with reference to the cardiovascular field.
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11
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Han X, Jiang X. A review of lipidomic technologies applicable to sphingolipidomics and their relevant applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009; 111:39-52. [PMID: 19690629 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipidomics, a branch of lipidomics, focuses on the large-scale study of the cellular sphingolipidomes. In the current review, two main approaches for the analysis of cellular sphingolipidomes (i.e. LC-MS- or LC-MS/MS-based approach and shotgun lipidomics-based approach) are briefly discussed. Their advantages, some considerations of these methods, and recent applications of these approaches are summarized. It is the authors' sincere hope that this review article will add to the readers understanding of the advantages and limitations of each developed method for the analysis of a cellular sphingolipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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12
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Kimura T, Noguchi Y, Shikata N, Takahashi M. Plasma amino acid analysis for diagnosis and amino acid-based metabolic networks. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:49-53. [PMID: 19057187 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283169242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the usefulness of amino acid profiling in clinical diagnosis and current developments in analysis revealing underlying metabolic relationships. RECENT FINDINGS Recent innovations in metabolomics and systems biology enable high throughput measurement of diverse amino acids and the subsequent data mining for various uses. Recent studies show new possibilities of using plasma amino acid analysis as biomarker discovery tools by generating diagnostic indices through systematic computation. Such studies show that amino acid-based clinical diagnostic indices for hepatic fibrosis in type C hepatitis patients can be generated. In addition, several studies show the potential of treating amino acid profile data as a metabolomic subset, which can be integrated through the analysis of correlation with different types of 'omics' data for describing metabolite-to-metabolite or metabolite-to-gene interaction networks. CONCLUSION Amino acid profiling of biological samples could be used to generate indices that could be used for clinical diagnosis and is a useful tool for understanding metabolic implications under various physiological conditions. Although further improvements in analytical methods are needed, amino acids could be useful indicators for facilitating nutritional management of specific physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kimura
- Quality Assurance and External Scientific Affairs Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Giovane A, Balestrieri A, Napoli C. New insights into cardiovascular and lipid metabolomics. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:648-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Han X, Yang K, Gross RW. Microfluidics-based electrospray ionization enhances the intrasource separation of lipid classes and extends identification of individual molecular species through multi-dimensional mass spectrometry: development of an automated high-throughput platform for shotgun lipidomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2115-24. [PMID: 18523984 PMCID: PMC2927983 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we exploit the use of microfluidics and optimized Taylor cones for improved intrasource separation/selective ionization of lipid classes during electrospray ionization. Increased differential ionization of multiple phospholipid classes was achieved through microfluidics with chip-based ionization resulting in substantial enhancement of intrasource separation/selective ionization of phospholipid classes in comparison to the conventional ion source. For example, using myocardial lipid extracts, 3-fold improvements in intrasource separation/selective ionization of myocardial phospholipid classes were routinely realized in the negative-ion mode in the absence of LiOH or other basic modifiers in the infused sample solutions. Importantly, the relative ratios of ions corresponding to individual molecular species in each lipid class to a selected internal standard from myocardial extracts were nearly identical between the chip-based interface and the syringe-pump-driven capillary interface. Therefore, quantitation of individual lipid molecular species directly from biological extracts through comparisons with internal standards in each lipid class was readily accomplished with an accuracy and dynamic range nearly identical to those documented using the well-established direct syringe-pump-driven capillary interface. Collectively, the use of microfluidics and robotic sample handling substantially enhances intrasource separation of lipids in comparison to routine capillary interfaces and greatly facilitates the use of multi-dimensional mass spectrometry using shotgun lipidomics, thereby providing an automated and high-throughput platform for global analyses of cellular lipidomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Ford DA, Monda JK, Brush RS, Anderson RE, Richards MJ, Fliesler SJ. Lipidomic analysis of the retina in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: alterations in docosahexaenoic acid content of phospholipid molecular species. J Neurochem 2007; 105:1032-47. [PMID: 18182048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a complex hereditary disease caused by an enzymatic defect in the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Progressive retinal degeneration occurs in an AY9944-induced rat model of SLOS, with biochemical and electroretinographic hallmarks comparable with the human disease. We evaluated alterations in the non-sterol lipid components of the retina in this model, compared with age-matched controls, using lipidomic analysis. The levels of 16:0-22:6 and 18:0-22:6 phosphatidylcholine molecular species in retinas were less by > 50% and > 33%, respectively, in rats treated for either 2 or 3 months with AY9944. Relative to controls, AY9944 treatment resulted in > 60% less di-22:6 and > 15% less 18:0-22:6 phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species. The predominant phosphatidylserine (PS) molecular species in control retinas were 18:0-22:6 and di-22:6; notably, AY9944 treatment resulted in > 80% less di-22:6 PS, relative to controls. Remarkably, these changes occurred in the absence of n3 fatty acid deficiency in plasma or liver. Thus, the retinal lipidome is globally altered in the SLOS rat model, relative to control rats, with the most profound changes being less phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and PS molecular species containing docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). These findings suggest that SLOS may involve additional metabolic compromise beyond the primary enzymatic defect in the cholesterol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ford
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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16
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Wolf C, Quinn PJ. Lipidomics: practical aspects and applications. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 47:15-36. [PMID: 17980916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomics is the characterization of the molecular species of lipids in biological samples. The polar lipids that comprise the bilayer matrix of the constituent cell membranes of living tissues are highly complex and number many hundreds of distinct lipid species. These differ in the nature of the polar group representing the different classes of lipid. Each class consists of a range of molecular species depending on the length, position of attachment and number of unsaturated double bonds in the associated fatty acids. The origin of this complexity is described and the biochemical processes responsible for homeostasis of the lipid composition of each morphologically-distinct membrane is considered. The practical steps that have been developed for the isolation of membranes and the lipids there from, their storage, separation, detection and identification by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are described. Application of lipidomic analyses and examples where clinical screening for lipidoses in collaboration with mass spectrometry facilities are considered from the user point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Wolf
- UMRS 538, UMPC Faculté de Medecine Pierre et Marie Curie, 27 Rue Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France.
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17
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Jiang X, Cheng H, Yang K, Gross RW, Han X. Alkaline methanolysis of lipid extracts extends shotgun lipidomics analyses to the low-abundance regime of cellular sphingolipids. Anal Biochem 2007; 371:135-45. [PMID: 17920553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids that contain a sphingoid base are composed of hundreds to thousands of distinct compounds, many of which serve as lipid regulators of biological functions. The global analysis of the large number of low-abundance sphingolipid molecular species has been hampered in many cases by the sphingolipid molecular species being overwhelmed by the quantity of other classes of lipid (e.g., glycerophospholipid) molecular species present, thereby imposing severe restrictions on the dynamic range of their measurement using shotgun lipidomics. Herein, we developed a facile approach in which the sphingolipids of cellular extracts were dramatically enriched by direct alkaline methanolysis of lipid extracts followed by extraction to remove the large majority of other endogenous lipid classes. Through direct infusion of the resultant enriched solution, we identified and quantitated a variety of very-low-abundance sphingolipid classes (e.g., sphingosine, psychosine, and lysosphingomyelin) and molecular species (e.g., sphingomyelin) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (i.e., shotgun sphingolipidomics). Accordingly, through utilization of these facile enrichment techniques, direct penetrance into the sphingolipidomes has been greatly extended, facilitating new insights into their metabolism and signaling functions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuntian Jiang
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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18
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Postle AD, Wilton DC, Hunt AN, Attard GS. Probing phospholipid dynamics by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:200-24. [PMID: 17540449 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) have greatly facilitated the analysis of phospholipid molecular species in a growing diversity of biological and clinical settings. The combination of ESI-MS and metabolic labelling employing substrates labelled with stable isotopes is especially exciting, permitting studies of phospholipid synthesis and turnover in vivo. This review will first describe the methodology involved and will then detail dynamic lipidomic studies that have applied the stable isotope incorporation approach. Finally, it will summarise the increasing number of studies that have used ESI-MS to characterise structural and signalling phospholipid molecular species in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Postle
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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